81. Eldorado Gold Corp. - Efemçukuru Project - Geology & Mineralization - Wed May 2 geology Mineralization gold mineralization is hosted by the 1,800 meter longKestane Beleni Vein, which contains the present resource, and the less well http://www.eldoradogold.com/s/EfemcukuruProject.asp?ReportID=37159

82. Geology Of Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea Lihir Island and the Ladolam gold Deposit. Lihir Island is 15 km longx 10 km wide. Volcanic features Ladolam gold Deposit. Luise caldera http://www.syd.dem.csiro.au/research/hydrothermal/brent/Lihir.html

Ore Formation Processes Group Cu-Au Home People Projects Lihir Island and the Ladolam Gold Deposit Lihir Island is 15 km long x 10 km wide. Volcanic features include the Kunami, Huniho and Luise volcanoes. Both Kunami and Luise have suffered sector collapse due to gravitational instability as the slopes became unsupported due to their relatively rapid growth. The youngest volcanic feature is the Luise caldera (center right) formed about 1 Ma. The Luise Caldera hosts the giant Ladolam gold deposit. This image used by permission of the Lihir Mining Co. Ltd. Click here for a 260K JPEG version. Recent Publication Relating to Lihir Now Available Free from SCIENCE Online Osmium Isotope Constraints on Ore Metal Recycling in Subduction Zones Brent I.A. McInnes, Jannene S. McBride, Noreen J. Evans, David D. Lambert and Anita S. Andrew SCIENCE 286, 512-516, October 15, 1999 issue Download abstract Download full text Ladolam Gold Deposit Luise caldera is 3 x 5.5 km in diameter and hosts an active geothermal field and one of the world's largest and youngest deposits of gold (43 million ounces). The gold deposit named Ladolam, was discovered in 1982. The deposit contains 600 tonnes of Au in the upper 300m of the deposit. This is approximately 3 times the amount of gold extracted from the California Motherlode and placer operations combined. Biogeochemical surveys over the Ladolam deposit.

83. Creation Geology Russia Review Lalomov and Tabolitch s paper, when distilled, says that there are two concentrationsof gold placers in Earth s geological history, in the Precambrian and in http://home.austarnet.com.au/stear/creation_geology_russia_review.htm

A Review of a Creationist Interpretation of Placer Gold Deposits Paul Blake and Roger Scott This review will be discussing an attempt by creationists to interpret placers within the geological record. It will cover both Lalomov and Tabolitch's 1997 paper in Creation Ex Nihilo Technical Journal as well as Lalomov's attempted response to the Article " Creation Science in Russia ". When both Lalomov & Tabolitch are mentioned below the reference is to the original paper. When only Lalomov is mentioned, the reference is to the supposed rebuttal of the article Creation Science in Russia Also, data will be taken from Boyle (1987) since Bache mentions that Boyle is a comprehensive authority on gold mineralisation. Introduction Lalomov and Tabolitch's paper, when distilled, says that there are two concentrations of gold placers in Earth's geological history, in the Precambrian and in the Cainozoic. In standard geological models the Precambrian runs from about 570 to 4550 million years ago and the Cainozoic runs from the Present to 65 million years ago. In their model they interpret the Precambrian placer deposits to have formed between the creation of the world 4004 BCE and the Flood (2300 BCE) (known amongst some creationists as the New World Era) and the Cainozoic placer gold deposits to have formed during the waning phase of Noah's Flood. The absence of gold placers between these two times is taken to indicate that the conditions were not conducive for placers. They believe that any placers that may have formed early in Noah's Flood would have been re-eroded and redeposited later in the Flood.

84. Geology And Mineral Resources dealt with. The Vermont Geological Survey can provide names of testinglaboratories. Characteristics of the mineral gold include http://www.anr.state.vt.us/dec/geo/goldweb.htm

VGS home geology of vermont maps-on-line publications ... Survey History Geology of Vermont GOLD IN VERMONT Excerpt from "Vermont Rockhounding" by Ethel Schuele. To formally identify a mineral that you believe is gold, the material will need to be tested or assayed. A jeweler in your area may have the expertise to do this or may be able to give you the name of someone they have dealt with. The Vermont Geological Survey can provide names of testing laboratories. Characteristics of the mineral gold include: yellow color (shades are paler with increasing silver content) bright metallic luster normally occurs as small shapeless grains or flakes soft (2.5-3 Mohs hardness scale) very heavy; specific gravity 15-19.3; 19.3 when pure ductile and malleable opaque yellow streak on unglazed porcelain Gold is distinguished from yellow sulphide, such as pyrite, primarily by its higher specific gravity. Pyrite (FeS2) , often occurs as cubes, and is more brittle, harder, and more brassy than gold. December 1998 Permits Required to Prospect for Gold: To HAND PAN on private land, landowner permission is required. Hand panning is allowed on state land. To HAND PAN on State or Federal land, no permit is required. There is no closed season for hand panning.

