81. CNN.com - Study: Fungi May Have Helped Green Plants Find Home On Land - Septembe CNN http://www.cnn.com/2000/NATURE/09/15/ancient.fungi.ap/index.html

nature Editions myCNN Video ... Feedback CNN Sites CNN CNN Europe CNNfn CNNSI myCNN CNNfyi AllPolitics Languages Search CNN.com CNNSI.com CNNfn.com The Web NATURE TOP STORIES New hurdles hamper Galapagos oil spill cleanup Insight, Prius lead the hybrid-powered fleet Picture: Indonesia's Merapi volcano erupts MORE TOP STORIES Up to 2,000 killed in India quake; fear of aftershocks spreads Clinton aide denies reports of White House vandalism New hurdles hamper Galapagos oil-spill cleanup Two more Texas fugitives will contest extradition ... MORE MARKETS 4:30pm ET, 4/16 DJIA NAS SPORTS Jordan says farewell for the third time ... LOCAL EDITIONS: CNN.com Europe change default edition MULTIMEDIA: video video archive audio multimedia showcase ... more services E-MAIL: Subscribe to one of our news e-mail lists. Enter your address: document.write(' '); Or: Get a free e-mail account E-MAIL DISCUSSION: message boards chat feedback CNN WEB SITES: AsiaNow Svenska Norge Danmark ... Italian FASTER ACCESS: europe japan TIME INC. SITES: Go To ... Time.com People Money Fortune EW CNN NETWORKS: more networks transcripts SITE INFO: help contents search ad info ... jobs WEB SERVICES: CNN e-store Study: Fungi may have helped green plants find home on land September 15, 2000

82. Biological Diversity 4 BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY fungi. Table of Contents. diseases. Classificationof fungi Back to Top. Over 60,000 species of fungi are known. http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookDiversity_4.html

BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY: FUNGI Table of Contents Body Plans and Nutritional Mode Classification of Fungi Zygomycetes Ascomycetes ... Fungi are almost entirely multicellular (with yeast, Saccharomyces cerviseae , being a prominent unicellular fungus), heterotrophic (deriving their energy from another organism, whether alive or dead), and usually having some cells with two nuclei ( multinucleate , as opposed to the more common one, or uninucleate ) per cell. Ecologically this kingdom is important (along with certain bacteria) as decomposers and recyclers of nutrients. Economically, the Fungi provide us with food (mushrooms; Bleu cheese/Roquefort cheese; baking and brewing), antibiotics (the first of the wonder drugs, penicillin, was isolated from the fungus Penicillium ), and crop parasites (doing several million dollars per year of damage). Examples of fungi. The above images are from http://www.cinenet.net/users/velosa/thumbnails.html Evolution of multicellular eukaryotes increased the size and complexity of organisms, allowing them to exploit the terrestrial habitat. Fungi first evolved in water but made the transition to land through the development of specialized structures that prevented their drying out. First classified as plants , fungi are now considered different enough from plants to be placed in a separate kingdom.

83. White Rot Fungi White Rot fungi. White rot fungi produce unique extracellular oxidative enzymesthat initiate the attack on nature’s complex aromatic polymer, lignin. http://www.ftns.wau.nl/imb/research/wrf.html

White Rot Fungi Jim Field (tel: +31 317 484976) , Pauline Teunissen, Rimko ten Have, Annemarie Hage, Henk Swarts, Maria del Pilar Castillo, Michael Jansen fundamentals bioremediation biobleaching cultivation ... mushroom slides Introduction Oxidative Enzymes. (3,4-dimethoxybenzene) is the redox mediator for LiP; whereas, Mn , a metal ion naturally present in wood, is the redox mediator of MnP, when properly chelated with fungal organic acid metabolites (e.g. oxalate). Recently, novel enzymes are being discovered, which utilize both veratryl alcohol and Mn Mester and Field, 1998 FIGURE 1. Photograph of white rotted beech wood with young fruiting bodies of Bjerkandera adusta (left hand side). Most of our research is conducted with the white rot fungus strain Bjerkandera sp. BOS55. FIGURE 2. One-electron oxidation of an aromatic ring in lignin by extracellular peroxidases and subsequent oxidation of the cation radical by oxygen. One-Electron-Oxidation. The oxidative enzymes cause the one-electron oxidation of aromatic moeities in lignin. The resulting cation radicals are susceptible to further oxidation in the presence of O . The ligninolytic system is nonselective, consequently other aromatic substrates, such as black listed prioroty pollutants are oxidized and biodegraded by white rot fungi. Important examples of substrates directly oxidized by lignin degrading enzymes are pentachlorophenol (PCP), dioxins, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and azo dyes. In whole cultures, the degradation process of lignin fragments and xenobiotics, proceeds through cycles of extracellular oxidation followed by intracellular reduction.

