41. Coal Combustion Article discusses coal combustion which produces carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. Releases from coal combustion also contain naturally occurring radioactive materials. http://www.ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/rev26-34/text/colmain.html

ver the past few decades, the American public has become increasingly wary of nuclear power because of concern about radiation releases from normal plant operations, plant accidents, and nuclear waste. Except for Chernobyl and other nuclear accidents, releases have been found to be almost undetectable in comparison with natural background radiation. Another concern has been the cost of producing electricity at nuclear plants. It has increased largely for two reasons: compliance with stringent government regulations that restrict releases of radioactive substances from nuclear facilities into the environment and construction delays as a result of public opposition. Partly because of these concerns about radioactivity and the cost of containing it, the American public and electric utilities have preferred coal combustion as a power source. Today 52% of the capacity for generating electricity in the United States is fueled by coal, compared with 14.8% for nuclear energy. Although there are economic justifications for this preference, it is surprising for two reasons. First, coal combustion produces carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that are suspected to cause climatic warming, and it is a source of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, which are harmful to human health and may be largely responsible for acid rain. Second, although not as well known, releases from coal combustion contain naturally occurring radioactive materialsmainly, uranium and thorium.

42. Environment Canada - GHG - Online Database Canada s Greenhouse Gas Division, Canada s central agency responsible for monitoring and reporting sources and sinks of greenhouse gases, has assumed http://www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/ghg/ghg_home_e.cfm

Government Programs Standards Literature Technical Support ... Technical Support Greenhouse Gas (GHG) March 2004 New Reporting Requirements Enhance Canada's Capacity to Track and Report Progress on GHG Emissions As part of the Government of Canada's National Implementation Strategy on Climate Change, Environment Canada's Greenhouse Gas Division, Canada's central agency responsible for monitoring and reporting sources and sinks of greenhouse gases, has assumed additional responsibilities in support of domestic climate change actions and in support of Canada's commitments under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The Greenhouse Gas Division of Environment Canada is responsible for developing, monitoring, analyzing and reporting emissions and removals of greenhouse gases and derives this mandate from: The Canadian Environmental Protection Act The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change The Kyoto Protocol Key Functions of the Division National Inventory Report (NIR) : Overall responsibility for the development and publication of Canada's annual report to the United Nations on greenhouse gas emissions and removals resides within the Division. This annual report fulfills Canada's reporting obligations under the UNFCCC, which include an analysis of emission trends, factors affecting those trends, and detailed descriptions of the methods, models and procedures used to develop, and verify the data.

43. Sustainable Energy Authority Victoria - Home Page Established to contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gases, support and facilitate the development and use of sustainable energy options to achieve environmental and economic benefits for the Victorian community. http://www.seav.vic.gov.au

About us Advice News and events Renewable energy ... Search Related websites sustainable-energy.vic.gov.au greenhousegases.gov.au environment.vic.gov.au www.dse.vic.gov.au travelsmart.vic.gov.au greenhouse.vic.gov.au dpi.vic.gov.au greenpower.com.au The Sustainable Energy Authority is delivering options for a sustainable energy future. Latest news Local Energy Efficiency Demonstration (LEED) The Local Energy Efficiency Demonstration (LEED) initiative is a community development opportunity based on the implementation of energy efficiency projects in local government facilities. The initiative will promote the benefits of the specific energy efficiency investment undertaken through LEED and demonstrate how local residents can achieve similar energy savings. More National Framework for Energy Efficiency (NFEE) The National Framework for Energy Efficiency (NFEE) is being developed for the Ministerial Council on Energy to define the future directions for energy efficiency policy and programs in Australia. The draft National Framework is expected to be released in the second half of 2004.

44. The Green Lane: Climate Change - Overview greenhouse gases. Most greenhouse gases occur naturally. However gases. Among the most important greenhouse gases are Water vapour http://www.ec.gc.ca/climate/overview_greenhouse-e.html

Greenhouse Gases Most greenhouse gases occur naturally. However modern industry and lifesyles have led to new sources of greenhouse gases, as well as to the emission of entirely new greenhouse gases. Among the most important greenhouse gases are: Water vapour: Water vapour come from natural respiration, transpiration, and evaporation. The amount of water vapour stored in the atmosphere increases as the Earth's surface temperature rises. Carbon dioxide (CO2) Carbon dioxide comes from the decay of materials, respiration of plant and animal life and the natural and human-induced combustion of materials and fuels. It is removed from the atmosphere through photosynthesis and ocean absorption. Figure 1: Trends in CO2 Concentrations (Past 1000 years) Methane (CH4) Although there is less methane than carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, methane is a more effective heat-trapping gas. It comes from the decay of matter without the presence of oxygen. Primary sources include wetlands, rice paddies, animal digestive processes, fossil fuel extraction, and decaying garbage. Nitrous oxide (N2O) Soils and oceans are the primary natural source of nitrous oxide. Humans contribute through soil cultivation and use of nitrogen fertilizers, nylon production, and the burning of organic material and fossil fuels.