85. UC Davis Geology: E- And Phone List Glasscoe, Margaret T. glasscoe@geology.ucdavis.edu, - -. gold, Ryan D. gold@geology.ucdavis.edu,- - -. Goodwin, Mark B. goodwin@geology.ucdavis.edu, - - -. http://www-geology.ucdavis.edu/ephonelist.html

Louise Kellogg 174 Physics/Geology Building phone: 530-752-0350 fax: 530-752-0951 [ additional faculty information may be found here Billen, Magali billen@geology.ucdavis.edu Carlson, Sandra carlson@geology.ucdavis.edu Cowen, Richard cowen@geology.ucdavis.edu Cowgill, Eric cowgill@geology.ucdavis.edu Day, Howard day@geology.ucdavis.edu Dewey, John dewey@geology.ucdavis.edu Kellogg, Louise kellogg@geology.ucdavis.edu Lesher, Charles lesher@geology.ucdavis.edu Matthews, Robert matthews@geology.ucdavis.edu McClain, James mcclain@geology.ucdavis.edu Montanez, Isabel montanez@geology.ucdavis.edu Moores, Eldridge moores@geology.ucdavis.edu Mount, Jeffrey mount@geology.ucdavis.edu Murphy, Michael murphy@geology.ucdavis.edu Rustad, James rustad@geology.ucdavis.edu Schiffman, Peter schiffman@geology.ucdavis.edu Spero, Howard spero@geology.ucdavis.edu Sumner, Dawn sumner@geology.ucdavis.edu Turcotte, Donald turcotte@geology.ucdavis.edu Twiss, Robert twiss@geology.ucdavis.edu Vermeij, Geerat vermeij@geology.ucdavis.edu Verosub, Kenneth verosub@geology.ucdavis.edu

86. Free K-12 Earth Science Lesson Plans, Geology Teaching Materials. The History of gold is the History of the World Download this graphic forquality printing. 1page Adobe pdf file Download the complete unit. http://www.mii.org/goldhist.html

Teacher Packet #3 About MII Help MII Posters For Sale GO-KIT Resource for Classroom Speakers. For Teachers Only Homework Help For Students Global Science In your Classroom The History of Gold is the History of the World Download this graphic for quality printing. 1-page Adobe pdf file Download the complete unit. The History of Gold is the History of the World - 8 page unit (pdf, 459K)

87. Geology From Space Gold, 1024x768 Download Page. Geology From Space Gold, 1024x7 geology from......geology from Space gold, 1024x768. geology from Space gold, 1024x768.Author Company Cottonwood Software http://www.sharewareorder.com/Geology-from-Space-Gold-1024x768-download-17700.ht

Geology from Space Gold, 1024x768 FEATURED SOFTWARE iSpyNow 3.0 iSpyNow 3.0 - iSpyNow Download, iSpyNow is the first remote install spy software available anywhere on the internet. Winning pc surveillance software gives you remote install capabilites from anywhere in the world. Click to download free! Evidence Eliminator Evidence Eliminator - Evidence Eliminator software delete internet history , and protect your Internet Privacy Click to download free! Popular Category Spy Software MP3 CD Burner RELATED SOFTWARE Animated Screensaver Maker Animated Screensaver Maker - Creates professional Screen Savers and Greetings.Allows setting full control of images' behavior, size,appearance, transition and 3D effect.Supports all image formats and all sounds formats.Your Screen ... Click to download free! Flash2X Screensaver Builder Flash2X Screensaver Builder - Build screensavers with Macromedia Shockwave Flash and distribute them to world wide. You are able to customize the information in the screensavers you build. It supports building screensavers in freew ... Click to download free!