84. Mushrooms Index Page fungi of Cambridgeshire, UK. Experiences of eating wild mushrooms. http://www.ongar.org/mushrooms/index.html

Mushrooms Positively Identified 17/11/01 - Lepista saeva 9/11/01 - Phallus impudicus 28/10/01 - Auricularia auricula-judae 28/10/01 - Fistulina hepatica ... 5/10/01 - Coprinus comatus - sample that I subsequently ate. - sample identified as poisonous. Doubtful Identifications 22/10/01 - Laccaria laccata? Back to index Mushrooms and Toadstools Back in 1996-1997 I used to work for a software company called Harlequin, in a nice big house in Barrington situated in some very nice grounds. I noticed in autumn that there were a lot of interesting looking mushrooms around, and this is how my interest in fungi began. Since then I've positively identified about 35 species of mushroom with the help of five books on identifying mushrooms that I cross-check against, and I've eaten six different types that I've collected myself, some on many occasions. But this year I thought it might be amusing to keep a mycological diary, mainly to remind me next year where and when to find the tasty ones. A note of caution - I spend a lot of time making sure I've got the right mushroom, and that it isn't one of the poisonous ones. Although there are only a few truly fatal mushrooms in the United Kingdom, there are plenty that can make you feel very ill for a long time. So don't take this as a guide - if you get interested, go out, buy a book, or join a club. The books I use are: Mushrooms and other fungi of Great Britain and Europe by Roger Phillips. This book is incredibly comprehensive, and contains superb pictures of all known fungi in Britain. Usually the pictures include the young fruit bodies right across to aging specimins, so you should be able to identify the fungus no matter how old it is. The only problem is that because the book contains about 900 entries sorted by species, it can be difficult to find the fungus you have found. That is where the next book comes in handy:

85. The Kingdom Fungi The Kingdom fungi. 11/1/00. Click here to start. Table of Contents. TheKingdom fungi. Mycology. Classification of Organisms. Three Domains. http://www.uwlax.edu/biology/volk/fungi3/

The Kingdom Fungi Click here to start When viewing the following presentation, be sure to scroll down on the page to see the accompanying notes. Table of Contents The Kingdom Fungi Mycology Classification of Organisms Three Domains ... Thanks for visiting! Author: Tom Volk Dept. of Biology 3024 Cowley Hall University of Wisconsin-La Crosse La Crosse, WI 54601 USA Email: volk.thom@uwlax.edu Home Page: http://TomVolkFungi.net

86. Diversity Of Life Web Index KINGDOM fungi (MUSHROOMS, YEASTS, MOLDS, ETC.). fungi are the great decomposersof the world (along with some help from the bacteria). http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/6243/diversity3.html