45. CNN.com - States Sue EPA Over Greenhouse Gases - Oct. 26, 2003 CNN http://cnn.com/2003/TECH/science/10/26/bush.greenhouse.reut/index.html

The Web CNN.com Home Page World U.S. Weather ... Special Reports SERVICES Video E-Mail Services CNNtoGO SEARCH Web CNN.com States sue EPA over greenhouse gases Story Tools RELATED Environmental Protection Agency Natural Resources Defense Council YOUR E-MAIL ALERTS Environmental Issues Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) California New York or Create your own Manage alerts What is this? LOS ANGELES (Reuters) Twelve states, including California and New York, filed petitions this week in federal court in a bid to force the Bush administration to regulate emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide. Several separate petitions were filed Thursday in the U.S. Court of Appeals in Washington D.C. asking it to review a decision by the federal Environmental Protection Agency that said it did not have the authority to regulate such emissions under the Clear Air Act. The agency issued an opinion in August, in response to a petition backed by environmental groups, indicating it believed it did not have the authority to regulate greenhouse gases under the act. "The U.S. EPA's decision that it has no authority to regulate greenhouse gas emissions, and that these emissions technically don't even count as air pollutants, is wrong, disturbing and dangerous to Californians' health, environment and economy," California Attorney General Bill Lockyer said.

46. Greenhouse Gases Level Off: Concerted Efforts Could Further Fall Of Methane. greenhouse gases level off. Concerted efforts could further fall of methane. 28 November 2003 HELEN PEARSON. Rice paddies, farm manure http://www.nature.com/nsu/031124/031124-10.html

updated at midnight GMT search nature science update advanced search Greenhouse gases level off Concerted efforts could further fall of methane. 28 November 2003 HELEN PEARSON Rice paddies, farm manure and burning fossil fuels belch out methane. Levels of the greenhouse gas methane have plateaued for the first time in around 200 years, shows a new report. Methane is second only to carbon dioxide in contributing to our planet's warming. The gas - belched out by fossil-fuel burning, rice paddies, festering farm manure and landfill sites - has been accumulating steadily since the Industrial Revolution. Now the tide may be turning, say Ed Dlugokencky of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in Boulder, Colorado, and his team. They found that levels steadied between 1999 and 2002, according to measurements from 43 ground-based stations around the world The reason for the change is unclear. Dlugokencky believes that a major contributing factor was the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991. Oil and gas production fell, and the industry became more efficient at plugging gas leaks from pipes and wells. Experts are keen to point out that the plateau is no cause for complacency. Increasing fossil-fuel consumption in developing nations, or renewed drilling for natural gas, might boost methane again. "The trajectory is still moving up, in my opinion," says atmospheric chemist David Blake of the University of California, Irvine.

47. India Rejects Pressure To Cut Greenhouse Gases CNN http://cnn.com/2002/WEATHER/10/30/india.greenhouse.reut/index.html

48. Are Greenhouse Gases Drying Africa's Dust Bowl?: US Citizens Choking On African Are greenhouse gases drying Africa s dust bowl? US citizens choking on African dust may have themselves to blame. 17 February 2004 PETER ALDHOUS. http://www.nature.com/nsu/040216/040216-6.html

updated at midnight GMT search nature science update advanced search American Association for the Advancement of Science, Seattle, February, 2004 Are greenhouse gases drying Africa's dust bowl? US citizens choking on African dust may have themselves to blame. 17 February 2004 PETER ALDHOUS Huge dust storms blow from west Africa across the Atlantic. In Miami, traffic fumes aren't the only thing choking the air. Several times each summer, health standards are breached because of dust blowing across the ocean from Africa. Local politicians might be tempted to point the finger of blame at African land-use practices. But they should perhaps look closer to home, atmospheric scientist Joseph Prospero of the University of Miami told the American Association for the Advancement of Science meeting in Seattle. Since 1965, air gusting across the Atlantic on trade winds has been sampled at stations in Miami, Bermuda and Barbados. In the summer, the air at these sites can contain so much dust that it exceeds health standards for particulates - which can be dangerous for those with respiratory or heart disease. Prospero has found that there is a strong correlation between the amount of dust blowing into the Caribbean and drought in the Sahel region, south of the Sahara Desert. More dust turns up at his sampling stations following years with little rainfall