88. Wales Underground - Dolaucothi Gold Mines The geology of the site is quite complex, which is why it is such a According tocurrent theories (and there have been many), the gold, pyrite, arsenopyrite http://www.wales-underground.org.uk/dolaucothi/geology.shtml

Click here to follow the trail.... - Great Orme Copper Mines - Welsh Slate Museum - Electric Mountain - Sygun Copper Mine - Llechwedd Slate Caverns - King Arthur's Labyrinth - Llywernog Lead and Silver Mine - Dolaucothi Gold Mine - National Show Caves - Dan yr Ogof - Rhondda Heritage Park - The Evolution of Wales Gallery - Big Pit (National Mining Museum of Wales) Home Maps Links Dolaucothi Gold Mines Geology and Mineralisation This justly famous mine site is quite geologically unique, for which reason it is a Site of Special Scientific Interest. The Romans (and, according to recent research, their predecessors) took away the top of this large gold deposit, where it was most weathered. They used water, carried along miles of leats, to wash away the waste rock and collect the gold that, due to its great density, remained behind. We suppose that this must have been the case because the unweathered ore is so difficult to treat, even today, because the gold occurs in a very fine-grained form locked within sulpide crystals embedded in hard white quartz. But near the surface, the sulphides would have weathered fairly extensively, decomposing into oxides and clay, thus liberating the gold and making it retrievable. You can see the unweathered mineralisation in the various sections of the mine now open to the public. For many years, MSc students from Cardiff have assisted with the drilling of a borehole and examining and logging the core obtained as part of their course-work. The drilling has shown that further mineralisation similar to that seen at the mine occurs in zones "along-strike" - that is, to the northeast of the mine area. As time goes by, therefore, we will all gain a better and better understanding of this highly complex mineral deposit.

89. Acrex Ventures Ltd. - Michaud Maps - Regional Geology And Gold Mineralization - Regional geology and gold Mineralization in a New Window Email Regional geologyand gold Mineralization to a friendRegional geology and gold Mineralization. http://www.acrexventures.com/s/MichaudMaps.asp?ReportID=38447&_Title=Regional-Ge

90. Welcome To Adobe GoLive 6 Course CAL11 The geology and Geography of the California gold Rush, CHRISTOPHHULBE, Sacramento City College and KENNETH YANOW, Southwestern College, 10-13 http://www.csudh.edu/soe/chaut2004/Course11.html

Course: CAL-11 The Geology and Geography of the California Gold Rush, CHRISTOPH HULBE, Sacramento City College and KENNETH YANOW, Southwestern College, 10-13 June 2004, California Gold Rush Country Apply: CAL Of all the popular social and physical events that have occurred during the history of California, few have had such a profound effect as the discovery of gold. The unearthing of gold in 1848 lead to an invigoration of creativity, hope, and immigration coupled with the unfortunate dichotomy of despair and despotism. This course will examine both the Geology and Geography of the California Gold Rush. First, we will explore the unique geology of California that produced the gold deposits. During our geologic examination, we will evaluate the various methodologies of gold mining in California and the reasons behind its progressive changes. Second, we will examine the effects and consequences of the discovery of gold to the increasingly growing and culturally diverse California landscape. In particular, we will begin with a brief introduction of California population dating back to the Native American. We will then work our way to the Gold Rush and explore how the finding of Gold by James Marshall irrevocably altered the California demographic. NOTE: There will be an additional special fee of $25 to cover the cost of transportation along highway 49.

91. California Gold Mines, Gold Prospecting, Panning-Region 1 The excellent California Division of Mines and geology Bulletin 193, by William B.Clark, was drawn upon for details of specific gold districts throughout the http://www.goldmaps.com/calif/california_gold_mines_1.htm

Gold Prospecting, Gold Panning, Gold Mining, Treasure Hunting, Rockhounding California Gold Mines, Gold Prospecting, Panning, Treasure Hunting and Rockhounding- Region 1 RECREATIONAL GOLD PROSPECTING, GOLD PANNING, METAL DETECTING AND ROCKHOUNDING ARE FUN! HOME PAGE GOLD PROSPECTING GOLD PANNING EASTERN GOLD ... ANCIENT RIVERS OF GOLD RECREATIONAL GOLD PROSPECTING AND GOLD PANNING IN CALIFORNIA Note: The immediately following eight paragraphs are common to each of the six (6) California gold regions. If you should read about gold in the other California regions, just scroll down to the point in the text where the particular region is discussed and continue on from there. Since the days of the California gold rush in 1849, prospectors, treasure hunters and vacationers have flocked to California to hunt for gold. They use gold pans, sluice boxes, metal detectors, dredges and dry washers in their prospecting efforts. Rockhounding is done in the gold producing areas. Recreational gold panning is a popular hobby in California. A simple gold pan is effective in detecting and recovering gold from a streambed. Metal detectors are used to detect nuggets in the dry washes, dry streambeds and desert areas. Inexpensive light weight sluice boxes are often used in flowing streams to increase the amount of material being washed for gold. Dry washers are used to recover gold in arid areas. Experienced prospectors may be seen dredging for California gold. However, if you want to find some gold and have fun doing it, pans will suffice and provide many happy hours of outdoor activity for you and your family.