ALL SPECIES BACTERIA PROTISTS FUNGI ... Send me an e-mail Link to Wendy's Conservation Homepage Wendy's resume KINGDOM: FUNGI (MUSHROOMS, YEASTS, MOLDS, ETC.) Skip the introduction and jump to the fungus links: general information indices images basidiomycetes ... zygomycetes (bread molds) Fungi are the great decomposers of the world (along with some help from the bacteria). They are multi-cellular eukaryotes, except for the yeasts which are unicellular. Although often lumped with plants and algae as "flora" (as opposed to "fauna"- animals), fungi are actually not close relatives of the plants at all. All fungi are distinguished by having no motile (free-moving) cells at any point during the life cycle. Fungi are also generally characterized by their method of obtaining energy, namely absorption of nutrients from their surroundings. This sets them apart from plants,which use photosynthesis to obtain energy from the sun, and animals, which actively injest food. Another characteristic of fungi is cell walls enforced with chitin, the same substance found in insect exoskeletons. (For comparison, plant cell walls are made of cellulose, and animal cells do not have cell walls at all.) Fungi are mainly terrestrial, and grow in filaments called "hyphae" (singular = "hypha"). Tightly packed masses of hyphae called "mycelia" (singular = "mycelium") form larger structures. The most familiar parts of fungi are spore-producing reproductive bodies such as mushrooms, toadstools, "shelves" of fungus on trees, puff balls, blue or green molds, etc.

87. Chytridiomycota, Oomycota - The Fifth Kingdom - Chapter 2b - Illustrated outline of the classification and economic significance of the Chytridiomycota and Oomycota. http://www.mycolog.com/chapter2b.htm

Pictorial Supplement to The Fifth Kingdom - Chapter 2b Phyla Chytridiomycota (Kingdom Fungi) and Oomycota (Kingdom Chromista) (29 pictures) (the CD-ROM has full text and 45 pictures) Phylum Chytridiomycota (Kingdom Fungi) Chytridiomycota Blastocladiales - zoospore of Allomyces (phase contrast illumination) X 2000 Chytridiomycota - Chytridiales - eucarpic thallus of Rhizophydium in culture X 500 Chytridiomycota - Chytridiales - Chytridium lagenaria : sporangium developing on a pollen grain of Pinus. Time lapse sequence X 500 Chytridiales - Chytridium releasing zoospores. X 500 Chytridiales - Chytridium releasing uniflagellate zoospores X 500 Chytridiales - Chytridium - empty sporangium on pine pollen grain. X 500 Chytridiomycota - Chytridiales - wart of potato caused by Synchytrium endobioticum X 1/3 Chytridiomycota - Chytridiales - sporangia of a eucarpic chytrid on the green alga, Spirogyra X 100 Chytridiomycota - Chytridiales - sporangia of a chytrid on Ceratium , a planktonic dinoflagellate X 200 Phylum Oomycota (Kingdom Chromista) Oomycota - the two flagella of a zoospore of Phytophthora palmivora (EM) Oomycota - Saprolegniales - broad hyphae of Achlya growing from a hemp seed and producing, (1) long, white asexual zoosporangia and (2) round white sexual oogonia

88. Fungal Infections fungi and Human Disease. Humans have a high level of innate immunity to fungiand most of the infections they cause are mild and selflimiting. http://www.geocities.com/medmicro.geo/fungi.htm

Return to Homepage Fungi and Human Disease Humans have a high level of innate immunity to fungi and most of the infections they cause are mild and self-limiting. This resistance is due to: 1. the fatty acid content of the skin, 2. the pH of the skin, mucosal surfaces and body fluids, 3. Epithelial cell turnover, 4. Normal flora, 5. Transferrin, 6. Cilia of the respiratory tract. When fungi do pass the resistance barriers of the human body and establish infections, the infections are classified according to the tissue levels initially colonized. A. Superficial mycoses - infections limited to the outermost layers of the skin and hair. Disease Etiological Agent Symptoms Identification of Organism Pityriasis versicolor Malassezia furfur hypopigmented macules  "Spaghetti and meatballs" appearance of organims in skin scrapings.  Tinea nigra  Exophiala werneckii black macules Black, 2-celled oval yeast in skin scrapings Black piedra Piedraia hortai black nodule on hair shaft black nodule on hair shaft composed of spore sacs and spores White piedra Trichosporom beigelii creme-colored nodules on hair shaft white nodule on hair shaft composed of mycelia that fragment into arthrospores B. Cutaneous mycoses

