1. NSCORT/Exobiology NSCORT) in exobiology. Research. Training/Fellowships. Education/Outreach. Calendar. Administration. exobiology Related Links. NOTE Future funding for this program is pending. Fellowships unavailable at this time (2002). http://exobio.ucsd.edu/NSCORT.htm

NASA Specialized Center of Research and Training (NSCORT) in Exobiology Research Training/Fellowships Education/Outreach Calendar ... Exobiology Related Links NOTE: Future funding for this program is pending. Fellowships unavailable at this time (2002). Comments or questions on this web site via " mailto " Last Updated September 10, 2002

2. Introduction To Exobiology Introduction to exobiology. Come explore the field of exobiology, thesearch for the origin of life on the Earth, and in the Universe. http://www.chem.duke.edu/~jds/cruise_chem/Exobiology/

Introduction to Exobiology You're driving in your car down dark road late one night with your friends. All of a sudden, you see a large circular object with blue lights spinning right in front of your car. A bright spotlight shines down on your car for ten seconds, and then leaves. As the object disappears before your eyes, you are left in amazement, wondering what just happened. Was that really a UFO? Is there really intelligent life out there in the universe? You turn around to ask your friends, only to find that one of them is missingÉ Sound a little farfetched? OK. How about something a little more down to Earth. You just got back from a two week vacation in Hawaii with your family. You walk into your room, throw down your suitcase, and sit on your bed. You glance over at the lamp on the table next to your bed. Reaching over to turn on the lamp, you notice a rather unpleasant smell. Looking down, there is a half full glass of what once might have been juice, but now is a nice bluish-green color with fuzz all around the edges. Yuck! Where did that come from? Scientists have been asking these same questions for a long time now. Come explore the field of exobiology, the search for the origin of life on the Earth, and in the Universe.

3. Exobiology Strategy Report AN EXOBIOLOGICAL STRATEGY. FOR MARS EXPLORATION. Prepared by the exobiology Program Office, NASA HQ. January 1995. This strategy was formulated at the request of Dr. Michael A. Meyer, Discipline Scientist for the exobiology Program, NASA Headquarters. http://cmex-www.arc.nasa.gov/Exo_Strat/exo_strat.html

AN EXOBIOLOGICAL STRATEGY FOR MARS EXPLORATION Prepared by the Exobiology Program Office, NASA HQ January 1995 This strategy was formulated at the request of Dr. Michael A. Meyer, Discipline Scientist for the Exobiology Program, NASA Headquarters. The writing group consisted of: Dr. Michael H. Carr, USGS Dr. Benton Clark, Martin-Marietta Aerospace Dr. David J. DesMarais, NASA Ames Research Center Dr. Donald L. DeVincenzi, NASA Ames Research Center Dr. Jack D. Farmer, NASA Ames Research Center Dr. John M. Hayes, Indiana University Dr. Heinrich Holland, Harvard University Dr. Bruce Jakosky, University of Colorado Dr. Gerald F. Joyce, Scripps Research Institute Dr. Harold P. Klein, Santa Clara University Dr. Andrew H. Knoll, Harvard University Dr. Gene D. McDonald, Cornell University Dr. Christopher P. McKay, NASA Ames Research Center Dr. Michael A. Meyer, NASA HQ Dr. Kenneth H. Nealson, University of Wisconsin Dr. Everett L. Shock, Washington University Dr. David M. Ward, Montana State University In addition, Dr. Carl Sagan, Cornell University, provided helpful advice.

4. Adamski Foundation - Exobiology / UFOs exobiology, Astrophysical, Lunar, and UFO research. http://www.gafintl-adamski.com

Spanish Version "Las respuestas en Español están limitadas al tiempo de que se disponga. Se agradecería si pudieran enviar sus preguntas y comentarios a ser posible en Inglés." [Limited Spanish responses based upon volunteer time only, please send Your comments in English if possible.] Spanish Translation for G.A.F. by: Jesus Millan Arias - Barcelona - Spain Last Update: Click to continue Indications of advanced human civilizations on other planets and implications for earth: Welcome to The Only Authorized Information Adamski Foundation Email Viewing Information: BROWSER Navigator or Microsoft Internet Explorer MONITOR - This site is designed to display at a 640x480 screen resolution. To see this important information, animations and photos as they are intended to be viewed, set your monitor to view 32 bit color, or as many colors as possible. Set your browser font to default. GAF International / Adamski Foundation Download PERMISSION / STIPULATIONS pdf file Click Here Look to the stars... where others already are

5. Cosmology This page contains information about the course Cosmology and exobiology read in the fall semester 1999 at the Physics Institute of NTNU, Trondheim http://www.asu.cas.cz/~had/cosm.html