92. Structural Geology And Tectonics - Hein The geology and gold mineralisation of the Batman deposit, Mt Todd Project, NT. Thegeology and genesis of the Tarcoola gold deposits, South Australia. http://www.geo.uu.nl/Research/StructGeology/hein.html

Kim Hein Contact information Dr. Kim A.A. Hein Department of Earth Sciences Utrecht University Postbus 80021 3508 TA Utrecht The Netherlands Phone (+31) 030-253 1199 Messages (+31) 030-253 5111 Fax (+31) 030-253 7725 E-mail: khein@geo.uu.nl Office: N 202 I am an economic structural geologist and exploration geoscientist. My professional experience covers the fields of metals exploration and mining, project generation, and research and development. I have worked in Australia and West Africa and have specialised on the structural geology and exploration of Archaean and Proterozoic gold deposits. Research interests Archaean and Proterozoic geology The development of (relative and absolute) chronologically constrained strato-tectonic models for the evolution of Archaean and Proterozoic crust with special emphasis on: Tectonic development. The structural evolution of palaeo-hydrothermal systems during pluton emplacement (prograde to retrograde contact metamorphism) and how development of those systems leads to the genesis of greisens, aureole-vein and exhalite-type mineralisation in Archaean and Proterozoic rocks. Deformation of plutons and aureole tectonics.

93. The Tweed Volcano Series, Northern Rivers NSW, Gold Coast QLD, Australia, Part O A Natural History Tweed gold Coast Region BW Graham, published by Tweed River probablybased on Mount Warning Shield Volcano - A General geology , Dept of http://www.bigvolcano.com.au/natural/wollum.htm

The volcano started erupting about 23 million years ago ... Layers of ash andlava had been deposited over its outward slopes, to a diameter of about 100 kilometres. Holiday Guide The Caldera of the Tweed Volcano Natural History Natural History Index CERRA World Heritage Information Network References and Readings Regional satellite image courtesy of AGSO The big volcano has several names in common use. You may see it referred to in literature as the " Mount Warning Volcano ", "Tweed Volcano", "Mount Warning Shield Volcano", the "Tweed Caldera", the "Tweed/ Focal Volcano series", and in World Heritage literature - the " Border Group " or "Tweed Volcano Group". One of the biggest erosion caldera's in the world, it is also one of the few where, in places, the erosion process can be seen to the underlying pre-volcanic sedimentary rocks, providing enthusiasts with a wonderful opportunity to test their knowledge of geological processes What the heck is a caldera anyway? To vulcanologists a caldera* is a bowl shaped depression caused by the collapse or erosion of a volcanic cone.

94. Sultan Minerals Inc. - Maps - General Geology Of Gold Mountain Grid - Wed May 26 of General geology of gold Mountain Grid in a New Window Email General geologyof gold Mountain Grid to a friendGeneral geology of gold Mountain Grid. http://www.sultanminerals.com/s/Maps.asp?ReportID=30979&_Title=General-Geology-o

95. New Zealand Minerals | Geology And Mineral Resources topThe Buller Terrane records a different geological history The main associated mineraldeposits are mesothermal goldquartz lodes localised along shear zones http://crownminerals.med.govt.nz/minerals/resources/geology.html

