161. Early Unix History And Evolution The evolution of the Unix Timesharing System*. This paper presents a technical and social history of the evolution of the system. Origins. http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/dmr/hist.html

The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System* Dennis M. Ritchie Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ, 07974 ABSTRACT This paper presents a brief history of the early development of the Unix operating system. It concentrates on the evolution of the file system, the process-control mechanism, and the idea of pipelined commands. Some attention is paid to social conditions during the development of the system. NOTE: *This paper was first presented at the Language Design and Programming Methodology conference at Sydney, Australia, September 1979. The conference proceedings were published as Lecture Notes in Computer Science #79: Language Design and Programming Methodology, No. 6 Part 2, October 1984, pp. 1577-93. Introduction During the past few years, the Unix operating system has come into wide use, so wide that its very name has become a trademark of Bell Laboratories. Its important characteristics have become known to many people. It has suffered much rewriting and tinkering since the first publication describing it in 1974 [1], but few fundamental changes. However, Unix was born in 1969 not 1974, and the account of its development makes a little-known and perhaps instructive story. This paper presents a technical and social history of the evolution of the system. Origins For computer science at Bell Laboratories, the period 1968-1969 was somewhat unsettled. The main reason for this was the slow, though clearly inevitable, withdrawal of the Labs from the Multics project. To the Labs computing community as a whole, the problem was the increasing obviousness of the failure of Multics to deliver promptly any sort of usable system, let alone the panacea envisioned earlier. For much of this time, the Murray Hill Computer Center was also running a costly GE 645 machine that inadequately simulated the GE 635. Another shake-up that occurred during this period was the organizational separation of computing services and computing research.

162. Main Articles: 'Evolution Of Portable Electronic Books', Ariadne Issue 29 Charts the development of portable electronic book hardware. Ariadne http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue29/wilson/

Evolution of Portable Electronic Books Ruth Wilson charts the development of portable electronic book hardware, from the first generation models in the 1980s to the range of handheld devices available today. Introduction ] is available online from bestbuy.com and amazon.com and from some high street retailers, the goReader is available for purchase via their Web site [ ], a variety of ebook reading software can be downloaded to PDAs for free via the Internet, and some Pocket PCs are being sold pre-installed with Microsoft Reader [ Brief History The idea of the portable electronic book dates back to 1968 when postgraduate student Alan Kay articulated the concept of the Dynabook, "a portable interactive personal computer, as accessible as a book" [ During this time, Franklin Electronic Publishers and Sony were busy developing their own concepts of the portable ebook. In 1986, Franklin were the first to enter the market in 1986 with a handheld device containing an electronic dictionary and capable of displaying only one line at a time, followed, in 1991, by an electronic Bible, this time with a four line screen and keyboard. ] enabled other compatible titles to be created, but this software sold for $9000 and few additional ebooks were ever produced.

163. CNN.com - Georgia Considers Banning 'evolution' - Jan. 30, 2004 The state s school superintendent has proposed striking the word evolution from Georgia s science curriculum and replacing it with the phrase biological http://www.cnn.com/2004/EDUCATION/01/30/striking.evolution.ap/

International Edition MEMBER SERVICES The Web CNN.com Home Page World U.S. Weather ... Special Reports SERVICES Video E-mail Services CNNtoGO Contact Us SEARCH Web CNN.com Georgia considers banning 'evolution' State Superindendent of Schools Kathy Cox answers questions at a news conference in Atlanta, Georgia, Thursday. Story Tools RELATED Georgia Department of Education YOUR E-MAIL ALERTS Follow the news that matters to you. Create your own alert to be notified on topics you're interested in. Or, visit Popular Alerts for suggestions. Manage alerts What is this? ATLANTA, Georgia (AP) The state's school superintendent has proposed striking the word evolution from Georgia's science curriculum and replacing it with the phrase "biological changes over time." The change is included in more than 800 pages of draft revisions to Georgia's curriculum that have been posted by the Department of Education on its Web site. The middle and high school standards are expected to be voted on by the state Board of Education in May, after public feedback. Superintendent Kathy Cox said the concept of evolution would still be taught under the proposal, but the word would not be used. The proposal would not require schools to buy new textbooks omitting the word evolution and would not prevent teachers from using it.