Cosmology This page contains information about courses Cosmology and exobiology read in the fall semester 1999 and Cosmology and particle physics read in the fall semester 2001 at the Physics Institute of NTNU, Trondheim. The part on cosmology is read on lower mathematical level accessible not only to students of physics. A brief preliminary version of the lecture notes can be found in Czech version Individual lectures can be found in this list: General principles example Relativistic cosmology Newtonian cosmology ... Nucleosynthesis The part on general astrophysics was read by E. Oestgaard and the part on exobiology by K. Oestgaard in 1999. The other parts of the course were read by Bo-Sture Skagerstam and Souriraja Ramadurai in 2001. A deeper understanding of the cosmology requires the knowledge of general relativity, which can be found e.g. in Lecture notes on general relativity written for the course read in NTNU in 1997. Concerning the part on exobiology, one may find interesting The Astrobiology Web A wide range of web-pages dealing with related topics is referred by http://www.galacticsurf.com

6. Mark's Webpage Explains why this moon of Saturn is an object of exceptional interest for exobiological research. http://www.seds.org/~rme/titan.htm

Mark's Webpage R. Mark Elowitz Member of AAS mark@markelowitz.com If General Relativity gives rise to the bending of space-time, then why can we remember the past but not the future. Did inflationary cosmology lead to wormhole growth during the early evolution of the Universe? We are all made from STAR STUFF Research Interests Exobiology and SETI A Tour of Modern Cosmology Lunar Resources Page

7. Exobiology At Nasa http://www.exobiology.nasa.gov/

8. The Miller/Urey Experiment New theories have recently been offered as alternative sites for theorigin of life. Return to the beginning of the exobiology unit. http://www.chem.duke.edu/~jds/cruise_chem/Exobiology/miller.html

Miller/Urey Experiment By the 1950s, scientists were in hot pursuit of the origin of life. Around the world, the scientific community was examining what kind of environment would be needed to allow life to begin. In 1953, Stanley L. Miller and Harold C. Urey, working at the University of Chicago, conducted an experiment which would change the approach of scientific investigation into the origin of life. Miller took molecules which were believed to represent the major components of the early Earth's atmosphere and put them into a closed system The gases they used were methane (CH ), ammonia (NH ), hydrogen (H ), and water (H O). Next, he ran a continuous electric current through the system, to simulate lightning storms believed to be common on the early earth. Analysis of the experiment was done by chromotography. At the end of one week, Miller observed that as much as 10-15% of the carbon was now in the form of organic compounds. Two percent of the carbon had formed some of the amino acids which are used to make proteins. Perhaps most importantly, Miller's experiment showed that organic compounds such as amino acids, which are essential to cellular life, could be made easily under the conditions that scientists believed to be present on the early earth. This enormous finding inspired a multitude of further experiments. In 1961, Juan Oro found that amino acids could be made from hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and ammonia in an aqueous solution. He also found that his experiment produced an amazing amount of the nucleotide base, adenine.

9. The Exobiology Branch The exobiology Branch conducts research in exobiology seeking to increase our knowledgeof the origin, evolution, and distribution of life in the universe. http://exobiology.arc.nasa.gov/

WELCOME To An Official NASA Webpage Exobiology Defined Branch Members The Exobiology Branch conducts research in Exobiology seeking to increase our knowledge of the origin, evolution, and distribution of life in the universe. Answers are sought to questions such as: To what extent did chemical evolution occur in the primitive bodies of the solar system? How did life originate on the Earth, and what role did minerals play? What evidence exists regarding the early interplay between biological and environmental evolution? What do molecular fossils tell us about early microbial evolution? How can the study of contemporary microbes or geochemical samples inform us of past events? The work of the staff in this Branch also provides the conceptual basis and measurement criteria for future spacecraft missions to other solar system bodies such as Mars, Titan, and comets, in search of answers to such fundamental questions in non-terrestrial settings. Selected Research Groups Lipid Biomarker Laboratory Astrobiology Microbial Culture Facility Microbial Ecology/ Biogeochemistry Research Laboratory ... Astrobioinformatics Program Responsible NASA Official: Dr. David F. Blake

10. Fine Art And Exobiology Fine Art, Biochemistry, and exobiology Brief overview of exobiology, with some informative links. Also contains her visual work, which integrates figurative art and biochemical themes. http://www.geocities.com/teslathemothgod/