89. Mold Testing, Indoor Air Quality Testing, Asbestos Testing Environmental Microbiology Laboratory EMSL Analytical, Inc. is the leading indoor air quality testing laboratory . Testing biological materials and contaminants in air, surface, water and soil samples. Our specialty includes identification and analysis of mold, fungi, bacteria, bioaerosols, asbestos, mold, silica, formaldehyde and allergens. http://www.iaqtestinglabs.com

HOME SERVICES LOCATIONS ACCREDITATIONS ... CONTACT US EMSL Analytical, Inc. is the Nation's Leader in Laboratory Testing Services. We have a dedicated, highly qualified anaytical laboratory staff, including 20 PhD's, Mycologists,Microbiologists, Geologists, Virologists, Biologists, Research Scientists, and Materials Scientists and Physicists. Our nationwide network of 23 laboratories allows us to provide our clients the fastest turnaound available. Houston Lab Receives EMLAP Order A FREE Fungal CD! Meth Testing by GC/MS FREE IAQ Workshop ... webmster

90. E H I B - C U R R E N T . T O P I C S 2, pages 912, May/June 1996. fungi Indoor Air Quality. Molds in Indoor Air. fungiare ubiquitous organisms that make up approximately 25% of earth s biomass. http://www.dhs.ca.gov/ehib/ehib2/topics/fungi_indoor.html

Sandra V. McNeel, DVM Richard A. Kreutzer, MD California Department of Health Services Environmental Health Investigations Branch Introduction Molds in Indoor Air Fungi are ubiquitous organisms that make up approximately 25% of earth's biomass. They can be subdivided somewhat artificially by gross morphology into yeasts, mushrooms and molds - the fungi of most importance for indoor air. Molds are very adaptable and can colonize dead and decaying organic matter (e.g. textiles, leather, wood, paper) and even damp, inorganic material (e.g. glass, painted surfaces, bare concrete) if organic nutrients such as dust or soil particles are available. Because various genera grow and reproduce at different substrate water concentrations and temperatures, molds occur in a wide range of habitats. Constituents of indoor air are determined by both outdoor and indoor sources (Table 1). Likewise mold types and concentrations indoors are primarily a function of outdoor fungi and substrate water (related to indoor humidity level). Higher concentrations of outdoor molds and other fungi occur where trees, shrubs and landscape irrigation occur close to exterior building walls. (While most indoor molds originate from exterior sources, some species of Aspergillus and Penicillium can grow and reproduce effectively indoors and are commonly found in air samples of normal, "dry" buildings.)

91. Anaerobe This multidisciplinary journal provides a unique forum for research on the biology of anaerobic microorganisms. It focuses on life processes in strict anaerobes and anaerobic activities of facultative or microaerophilic bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. http://www.elsevier.com/locate/issn/1075-9964

Home Site map picswapper("picswap", [/authored_framework/ + "images/topbar_1.jpg", /authored_framework/ + "images/topbar_2.jpg", /authored_framework/ + "images/topbar_3.jpg", /authored_framework/ + "images/topbar_4.jpg", /authored_framework/ + "images/topbar_5.jpg", /authored_framework/ + "images/topbar_6.jpg"], 5000) Advanced Product Search Products Anaerobe Journal information Product description Editorial board Guide for authors Online submission ... Abstracting/indexing Subscription information Bibliographic and ordering information Conditions of sale Dispatch dates Journal related information Most downloaded articles Impact factors Other journals in same subject area Related publications ... Select your view Editor-in-Chief: S. Finegold See editorial board for all editors information Description Anaerobe is a new multi-disciplinary journal that provides a unique forum for research on the biology of anaerobic microorganisms. The journal focuses on life processes in strict anaerobes and anaerobic activities of facultative or microaerophilic bacteria, fungi, and protozoa. A comprehensive resource, this journal is essential reading for all those wishing to keep up-to-date with the latest discoveries in this field. Created especially for the international community, it addresses the needs of those working on a group of organisms of exceptional academic, environmental, industrial, economic, and medical importance. Anaerobe publishes original research articles, short communications, and reviews. Papers describing innovative methodologies, technologies, and applications are also featured. Examples of topics welcomed include such diverse areas as pathogenesis, clinical infections, industrial processes, stress responses, evolution, environmental activities, food spoilage, bioremediation, and dental disease.