164. Netadelica: Genetic Algorithms A brief experiment in coding a simple genetic algorithm 'bit counter' that compares different evolution parameters. http://www.netadelica.com/ga/

G e n e t i c A l g o r i t h m s O n N e t a d e l i c a These pages are embryonic - I'm still learning this stuff. In the absence of tutorial material, they assume you're familiar with the basics of GAs (here's an ultra-brief description if you're interested). Right now, these pages contain the results of my comparisons of different parameters for a very simple GA, a "bit counter". Comparing Different Parameters for Evolving a Bit Counter Just about the simplest GA is the "bit counter". Each individual in the population ("member") comprises one chromosome, an n-bit string of binary digits ("0"s and "1"s). Each member's fitness is determined as the number of bits within its chromosome that are turned on ("1"). E.g., for a five-bit string: Table 1: Fitness of Example Bit Counters Member Chromosome Fitness This is unlifelike: genes don't code "for" embryonic or any other development; there's no phenotype involved. We've all got to start somewhere, though. I wrote a program that evolves bit counters using systematically different parameters. For each unique set of parameters, the program perfomed six runs of 30 generations per run. The parameters used were: Table 2: Parameters Varied for Evolving a Bit Counter Parameter Value 1 Value 2 Value 3 Value 4 Mutation N/A Crossover rate N/A Selection method Uniform Fitness-proportionate N/A N/A Crossover method Single-point Two-point Each-bit uniform Each-bit weighted Mutation = 0: no mutation Mutation = 0.001: "normal" mutation

165. Understanding Evolution Home Start Here! Nature of Science. evolution 101. Lines of Evidence. Relevance of evolution. Misconceptions. History of evolutionary Thought. http://evolution.berkeley.edu/

Text only version Search Site Index Navigation ... Contact This site was created by the University of California Museum of Paleontology with support provided by the National Science Foundation and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

166. Evolution [Internet Encyclopedia Of Philosophy] The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. evolution. evolution is not so much a modern discovery as some of its advocates would have us believe. http://www.iep.utm.edu/e/evolutio.htm

Evolution Table of Contents (Clicking on the links below will take you to that part of this article) Ancient Greek Views Medieval Views In Modern Philosopy In German Idealism ... Spencer's View Ancient Greek Views If the mechanical view is to be found in these philosophers, the teleological occurs in Heraclitus, who conceives the process as a rational development, in accordance with the Logos and names steps of the process, as from igneous air to water, and thence to earth. The Stoics followed Heraclitus in the main lines of their physics. The primal principle is, as with him, igneous air. only that this is named God by them with much greater definiteness. The Godhead has life in itself, and develops into the universe, differentiating primarily into two kinds of elements the finer or active, and the coarser or passive. Formation or development goes on continuously, under the impulse of the formative principle, by whatever name it is known, until all is once more dissolved by the ekpyrosis into the fundamental principle, and the whole process begins over again. Their conception of the process as analogous to the development of the seed finds special expression in their term of logos spermatikos . In one point the Stoics differ essentially from Heraclitus. With them the whole process is accomplished according to certain ends indwelling in the Godhead, which is a provident, careful intelligence, while no providence is assumed in Heraclitus.

