1. Climate Change And Greenhouse Gases Article reviews scientific understanding of the issue of greenhouse gases and climate change, as presented in peerreviewed publications. This understanding serves as the underlying basis of the American Geophysical Union's position statement of December 1998. http://www.agu.org/eos_elec/99148e.html

Vol. 80, No. 39, September 28, 1999, p. 453. Climate Change and Greenhouse Gases Authors Tamara S. Ledley, Eric T. Sundquist, Stephen E. Schwartz, Dorothy K. Hall, Jack D. Fellows, and Timothy L. Killeen For more information, contact Tamara S. Ledley, TERC, 2067 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02140 USA; E-mail: Tamara_Ledley@terc.edu. Infrared (IR) active gases, principally water vapor (H O), carbon dioxide (CO ), and ozone (O Henderson-Sellers and Robinson Kellogg Peixoto and Oort The AGU Council approved a position statement on Climate Change and Greenhouse Gases in December 1998. The statement and a short summary of the procedures that were followed in its preparation, review, and adoption were published in the February 2, 1999, issue of Eos (p. 49) [AGU, 1999, also at AGU's Web site: http://www.agu.org/sci_soc/policy/climate_change.html ]. The present article reviews scientific understanding of this issue, as presented in peer-reviewed publications. This understanding serves as the underlying basis of the position statement. Greenhouse Gases and the Earth-Atmosphere Energy Balance The principal greenhouse gas concentrations that have increased over the industrial period are carbon dioxide (CO ), methane (CH

2. MBARI - Ocean Chemistry Of Greenhouse Gases Ocean Chemistry of. greenhouse gases. Follow these links to see some of the results of our deepsea experiments Deep ocean release of liquid carbon dioxide at 3600m MBARI Press Release, May 6th, 1999. Dr. Canyon processes. Chemical sensors. greenhouse gases. MARS. Microbial oceanography. Midwater Ocean Chemistry of. greenhouse gases. Peter G. Brewer, Gernot Friederich http://www.mbari.org/ghgases

Benthic ecology Biogeochemistry Canyon processes Chemical sensors ... Submarine volcanism Ocean Chemistry of Greenhouse Gases Peter G. Brewer Gernot Friederich Edward T. Peltzer Follow these links to see some of the results of our deep-sea experiments: Deep ocean release of liquid carbon dioxide at 3600m: MBARI Press Release, May 6th, 1999. Science Paper highlights with color figures (jpg). ... release experiments. Dr. Peter Brewer's interview with Bob McDonald (host of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Radio program Quirks and Quarks ) on January 6, 2001: Hear the complete radio program. MBARI mirror of the interview. [3.84 MB] Download MP3 player The First Roger Revelle Commemorative Lecture: NAS Program Announcement. Complete text of talk by Dr. Peter Brewer. Our Papers on Methane Clathrate Hydrates. Our Papers on the Ocean Sequestration of CO ... Links to Related Web-Sites.

3. Greenhouse Gases, Climate Change, And Energy What Are greenhouse gases? Many chemical heat). greenhouse gases absorb this infrared radiation and trap the heat in the atmosphere. Over http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/ggccebro/chapter1.html

Greenhouse Gases Programs Greenhouse Gases, Climate Change, and Energy What Are Greenhouse Gases? Why Are Atmospheric Levels Increasing? Levels of several important greenhouse gases have increased by about 25 percent since large-scale industrialization began around 150 years ago (Figure 1). During the past 20 years, about three-quarters of human-made carbon dioxide emissions were from burning fossil fuels. Figure 1. Trends in Atmospheric Concentrations and Anthropogenic Emissions of Carbon Dioxide Figure 2. Global Carbon Cycle (Billion Metric Tons Carbon) What Effect Do Greenhouse Gases Have on Climate Change? However, there is uncertainty in how the climate system varies naturally and reacts to emissions of greenhouse gases. Making progress in reducing uncertainties in projections of future climate will require better awareness and understanding of the buildup of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and the behavior of the climate system. What Are the Sources of Greenhouse Gases?