92. Botanical.com - A Modern Herbal | Fungi - Herb Profile And Information fungi. form our food. Having no chlorophyll, fungi cannot use the energyof the sun and must therefore adopt another method of life. http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/f/fungi-37.html

Fungi Uses of Fungi Discrimination between Edible and Poisonous Fungi Constituents Uses ... Ustilago Fungi are those plants which are colourless; they have no green chlorophyll within them, and it is this green substance which enables the higher plants to build up, under the influence of sunlight, the starches and sugars which ultimately form our food. Having no chlorophyll, fungi cannot use the energy of the sun and must therefore adopt another method of life. They either live as parasites on other living plants or animals, or they live on decaying matter. In either case they derive their energy by breaking up highly complex substances and, when these are broken up in the living plant, the living plant suffers. Many Fungi, such as the bacteria, are microscopic; others form visible growths, from moulds and mildews to the familiar mushroom and toadstools they in crease in size and conspicuousness. Fungi differ from flowering plants in theirchemical influence upon the air. They absorb oxygen and exhale carbonic acid, performing the same office in this respect as animals, which they most resemble in chemical composition. The odours they emit in decay are more like putrescent animal than vegetable matter. Some species, e.g., the Stinkhorns, emit a most intolerably offensive stench; others, on the contrary, are very agreeable to the smell and some 'toadstools' acquire in drying a fine aroma. They are quite as variable to the taste. Numerically, Fungi rank next to flowering plants and in many portions of the globe far exceed them. In Great Britain, indeed, we have just over 5,000 species of Fungi, which number exceeds that of our flowering plants, ferns, mosses, lichens and algae all added together.

93. Kluwer Academic Publishers - Mycopathologia Online and in print journal devoted to the study of the role of fungi in disease and biodeterioration. Contains table of contents (1994 to present) with abstracts, content search, free sample papers, author information, and list of editors. http://kapis.wkap.nl/journalhome.htm/0301-486X

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94. Dictionary Of The Fungi Classification from 9th edition of the Dictionary of the fungi. Enter a search termto locate a genus, or click on Kingdom and traverse the taxonomic hierarchy. http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/fundic.asp

Classification from 9th edition of the Dictionary of the Fungi Enter a search term to locate a genus, or click on Kingdom and traverse the taxonomic hierarchy. The search term can be right truncated, eg 'agaric'. Genus search term: CABI Bioscience . Return to main page Return to top of page

95. Study Fungi, Plants Older Than First Thought CNN http://cnn.com/2001/TECH/science/08/10/earliest.plants.ap/index.html

96. "Lower Fungi" Lower fungi . Lower fungi simply means those funguslike organisms whichare not included in Kingdom fungi (at least by most modern taxonomists). http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/Plant_Biology/funfungi.html

"Lower Fungi" Lower fungi simply means those fungus-like organisms which are not included in Kingdom Fungi (at least by most modern taxonomists). As the "mess" which is Kingdom Protista gets sorted out, I think relationships will be further clarified. Review of Generalized Life Cycle using "Gametic" example: Slime Mold ( Physarum polycephalum Sporic example: Chytrid ( Allomyces arbuscula Gametic example: Egg Fungus ( Saprolegnia Slime Molds Cellular True Chytrids Egg Fungi Kingdom Protista Protista Protista Protista Division Myxomycophyta Myxomycophyta Chytridomycota Oomycota # Species Wall (cellulose) (cellulose) chitin/glucan cellulose 'gamy isogamous isogamous anisogamous oogamous Life Cycle zygotic "gametic" sporic gametic Examples Dictyostelium Physarum Chytridium Allomyces Saprolegnia Special Vocabulary plasmodium sporangium amoeba macrocyst plasmodium swarm cells amoeba haustorium cyst zoospore mitospores oosphere oospore oogonium antheridium zoospore Notes: cAMP hormone outer space hoaxes pollen/algae parasites ich on fish potato blight downy mildew degraded algae The MLA citation style for this page would be: Koning, Ross E. "Lower Fungi".