49. Earth To Warm Even If Greenhouse Gases Cut Study CNN http://cnn.com/2002/TECH/science/09/20/climate.change.reut/index.html

50. Top Story - LANDCOVER CHANGES MAY RIVAL GREENHOUSE GASES AS CAUSE OF CLIMATE CHA LANDCOVER CHANGES MAY RIVAL greenhouse gases AS CAUSE OF CLIMATE CHANGE. The Effect of Landscape Change on Central Great Plains Thunderstorms. Image 1. http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/topstory/20020926landcover.html

For more information contact: Krishna Ramanujan Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Md. (Phone: 301/286-3026) Brad Bohlander Colorado State University (Phone: 970/491-1545) Caption for Image 1: The Effect of Landscape Change on Central Great Plains Thunderstorms Credit: Conrad Ziegler, National Severe Storms Laboratory Caption for Images 2-5: Examples of Historical Land-Use Change These simulations are examples of how global land-use changed from 1700, 1900, 1970, and 1990. The human-disturbed landscape includes intensive cropland (red), and marginal cropland used for grazing (pink). Other landscape includes, for example, tropical evergreen and deciduous forest (dark green), savanna (light green), grassland and steppe (yellow), open shrubland (maroon), temperate deciduous forest (blue), temperate needleleaf evergreen forest (light yellow), and hot desert (orange). Of particular importance in this paper is the expansion of the cropland and grazed land between 1700 and 1900. Credit: from Klein Goldewijk, K., 2001: Estimating global land use change over the past 300 years: The HYDE Database. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 15, 417-433

51. CNN.com - Nature - NASA Urges Practical Solutions For Reducing Greenhouse Gases CNN http://www.cnn.com/2000/NATURE/08/16/nasa.greenhouse.enn/index.html

nature Editions myCNN Video ... Feedback CNN Sites CNN CNN Europe CNNfn CNNSI myCNN CNNfyi AllPolitics Languages Search CNN.com CNNSI.com CNNfn.com The Web NATURE TOP STORIES New hurdles hamper Galapagos oil spill cleanup Insight, Prius lead the hybrid-powered fleet Picture: Indonesia's Merapi volcano erupts MORE TOP STORIES Up to 2,000 killed in India quake; fear of aftershocks spreads Clinton aide denies reports of White House vandalism New hurdles hamper Galapagos oil-spill cleanup Two more Texas fugitives will contest extradition ... MORE MARKETS 4:30pm ET, 4/16 DJIA NAS SPORTS Jordan says farewell for the third time ... LOCAL EDITIONS: CNN.com Europe change default edition MULTIMEDIA: video video archive audio multimedia showcase ... more services E-MAIL: Subscribe to one of our news e-mail lists. Enter your address: document.write(' '); Or: Get a free e-mail account E-MAIL DISCUSSION: message boards chat feedback CNN WEB SITES: AsiaNow Svenska Norge Danmark ... Italian FASTER ACCESS: europe japan TIME INC. SITES: Go To ... Time.com People Money Fortune EW CNN NETWORKS: more networks transcripts SITE INFO: help contents search ad info ... jobs WEB SERVICES: CNN e-store NASA urges practical solutions for reducing greenhouse gases Next to landfills, enteric fermentation in domestic livestock is the highest producer of atmospheric methane, a major contributor to global warming

52. Greenhouse Gases Analysis - Main Page Supergreenhouse gases Analysis Swimming is probably the only sport that will be the same on a terraformed Mars as it is on Earth, since it is not dependent on http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~mfogg/marsfront.html