4. The Greenhouse Effect average temperature would be about 60ºF colder. Because of how they warm our world, these gases are referred to as greenhouse gases. http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/kids/greenhouse.html

The greenhouse effect is the rise in temperature that the Earth experiences because certain gases in the atmosphere (water vapor, carbon dioxide nitrous oxide , and methane colder. Because of how they warm our world, these gases are referred to as greenhouse gases Have you ever seen a greenhouse? Most greenhouses look like a small glass house. Greenhouses are used to grow plants, especially in the winter. Greenhouses work by trapping heat from the sun. The glass panels of the greenhouse let in light but keep heat from escaping. This causes the greenhouse to heat up, much like the inside of a car parked in sunlight, and keeps the plants warm enough to live in the winter. biosphere (D) The greenhouse effect is important. Without the greenhouse effect, the Earth would not be warm enough for humans to live. But if the greenhouse effect becomes stronger, it could make the Earth warmer than usual. Even a little extra warming may cause problems for humans, plants, and animals. See an animation of how enhancing the greenhouse effect likely contributes to global warming.

5. Greenhouse Gases greenhouse gases and Society. by Nick Hopwood and Jordan Cohen. greenhouse gases naturally blanket the Earth and keep it about 33 degrees Celsius warmer than it would be without these gases in the atmosphere. in concentration of the main greenhouse gases carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide http://www.umich.edu/~gs265/society/greenhouse.htm

Greenhouse Gases and Society by Nick Hopwood and Jordan Cohen The Greenhouse Effect The "greenhouse effect" is the heating of the Earth due to the presence of greenhouse gases. It is named this way because of a similar effect produced by the glass panes of a greenhouse. Shorter-wavelength solar radiation from the sun passes through Earth's atmosphere, then is absorbed by the surface of the Earth, causing it to warm. Part of the absorbed energy is then reradiated back to the atmosphere as long wave infared radiation. Little of this long wave radiation escapes back into space; the radiation cannot pass through the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The greenhouse gases selectively transmit the infared waves, trapping some and allowing some to pass through into space. The greenhouse gases absorb these waves and reemits the waves downward, causing the lower atmosphere to warm.(www.eb.com:180) Diagram to help explain the process of global warming and how greenhouse gases create the "greenhouse effect" www.eecs.umich.edu/mathscience/funexperiments/agesubject/lessons/images/diagrampage.html

6. An Introduction To Infrared Spectroscopy And Greenhouse Gases Introduction and overview, maintained at the Department of Chemistry, Widener University, Chester, Pennsylvania. http://science.widener.edu/svb/ftir/intro_ir.html

An Introduction to Infrared Spectroscopy and Greenhouse Gases This site is designed to view with a frames capable browser. If you see this message, your browser does not support frames. You may access the individual frames from the links below About this Site HCl How Figures Prepared Mathcad Intro to FT-IR ... Other Links This page is maintained by Scott Van Bramer Department of Chemistry Widener University One University Place Chester, PA 19013 Please send any comments, corrections, or suggestions to svanbram@science.widener.edu Last Updated 5/29/96 This page has been accessed 50629 times since 2/10 /96 .

7. Graduiertenkolleg "Klimarelevante Gase" About an interdisciplinary research project concerning the contribution of agriculture to possible climate change. Graduiertenkolleg Universit¤t Hohenheim, Department of Agricultural Economics, Stuttgart, Germany. http://www.uni-hohenheim.de/~wwwgkoll/

Uni Hohenheim Uni Stuttgart Zur DFG DaiNet ... Interessante Links GRADUIERTENKOLLEG "Strategien zur Vermeidung der Emission klimarelevanter Gase und umwelttoxischer Stoffe aus Landwirtschaft und Landschaftsnutzung" English speaking? Block 5 Integrative Verknüpfung naturwissenschaftlicher und ökonomischer Teilmodelle zu Systemansätzen (Programm) Bilder Institut Projekte (2002-2004) ... Partner Zugriffe seit Juli 1996 aktualisiert von Matthias Schreiber Januar 2004

8. Emissions Of Greenhouse Gases In The United States The Emissions of greenhouse gases provide annual inventory of anthropgenic humancaused) greenhouse gases in the United States. Home http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/ggrpt/

Home Environment Greenhouse Gases Emissions of Greenhouse Gases EIA Glossary Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 2002 Report #: DOE/EIA-0573(2002) Release date: October 2003 Next release date: October 2004 The Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, the eleventh annual report, presents the Energy Information Administration's latest estimates of emissions for carbon diioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and other greenhouse gases Table of Contents Executive Summary 1. U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in Perspective About This Report The Greenhouse Effect and Global Climate Change International Developments in Global Climate Change 2. Carbon Dioxide Emissions Overview Energy Consumption Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Economic Growth Adjustments to Energy Consumption Other Carbon Dioxide Emissions 3. Methane Emissons

9. Global Climate Change: Market-Based Strategies To Reduce Greenhouse Gases A review of market based initiatives to combat global warming, including tradeable permits and carbon taxes. http://www.policyalmanac.org/environment/archive/crs_climate_change_market.shtml