Minerals home Industry overview Facts and figures Current permitting ... Contact us Geology and mineral resources Map of NZ Geology Geological framework Early to mid-Paleozoic - Western Province Late Paleozoic to Early Cretaceous - Eastern Province Island arc volcanics, mudstones and limestones ... Miocene to Recent mineral deposits This description is summarised from "Overview of New Zealand's Geology and Mineral Resources" published in Explore New Zealand (Crown Minerals 1999), which can be downloaded as a PDF from this site. Geological framework The landmass of New Zealand is part of a larger submerged microcontinent that was originally formed on the eastern margin of the Gondwana supercontinent. New Zealand's complex geology and wide variety of mineral deposits are a function of New Zealand's location at active plate boundary settings on the mobile margin of the Pacific Ocean over the past 600 million years. The rocks of New Zealand may be grouped into: the Early to Mid Paleozoic Western Province the Late Paleozoic to Early Cretaceous Eastern Province the Late Cretaceous to Cenozoic sedimentary and volcanic cover rocks The first two are basement rocks, comprising jigsaws of terranes produced by the interaction of various tectonic plates, and containing many mineral deposits. The Western and Eastern provinces were formed on or near the margin of Gondwana, and are separated by the Median Batholith. These basement units are displaced by 480 km of Late Cenozoic movement along the Alpine Fault, which forms part of the present plate boundary that runs through New Zealand separating the Pacific and Australian plates.

96. Economic Geology II: Porphyry, Gold, And Other Deposits Center 210. Economic geology II Porphyry, gold, and Other Deposits.John Dilles and Richard M. Tosdal, Presiding. Paper , Start Time, 164 http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2003AM/finalprogram/session_9993.htm

Session No. 164 Tuesday, November 4, 2003 1:30 PM-5:30 PM, Washington State Convention and Trade Center: 210 Economic Geology II: Porphyry, Gold, and Other Deposits John Dilles and Richard M. Tosdal, Presiding Paper # Start Time 1:30 PM RE-OS AND U-PB AGES FOR THE BUTTE COPPER DISTRICT, MONTANA: A SHORT- OR LONG-LIVED HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM? DILLES, John H. , Geosciences, Oregon State Univ, Wilkinson Hall 104, Corvallis, OR 97331-5506, dillesj@geo.orst.edu, MARTIN, Mark W., Shell International Exploration and Production, 200 North Dairy Ashford, Houston, TX 77001-2121, STEIN, Holly, AIRIE Program, Department of Earth Resources, Colorado State Univ, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1482, and RUSK, Brian, Geological Sciences, Univ of Oregon, 1272 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403 1:45 PM AGE, ORIGIN, PETROLOGY AND PETROGRAPHY OF THE ERTSBERG DIORITE, WEST PAPUA, INDONESIA GIBBINS, S. , Dept. of Geosciences, Univ. of Arizona, Gould-Simpson Bldg, Tucson, AZ 85721, sgibbins@geo.arizona.edu, TITLEY, S., Department of Geosciences, Univ of Arizona, Gould-Simpson Bldg, Tucson, AZ 85721, and FRIEHAUF, K., Dept. of Physical Sciences, Kutztown Univ, Kutztown, PA 19530 2:00 PM APPLICATION OF VEIN ABUNDANCE STUDIES IN EXPLORATION IN THE ERTSBERG PORPHYRY DEPOSIT, WEST PAPUA, INDONESIA

97. Volcanoes Of The Eastern Sierra Nevada gold geology Shaping Mining Communities Laura Dunn. The geology of thegold determined the stability and longevity of a camp or town. http://www.indiana.edu/~sierra/papers/2002/dunn.html

Volcanoes of the Eastern Sierra Nevada: Geology and Natural Heritage of the Long Valley Caldera Gold Geology: Shaping Mining Communities Laura Dunn * Part I: Gold (The Yellow Car) * The Beautiful Sierra Nevadas were formed as a result of plate tectonics and weathering. * Part II: Miners (The Blue Car) * And it was a combination of both dreams: rags to riches and manifest destiny that would, in part, govern the development of the Great West. Two dreams, the political victory in the Mexican War, and (Oh Yeah!) a bit of gold that would transform the west from a barren, mountainous landscape into the home of the fastest growing population in the United States. Indeed, the spark that exploded into a mass influx of people into the Western United States was the discovery of gold by James Marshall at Fort Sutter on January 24, 1848 (Billington, 1956). Who could blame them? For the lucky, the rewards were handsome. Though those who struck fortune were few and far between, stories of their wealth were the bait that lured new 49ers in. A twenty-eight pound nugget surfaced in Sonora. Seven friends unearthed 273 pounds from the Feather River in just seven weeks (Lavender, 1965). On a daily average in 1849, a miner could make $16. By 1852, it had fallen to $6 (Billington, 1956). Still, this was significantly higher than wages back East. A good deal if the miner was willing to pay the high prices for supplies and face the risk of injury.