MY FIGURATIVE ART AND EXOBIOLOGY PAGE DRAWING GALLERY Pencil and Pen and Ink FINE ART Care and preservation of artworks on paper CARTOONS sketchbook, quick drawings and a snippet from my completed novel PRINTS mostly done in college, woodcuts NEW! EVOLUTION of a drawing for fun EMAIL OIL PAINTING GALLERY Astronomy Pencil on heavy rag paper sold Teaching Geometry oil on prepared poplar 2003-4 9.5"x16" varnished with damar 500.00 USD click for detail Clive Tooth made this construction with some of my images using a ray-trace program. http://www.clivetooth.dk I Photography by Peter Parker and myself EXOBIOLOGY A constantly shrinking section that never gets worked on. . . Extra-planetary life in our solar system. Mars Europa Titan, Io, and Enceladus NASA Europa LINKS Miscellaneous: History of the Lobotomy Rainy day puzzle fun Donald Simanek's Pages Humor, Science, etc. Access Excellence: A page for the teaching and learning of the biosciences Moths of North America Moths, I love 'em Murals in an abandoned mental institution. Abandoned Prison photos Henry Darger An outsider artist who wrote the longest manuscript in English as well as illusrtratons about his imaginary world Alchemy Adam McLean's site with over 2,000 images

11. Exobiology | The Astrobiology Web | Your Online Guide To The Living Universe . The Astrobiology Web Your Online Guide to the Living Universe TM exobiology. http://www.astrobiology.com/exobiology.html

Astrobiology Web SpaceRef - Sections Directory Focus On News Calendar Astrobiology All of Space Last Update 4 Aug 2002 Contact Us astro@spaceref.com News Tracker The SpaceRef News Tracker covers all aspects of space exploration. News in your Palm The size of the SpaceRef AvantGo channel has been increased to meet the demand for status reports, press releases, and calendar events. Please update your channel settings by clicking here . If you are not currently subscribed sign up now Second Astrobiology Science Conference 7-11 April 2002 NASA Ames Research Center Conference Website Once again, Astrobiology.com will be hosting the abstracts for this meeting. First Astrobiology Science Conference 3-5 April 2000 NASA Ames Research Center OFFICIAL CONFERENCE HOMEPAGE Program (with abstracts) Oral presentations Authors (all) Posters (by topic) Posters (by title) Conference Reports Hot Jupiters and Rare Earths: Planets are common. Are we? "What the hell is Astrobiology ?" asks the Secret Service ... Europa: A brine martini - shaken and stirred The Astrobiology Web: Your Online Guide to the Living Universe TM Exobiology Publications and References Exopaleontology Government Resources Organizations and Foundations ... Books we recommend Publications, Newsgroups, and References

12. Space Science Division Dedicated to research in astrophysics, exobiology, advanced life support technologies, and planetary science. http://www-space.arc.nasa.gov/

Last Updated: June 20, 2002 Home Site Map Feedback What's New Mars analog experiment selected C. McKay and D. DeVincenzi in subglacial lake workshop. J. Scargle chairs data understanding worksop Exobiologists educate graduate students. ... News Archive... Notices Annual Report NASA Laboratory Astrophysics Workshop The Space Science Division at NASA Ames Research Center is dedicated to research in astrophysics, exobiology, advanced life support technologies, and planetary science. These research programs are structured around Astrobiology (the study of life in the universe and the chemical and physical forces and adaptions that influence life's origin, evolution, and destiny), and address some of the most fundamental questions pursued by science. These questions examine the origin of life and our place in the universe. Ames is recognized as a world leader in Astrobiology. In pursuing our mission in Astrobiology, Space Science Division scientists perform pioneering basic research and technology development. For more information about the Space Science Division

13. Exobiology The Astrobiology Web Your Online Guide To The Living planetary atmospheres, magnetospheres, and ionospheres, exobiology, celestial mechanics, and the history The exobiology Branch at NASA ARC The exobiology Branch conducts research in http://www.reston.com/astro/exobiology.html

14. The Exobiology Branch http://www.exobiology.nasa.gov/ssx

15. Mark's Webpage Universe? We are all made from STAR STUFF. Research Interests. exobiologyand SETI; A Tour of Modern Cosmology; Lunar Resources Page. http://www.markelowitz.com/

Mark's Webpage R. Mark Elowitz Member of AAS mark@markelowitz.com If General Relativity gives rise to the bending of space-time, then why can we remember the past but not the future. Did inflationary cosmology lead to wormhole growth during the early evolution of the Universe? We are all made from STAR STUFF Research Interests Exobiology and SETI A Tour of Modern Cosmology Lunar Resources Page

16. Reason's Triumph Has Moved! Transhuman technologies, exobiology, genetics, intelligence, and various outon-the-edge areas of science. http://users.compaqnet.be/jpnitya/science/

Reason's Triumph has moved! I'm sorry for the incovenience but Reason's Triumph has moved to http://www.jpreason.com . Please update your bookmarks. Thanking you.