Super-Greenhouse Gases Analysis Swimming is probably the only sport that will be the same on a terraformed Mars as it is on Earth, since it is not dependent on gravity, but only on the viscosity of water. Margarita Marinova and Katie Strong: NASA Ames Research Center 1999 Summer Students. Today's Mars is too cold and its atmosphere is too thin to sustain Earth life. In the process of ecopoiesis, then, the first step should be to warm up Mars. The current martian atmosphere is very thin and does no provide good insulation to the planet - very little solar energy is retained in the atmosphere. A demonstrated method of warming up a planet is by using super-greenhouse gases. These artificially made gases trap the radiation the solar energy, and thereby increase the surface temperature. Super-greenhouse gases are useful for a number of reasons: they are very efficient and even at a concentration of only a few parts per million will warm up the planet significantly, they are non-toxic, have long lifetimes, they can be easily made on the Martian surface, and can keep Mars warm even with a nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere. Keeping in mind the above characteristic, the best greenhouse gases are SF

53. CNN.com - Bush To Talk Greenhouse Gases With European Leaders - June 6, 2001 CNN http://cnn.com/2001/ALLPOLITICS/06/06/bush.global.warming/index.html

MAIN PAGE WORLD U.S. WEATHER ... ABOUT US CNN TV what's on show transcripts CNN Headline News CNN International ... askCNN EDITIONS CNN.com Asia CNN.com Europe set your edition Languages Time, Inc. Time.com People Fortune EW Bush to talk greenhouse gases with European leaders BEDFORD, Virginia (CNN) - White House officials say President Bush will take time during a trip to Europe next week to outline new ideas for an international effort to reduce the greenhouse gases many scientists blame for global warming. The officials say the recommendations are still in draft form, but were discussed with the president Tuesday at a meeting of top energy, environment and national security advisers. Japan and many European allies have criticized the Bush administration's opposition to the Kyoto treaty on global warming. Mr. Bush has said going as far back as the 2000 presidential campaign that he views the treaty as unworkable for many reasons, including the exemptions it would give to developing nations. One proposal before senior administration officials calls for a voluntary system that would set targets for reducing emissions and offer incentives to industries that meet or exceed the targets. Companies that exceed their limits could purchase credits from industries that are well below the targets, as long as their overall targets are met. The issue is certain to be a major point of discussion during the president's trip to Europe there have already been protests in his first stop, Spain, that have criticized the administration for denouncing the Kyoto treaty.

54. The Consortium For Agricultural Soil Mitigation Of Greenhouse Gases needed to successfully implement soil carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas reduction programs to lower the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the http://www.casmgs.colostate.edu/

Colorado State University Iowa State University Kansas State University Michigan State University ... Help Focal Areas Research Best Management Practices New Research Outreach Databases Reports Resources For Producers Scientists Policy Makers Industry ... Government Industry News Links Meetings AGU Joint Assembly - Montreal, May 17-21 2004 Third Annual Conference on Carbon Sequestration, May 3-6 2004 CASMGS Insider Comments? Questions? Click here CASMGS is funded by: The goal of CASMGS, which has received federal funding, is to provide the tools and information needed to successfully implement soil carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas reduction programs to lower the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere while providing income and incentives to farmers and improving the soil. CASMGS brings together the nation’s top researchers in the areas of soil carbon, greenhouse gas emissions, conservation practices, computer modeling, and economic analysis. The CASMGS project has been divided into five tasks, with a team of scientists assigned to each task. The overarching goal for Task 1 is to develop a basic understanding of biophysical processes that control soil carbon dynamics and GHG emissions in agricultural soils of the U.S.

55. 7(h) The Greenhouse Effect to space. The majority of the outgoing infrared radiation is absorbed by the greenhouse gases (see Figure 7h3 below). Figure 7h http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/7h.html

FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY HOME FUNDAMENTALS ONLINE TEXTBOOK GLOSSARY ... ABOUT CHAPTER 7: Introduction to the Atmosphere (h). The Greenhouse Effect The greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring process that aids in heating the Earth's surface and atmosphere. It results from the fact that certain atmospheric gases, such as carbon dioxide water vapor , and methane , are able to change the energy balance of the planet by absorbing longwave radiation As energy from the sun passes through the atmosphere a number of things take place (see Figure 7h-1 ). A portion of the energy (26 % globally) is reflected or scattered back to space by clouds and other atmospheric particles. About 19 % of the energy available is absorbed by clouds, gases (like ozone ), and particles in the atmosphere. Of the remaining 55 % of the solar energy passing through the Earth's atmosphere, 4 % is reflected from the surface back to space. On average, about 51 % of the sun's radiation reaches the surface. This energy is then used in a number of processes, including the heating of the ground surface; the melting of ice and snow and the evaporation of water; and plant