Almanac of Policy Issues Home Search Archive Larry Pakerr, Congressional Research Service Updated October 1, 2002 Global Climate Change: Market-Based Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse Gases SUMMARY The possibility that human activities are releasing gases, including carbon dioxide (CO2), at rates that could affect global climate has resulted in proposals for national programs to curtail emissions. An international framework for specific reductions in greenhouse gases was negotiated at a meeting in Kyoto in December 1997. Concern about costs has encouraged consideration of CO2 reduction proposals that employ market-based mechanisms. The passage in 1990 of a tradeable allowance system for sulfur dioxide (SO2) control in the United States to reduce acid rain provides a precedent for such mechanisms. The specific effects of both a carbon tax and tradeable permit program would depend on the specific levy (carbon tax) or allocation scheme (tradeable permit) chosen, the scope of the program, the timing of the reductions, and the recycling of any revenues. In addition, many tradeable permit proposals include provisions allowing countries to accumulate permits by reducing emissions in other countries. This scheme, called joint implementation, was approved in principle at the Kyoto conference in December 1997.

10. Greenhouse Gases & The Kyoto Protocol http://maps.grida.no/kyoto/

11. EPA - Methane And Other Gases The US EPA Climate Team s climate change Web site, focusing on methane and other greenhouse gases. The Climate Team conducts analyses http://www.epa.gov/ghginfo/

Methane and Other Gases Contact Us Print Version Search: EPA Home Home Topics in Brief Reports ... Site Map As a contributor to climate change, methane is second only to carbon dioxide. Over the last two centuries, methane concentrations in the atmosphere have more than doubled, largely due to human-related activities. Reductions of about 10 percent in emissions from these anthropogenic sources would halt the annual rise in methane concentrations, effectively contributing to mitigation of climate change. Around the world, industry, working in conjunction with government, has implemented emissions reduction strategies that have improved operational efficiency. In the United States, many companies are working with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in voluntary efforts to help achieve emissions reductions by implementing cost-effective management methods and technologies. About EPA's Climate Team This site addresses methane's contribution to climate change; trends in emissions of methane (CH

12. SUSTAINING The ENVIRONMENT And RESOURCES For CANADIANS - Build On Present; Secur Portal to information about climate and weather; how the atmosphere is affected by greenhouse gases and transport and industry emissions; issues of climate change (global warming), severe weather and smog. Provided by the Canadian government. http://www.environmentandresources.ca/default.asp?lang=En&nav=l1-5-0xl2-0-0x

13. EIA Greenhouse Gases Program Page Home greenhouse gases Programs. How Are We Doing? you to EIA's main sites for greenhouse gases information, and offers links to other greenhouse gas and climate change http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/frntend.html

xxxxx Home Greenhouse Gases Programs How Are We Doing? Please click here and answer three questions for us Sign up for Greenhouse Gas E-Mail Updates Contacts ... Privacy/Security Featured Greenhouse Gas Products U.S. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Energy Sources 2002 Flash Estimate Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States Annual Report of the Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases Programs Archive of Previous Emissions Reports Featured Publications Recent Monthly Statistics Annual Data from 1949 Projections to 2025 Energy Information Administration's Greenhouse Gases Programs This page directs you to EIA's main sites for greenhouse gases information, and offers links to other greenhouse gas and climate change sites of potential interest Click for a text menu For more information on EIA's greenhouse gas data or programs contact: Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases Communications Center infoghg@eia.doe.gov

14. Many Scientists Believe Runaway Greenhouse Effect Possible!! A Greenpeace poll (in 1992) shows that a worryingly high proportion of climate scientists believe it possible that continuing emissions of greenhouse gases can awaken synergistic feedbacks capable of generating a runaway greenhouse effect. http://www.greenpeace.org/~climate/database/records/zgpz0638.html