97. Phungophobe's Phear -- "Higher Fungi" Phungophobe s Phear Higher fungi . Tell the interesting phototropism and sporedispersal mechanism in Pilobolus. Ascomycota = Ascomycetes (Sac fungi). http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/Plant_Biology/Phungphear.html

Phungophobe's Phear "Higher Fungi" If you cannot "stomach" mushrooms, then you are a fungophobe and this lecture is likely to be revolting to you...you have to face your fear here. The higher fungi simply refers to those organisms commonly placed by taxonomists into Kingdom Fungi. Zygomycota = Zygomycetes This division is in Kingdom Fungi and is probably the most primitive of the group. Go over the life cycle of Rhizopus Tell the interesting phototropism and spore dispersal mechanism in Pilobolus Ascomycota = Ascomycetes (Sac Fungi) Show examples starting with yeasts and working up to morels. Go through life cycle. ascospores germinate into haploid mycelium (gametophyte) one mating type produces ascogonium (female?) other mating type produces antheridium (male?) trichogyne of ascogonium touches antheridium and cytoplasms join (plasmogamy) merged cells become ascogenous hyphae (dikaryotic, heterokaryotic, septate mycelium) Is this a sporophyte or what? haploid mycelium surrounding ascogenous hyphae form ascocarp tips of ascogenous hyphae form hymenium layer in/on ascocarp tip cell (the ascus) undergoes karyogamy (union of nuclei to complete syngamy) this is the ONLY diploid cell (zygote? or just sporocyte?)

98. Startsida Swedish fungi Has moved to a new address www.swefungi.se You will be redirectedautomatically in 4 seconds Remember to save the new address among your http://w1.930.telia.com/~u93004798/

Swedish Fungi Has moved to a new address: www.swefungi.se You will be redirected automatically in 4 seconds Remember to save the new address among your bookmarks.

99. Introduction To The "Slime Molds" Illustrated discussion of the biology and classification of these organisms, which are no longer considered to be fungi and which include three main groups that do not form a clade. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/protista/slimemolds.html

Introduction to the "Slime Molds" Long classified together in the Myxomycophyta as part of the Fungi , slime "molds" are now known to be quite unrelated to the fungi. There are three main groups of slime molds, which do not form a clade. Plasmodial slime molds , like Physarum shown here, are basically enormous single cells with thousands of nuclei. They are formed when individual flagellated cells swarm together and fuse. The result is one large bag of cytoplasm with many diploid nuclei. These "giant cells" have been extremely useful in studies of cytoplasmic streaming (the movement of cell contents) because it is possible to see this happening even under relatively low magnification. In addition, the large size of the slime mold "cell" makes them easier to manipulate than most cells. A second group, the cellular slime molds , spend most of their lives as separate single-celled amoeboid protists, but upon the release of a chemical signal, the individual cells aggregate into a great swarm. Cellular slime molds are thus of great interest to cell and developmental biologists, because they provide a comparatively simple and easily manipulated system for understanding how cells interact to generate a multicellular organism. There are two groups of cellular slime molds, the Dictyostelida and the Acrasida, which may not be closely related to each other. A third group, the

100. Interactive Catalogue Of Australian Fungi Interactive Catalogue of Australian fungi. http://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/fungi/cat/

visitor information education biodiversity major projects ... about us Interactive Catalogue of Australian Fungi Fungi IMC8 Fungus of the month Fungi Spotlights Fact Sheets ... Home Explore the catalogue Search form Provides full wildcard searching on genus, species, infraspecies, authority and type locality. Browse by Family This allows you to view the fungal classification in a heirarchical view. Browse Alphabetically Lets you jump straight to a genus by browsing alphabetically. References Allows searching and browsing of all references in the interactive catalogue. About the interactive catalogue The Interactive Catalogue of Australian Fungi is a joint project of the Royal Botanic Gardens Melbourne and the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS)

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