56. EPA - File Not Found Researches, develops, and demonstrates air pollution prevention and control technologies for manufacturing and processing industries, power plants, incinerators, indoor environments, and sources of greenhouse gases. http://www.epa.gov/docs/crb/

Air Pollution Prevention and Control Contact Us Print Version Search: EPA Home National Risk Management Air Pollution Prevention and Control Administrative ... Services File Not Found (Error 404) Sorry - that page doesn't exist We've recently moved the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division pages. You can use the following information to help you find the new location for the material you are trying to access. If you typed the URL yourself or used a personal bookmark You can probably locate the new page by simply removing "/crb" from the URL. For example, the information that used to be found at "http://www.epa.gov/appcdwww/crb/iemb/child.htm" can now be found at "http://www.epa.gov/appcdwww/iemb/child.htm". If you followed a link from another page Please use the button below to send us an error report, which will automatically include the page you were trying to find and the page you came from, so we can correct the problem. After using the button, you will be taken to a page with suggestions for where to go next.

57. Www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A30225-2003Jan8.html Stormy Weather greenhouse gasesby Guy Dauncey with Patrick Mazza. The Main greenhouse gases. THE MAIN greenhouse gases. n/a = not applicable n/k = not known. Pre-Industrial. Concentration. (1860). http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A30225-2003Jan8.html

58. Greenhouse Effect The majority of the outgoing infrared radiation is absorbed by a few naturally occurring atmospheric gases known as the greenhouse gases. http://royal.okanagan.bc.ca/mpidwirn/atmosphereandclimate/greenhouse.html

Table of Contents (a). Introduction (b). The Process (c). Enhanced Greenhouse Effect (d). Gases Involved (e). Conclusions (a). Introduction The greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring process that aids in heating the Earth's surface and atmosphere. It results from the fact that certain atmospheric gases, such as carbon dioxide water vapor , and methane , are able to change the energy balance of the planet by being able to absorb longwave radiation from the Earth's surface. Without the greenhouse effect, life on this planet would probably not exist as the average temperature of the Earth would be a chilly -18 degrees Celsius, rather than the present 15 degrees Celsius. (b). The Process As energy from the sun passes through the atmosphere a number of things take place (see Figure ). A portion of the energy (26 % globally) is reflected back to space by clouds and particles. About 19 % of the energy available is absorbed by clouds, gases (like ozone ), and particles in the atmosphere. Of the remaining 55 % of the solar energy passing through the Earth's atmosphere, 4 % is reflected from the surface back to space. On average about 51 % of the sun's radiation reaches the surface. This energy is then used in number of processes including: the heating of the ground surface; the melting of ice and snow and the evaporation of water; and plant photosynthesis.

59. Fluoride Action Network :: Page Not Found Article on rising concentrations of a newly identified synthetic fluoride that traps heat more effectively than all other known greenhouse gases. http://www.fluoridealert.org/greenhouse.htm

Home About FAN Latest News Fluoridation ... FAQs Search See news by country: Choose Country Switzerland United States Israel New Zealand India Canada United Kingdom South Africa Australia Belgium France Ireland Malaysia Pakistan Japan Niger Chile China International Page Not Found We're sorry. The page that you were looking for was not found. You can try searching through our search interface, or return to our home page info@fluoridealert.org

60. Greenhouse Gas - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia greenhouse gases are gaseous components of the atmosphere that contribute to the greenhouse effect. Increase of greenhouse gases. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gas

Main Page Recent changes Edit this page Page history ... Printable version Not logged in Log in Help Other languages: Dansk Deutsch Nederlands Polski Greenhouse gas From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Greenhouse gases are gaseous components of the atmosphere that contribute to the greenhouse effect . The major natural greenhouse gases are water vapor , which causes about 60% of the greenhouse effect on Earth, carbon dioxide (about 26%), and ozone Minor greenhouse gases include methane nitrous oxide sulfurhexafluoride (SF ) and halocarbons such as perfluoromethane freon and other CFCs The major atmospheric constituents (N and O ) are not greenhouse gases, because homonuclear diatomic molecules (eg N , O , H ...) do not absorb in the infrared as there is no net change in the dipole moment of these molecules. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Anthropogenic sources of greenhouse gasses 1.1 Increase of greenhouse gases 2 Duration of stay and global warming potential 3 See also Anthropogenic sources of greenhouse gasses Human activity contributes to the greenhouse effect primarily by releasing carbon dioxide, but other gases, e.g. methane, are not negligible

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