98. Geology And Ore, Fact Sheet No. 1 in the central part of the area. The environments for gold depositioncan be grouped into several different geological scenarios http://www.geus.dk/minex/go_fs01-uk.html

MINEX Newsletter Greenland Licensing Exploration History Operating in Greenland ... Theme Magazine and Fact Sheets > This page Theme Magazine and Fact Sheets Download Fact Sheet No. 1 go_fs01.pdf (1 213 kbyte). Geological setting South Greenland is dominated by the Palaeoproterozic Ketilidian Orogen (2000­1750 Ma), which covers the southern tip of Greenland. The middle Proterozic Gardar province includes pronounced intru- sive complexes (1300­1120 Ma) in the central part of the area. The environments for gold deposition can be grouped into several different geological scenarios: 1) Archaean foreland composed of highgrade gneisses serving as a basement to Palaeoproterozoic volcano-sedimentary successions 2) Archaean border zone affected by Ketilidian orogenesis 3) A magmatic arc represented by the 30,000 km calcalkaline Julianehåb Batholith and large segments of volcano-sedimentary sequences located near the interface to 4) The Psammite Zone south of the batholith composed of metasediments and locally volcanic rocks that are deformed and sometimes migmatised and 5) The Pelite Zone located most southerly and com- posed of turbiditic sedimentary rocks, which are

99. Chemistry : Periodic Table : Gold : Geological Information This WebElements periodic table page containsgeological information for the element gold. http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Au/geol.html

Chemistry: WebElements Periodic Table Professional Edition Gold : geological information Pro Home Scholar Home Books WebElements CD ... Help Goud or Gold oro Ouro oro Guld Chemistry News Chemistry Forums Chemistry Wiki index Index for gold background Key data; description History gold Wiki gold around us Uses Geology Biology gold compounds Reactions of gold Compounds Bond enthalpies Radii in compounds ... Reduction potentials electronic properties Electronic configuration Ionization energies Electron affinities Electronegativities ... Valence shell radii physical properties Bulk properties (density, resistivity, etc.) Thermal properties (melting point, etc.) Thermodynamic properties crystallography Crystal structure [view VR world] [view pdb image] nuclear properties NMR Naturally occurring isotopes Radioisotopes WebElements Printable periodic table Drive traffic to your site by sponsoring gold WebElements online book store PalmElements for your Palm WapElements for your phone Acknowledgements Help About WebElements WebElements wall chart ... FlashElements Search by keywords: Gold Au Geological information Abundances In this table values are given in units of ppb (parts per billion; 1 billion = 10

100. Geological Survey Of Finland - Review Of Gold Mineralisation In Finland Eilu, P. 1999. FINgold a public database on gold deposits in FinlandGeological Survey of Finland, Report of Investigation 146. http://www.gtk.fi/explor/gold_review.htm

Review of gold mineralisation in Finland Styles of gold mineralisation recognised in Finland include orogenic, metamorphosed epithermal, skarn- or iron oxide-copper-gold (IOCG), intrusion-related (non-skarn), massive sulphide-hosted, palaeoplacer, and young supergene and alluvial deposits ( Figure Gold mineralisation took place during distinct episodes of crustal evolution of the Fennoscandian shield. The first significant stage was at about 2.75–2.67 Ga when orogenic gold deposits were formed in Archaean greenstone belts in eastern and northern Finland ( Figure ). This timing, and the occurrence of gold mineralisation in every Archaean greenstone belt, suggest a coherent and pervasive tectonic and metallogenic event in the region. In the Palaeoproterozoic, low-grade (0.2–1 ppm) gold mineralisation is associated with the Outokumpu Cu-Co-Ni massive sulphide deposits, within ophiolites formed during rifting of the Karelian craton at 1.97–1.95 Ga. The formation of the ophiolites was followed by the Svecofennian orogeny during 1.92–1.77 Ga. Its first main stage, at about 1.92–1.90 Ga, is characterised by accretion of a number of microcontinents and volcanic arcs adjacent to the Archaean Karelian craton ( Figure ). The accretion is associated with syngenetic VHMS mineralisation commonly with gold grades between 0.1–1.0 ppm (

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