17. The Extrasolar Planets Page Exploration of Mars, Europa, and Titan. Titan as an exobiology Laboratory ; Europaas a Suitable Habitat for Life ; The Search for Water and Life on Mars http://www.markelowitz.com/exobiology.htm

Extrasolar Planetary Systems Detection of Earth-like Planets with Large Telescopes Using large space-based telescopes (>10-meter) Astronomers could search for terrestrial planets with atmospheres suitable for life as we know it. Spectroscopy could be used to detect the presence of Ozone, an indicator of oxygen in the atmosphere as well as water bands. Methane produced as a result of biogenic activity could be searched for using the same methods. Using telescopes in Earth orbit planets could be searched for using direct detection methods. Stellar coronagraphs can be used to supress the light from the planet's parent star making detection easier. There is a higher probability of detecting planetary companions around nearby stars in the infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. This is due to the fact that the star to planet flux ratio is less in this region of the spectrum than in the visible. To separate a planetary companion from its primary stellar halo, one must use a telescope (or array of telescopes) with an aperture (or baseline) B such that r/D is greater than or equal to the wavelength at which the observation is being carried out divided by the aperture (or baseline) of the telescope (or array of telescopes). Stellar Habitable Zone Habitable Zones About Main Sequence Stars - Mass(Ms) Type Continuously Habitable Zone r(inner) r(outer) width 1.20 F7 1.616 1.668 0.054 1.15 F8 1.420 1.481 0.061 1.10 F9 1.240 1.310 0.069 1.05 G0 1.086 1.150 0.064 1.00 G2 0.958 1.004 0.046 0.95 G5 0.837 0.867 0.030 0.90 G8 0.728 0.743 0.015 0.85 K0 0.628 0.629 0.001 0.835 K1 0.598 0.598 Distance and widths are given in AUs

18. Exobiology Strategy Report MGS will carry the following instruments of relevance to exobiology important surface lithologies of interest to exobiology, including evaporites and those characteristic of http://cmex-www.arc.nasa.gov/Exo_Strat/Docs/missions.html

PLANNED MISSIONS: ANTICIPATED MEASUREMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS This section is based on the mission scenario currently envisioned by the IMEWG. It is a plan for launching probes to Mars at every launch opportunity from 1996 to 2003. The plan assumes multiple launches, with the U.S. component being two launches at each opportunity so that failure or delay of one element will not result in a total failure for that opportunity. The plan also assumes that missions currently in their implementation phase will be launched as planned. The early missions are predominantly U.S. and Russian, so the scenario is strongly dependent on sustained funding for Mars exploration in both the U.S. and Russia. THE 1996 OPPORTUNITY. Three missions are approved for launch in 1996: the U.S. Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) and Pathfinder missions, and the Russian mission, Mars-96 (formerly Mars-94). The first of these is designed to recover part of the Mars Observer objectives. Mars Global Surveyor The U.S. MGS, the first element of the proposed multimission Mars Surveyor Program, is an orbital mission intended to recover part of the Mars Observer science objectives. However, the spacecraft, to be launched on a Delta, is considerably smaller than the Mars Observer spacecraft and the original payload cannot be fully accommodated. MGS will carry the following instruments of relevance to exobiology: Camera.

19. The Exobiology Branch The home page for the exobiology Branch is http//exobiology.arc.nasa.gov. http://exobiology.nasa.gov/ssx/

The home page for the Exobiology Branch is http://exobiology.arc.nasa.gov

20. Influenza 1918, A Venus Connection? research into the occurrence of solar wind propelled interplanetary viral and bacterial transfers. Aerobiology, Astrobiology, 1918 Flu, exobiology, Influenza, Life on Venus, Orthomyxoviridae http://www.ebicom.net/~rsf1/vel/1918.htm

Home Up one level Next Influenza 1918, A Venus Connection (You are here!) Venus Atmosphere Temperature and Pressure Profiles Sunspot Activity, Venus Inferior Conjunctions, and Biological Events 1st Quarter 2001 Influenza Data Analysis (USA) Global Developments: Spring-Summer 2001 ... USA Influenza Activity 2002-2003 - (Part 2 has SARS information.) USA Influenza Activity 2003-2004 - (Part 2 has Special Note for June 2004.) Influenza A(H1N2) West Nile Virus Calculated Dates of Venus Inferior Conjunctions A summary of a large part of the material in these pages was given as Poster 12 in Session 32 of the American Astronomical Society's Division of Planetary Sciences meeting in Birmingham, AL, U.S.A., 6-11 October 2002. The presentation includes a specially prepared Results, Discussion and Recommendations section, which concerns a test of the Venus influenza hypothesis. Click here to see an HTML version of the presentation. Influenza 1918, A Venus Connection? In Russian Installed on 20 January 2000 - Latest update 10 April 2004 (Each section/webpage is updated individually.)

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