MANY SCIENTISTS BELIEVE RUNAWAY GREENHOUSE POSSIBLE. A Greenpeace poll shows that a worryingly high proportion of climate scientists believe it possible that continuing emissions of greenhouse gases can awaken synergistic feedbacks capable of generating a runaway greenhouse effect. Bad though the best- estimate of the future, as portrayed by the IPCC would be, there is a worst-case view, which is that the IPCC estimates will prove to be underestimates, and that natural amplifications of warming (positive feedbacks) will be awakened, potentially even generating a point of no return beyond which might lie unstoppable heating of the planet, no matter how deeply anthropogenic emissions might ultimately be cut. The results of an opinion survey on this subject, published by Greenpeace at the 1992 American Association for the Advancement of Science annual meeting in Chicago, show that almost half of surveyed world climate scientists believe that a runaway greenhouse effect is possible if action is not taken to cut greenhouse gas emissions. More than one-in-ten of those polled believe this worst-case analysis - a point of no return beyond which lies unstoppable heating of the atmosphere - to be probable. Greenpeace International polled 400 climate scientists during December 1991 and January '92. The sample included all scientists involved in the 1990 study of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and others who have published on issues relevant to climate change in `Science' or `Nature' during 1991. Scientists were asked whether they thought there would be a point of no return at some time in the future, if emissions continued at their present rate. By the end of January 1992, 113 had replied, in the following way: probably - 15 (13%), possibly - 36 (32%), probably not - 53 (47%). In other words, 45% believe the runaway greenhouse effect to be possible.

15. CRS Reports >Climate Change - NLE Congressional Research Service Report on global climate change and strategies to reduce greenhouse gases. PDF format. http://cnie.org/NLE/CRS/Detail.cfm?Category=Climate Change

16. Redirection To EPA Global Warming Site What Are greenhouse gases? Some greenhouse gases occur naturally in the atmosphere Naturally occuring greenhouse gases include water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide http://www.epa.gov/globalwarming/emissions

Welcome to the redirection page for the EPA Global Warming site If you are not automatically redirected to the Global Warming web site, please click here

17. World Data Centre For Greenhouse Gases (WDCGG) The World Data Centre for greenhouse gases (WDCGG) is established to collect, archive and provide data for greenhouse (CO2, CH4, CFCs, N2O, etc.) and related http://gaw.kishou.go.jp/wdcgg.html

18. Current Greenhouse Gas Concentrations Current Greenhouse Gas Concentrations. T.J. Blasing and Sonja Jones. Updated November 2003 Additional material on greenhouse gases can be found in CDIAC's Reference Tools radiative effects of http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/pns/current_ghg.html

Current Greenhouse Gas Concentrations T.J. Blasing and Sonja Jones Updated November 2003 Gases typically measured in parts per million (ppm), parts per billion (ppb) or parts per trillion (ppt) by volume are presented separately to facilitate comparison of numbers. All pre-1750 A.D. concentrations, Global Warming Potentials (GWPs), and atmospheric lifetimes are from Table 4.1 of (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) IPCC 2001 unless otherwise indicated. Additional material on greenhouse gases can be found in CDIAC's Reference Tools . To find out how CFCs, HFCs, HCFCs, and halons are named, see Name that compound: The numbers game for CFCs, HFCs, HCFCs, and Halons. Sources of the current atmospheric concentrations are given in the footnotes. The concentrations given are frequently derived from data available via the CDIAC web pages; many corresponding links are given in the footnotes below. These data are contributed to CDIAC by various investigators, and represent considerable effort on their part. We ask as a basic professional courtesy that when you refer to any of these data you acknowledge the sources. Guidelines for proper acknowledgment are found at the end of the page for each link, except for the ALE/GAGE/AGAGE database where acknowledgment guidelines are given in the "readme" files; links to those "readme" files are given in footnote 9, below.

19. World Data Centre For Greenhouse Gases (WDCGG) The level of CO 2 , which of all the greenhouse gases contributes most to global warming, has been increasing since the preindustrial period. http://gaw.kishou.go.jp/wdcgg/gas.html

Basic Information on Greenhouse and Related Gases The following are analytical results for major greenhouse and related gases, excerpted from the WMO WDCGG Data Summary (WMO WDCGG No. 27), March 2003. 1. Carbon Dioxide (CO The level of CO , which of all the greenhouse gases contributes most to global warming, has been increasing since the pre-industrial period. Global mean concentrations reflect an annual increase, and the annual mean concentration was 371 ppm in 2001. Concentrations peak in northern high and mid-latitudes, suggesting strong net sources in these areas. Amplitudes of the seasonal cycle are clearly large in northern high and mid-latitudes and small in the Southern Hemisphere. The northern seasonal cycle mainly reflects the seasonal variation in the absorption/emission in the biosphere there, while the southern cycle reflects oceanic variations and biomass burning in addition to the influence of the biosphere. In southern low latitudes, an annual cycle cannot be seen clearly but a semiannual cycle can. This is probably due to two opposing factors, i.e.

20. Index A research project investigating the way the sea and the atmosphere exchange greenhouse gases. http://www.knmi.nl/asgamage/

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