167. Research Group Center at Rutgers University provides faculty profiles, information on courses and conferences. Also offers an archive of papers. http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/ArchiveFolder/Research Group/research.html

Research Group on Evolution and Higher Cognition Contents Publications People Courses Conferences ... Research Projects Professor Stephen Stich, Director Center for Cognitive Science Busch Campus, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA Tel. (732) 932-9091 Fax: (732) 445-6715 Recent publications The Research Group on Evolution and Higher Cognition was established to investigate the mechanisms involved in a range of higher cognitive capacities and to explore ways in which theoretical and empirical work on the evolution of the mind can interface productively with more traditional approaches to theory construction in cognitive science. Current projects include: Studies of the cognitive mechanisms underlying Mindreading Pretense Moral Cognition Scientific Cognition Research into the ways in which the resources of evolutionary psychology can be brought to bear on issues about Rationality Mental Disorder The Scope and Limits of Social Construction

168. Indiana University Of Pennsylvania - Biology Faculty This phenomenon may shed some light on the evolution of social behavior in insects. Gendron, RP 2000. The classification and evolution of Caminalcules. http://www.iup.edu/~rgendron/software.htmlx

Contact Us Directory Site Map Search ... 3 Faculty Positions Avaliable (Fall 2004) Anticipated Temporary Positions Fall 2004 Student Community Bulletin Board Alumni Directory ... Biology Links Web Pages Evolution on the Web for Biology Students Ecology and Introductory Biology Lab Exercises Computer Software for Teaching Ecology Education B.A. - 1972 University of Delaware, Newark, DE M.A. - 1975 Boston University, Boston, MA Ph.D. - 1982 Duke University, Durham, NC Postdoctorate: 1983 - 1986 Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS Field Behavioral and evolutionary ecology: intraspecific competition, foraging behavior, predator-prey interactions. Interests I am studying an aphid, Hormaphis hamamelidis , that forms galls on the leaves of witch hazel plants. Each gall contains a female (the stem mother) and up to 50-70 of her offspring, all daughters. Galls are not distributed randomly, but instead tend to be clumped on certain leaves and trees. I am interested in the behavioral mechanisms that cause this clumping and how this affects the reproductive success of both the aphids and the plants. There are other aspects to this insect-plant interaction that are also quite interesting. For example, some of the aphids within a gall appear to act as "workers," leaving reproduction to their sisters. This phenomenon may shed some light on the evolution of social behavior in insects.

169. Science Against Evolution Official Home Page A California Public Benefit Corporation whose objective is to make the general public aware that the theory of evolution is not consistent with physical evidence and is no longer a respectable theory describing the origin of life. http://www.ridgenet.net/~do_while/sage/

Science Against Evolution Official Home Page www.ScienceAgainstEvolution.org Science Against Evolution is a California Public Benefit Corporation whose objective is to make the general public aware that the theory of evolution is not consistent with physical evidence and is no longer a respectable theory describing the origin of life. Why Science is Against Evolution Swap Sheet Ads Monthly Meetings Newsletters ... Topical Index Our web site is updated within a few days of the fourth Friday of every month. Click here to see what's new this month Our web site tells you about Our Activites Our Organization Swap Sheet Ads Monthly Meetings at the public library Monthly Newsletter (Disclosure) Web Site of the Month Essays on Evolution Corporation Details Officers ... How to Join If you have any questions or comments, we encourage you to send mail to Do-While Jones who maintains this no frills web site Why Science is Against Evolution The theory of evolution depends upon three conditions. Life Happens Creative Mutations Lots of Time Let's look at each of these conditions, one at a time. Life Happens According to the theory of evolution, at some time in the distant past there was no life in the universe just elements and chemical compounds. Somehow, these chemicals had to combine to form Frankencell, which

170. Physics 7 Lecture #9 - Stellar Evolution I The complete sequence of events in detail. http://cassfos02.ucsd.edu/physics/ph7/StevI.html

University of California, San Diego Physics 7 - Introduction to Astronomy H. E. Smith Winter 2000 Physics 7 - Lecture Summary #9 Stellar Evolution I - Solar Type Stars The actual process of star formation remains shrouded in mystery because stars form in dense, cold molecular clouds whose dust obscures newly formed stars from our view. For reasons which are not fully understood, but which may have to do with collisions of molecular clouds, or shockwaves passing through molecular clouds as the clouds pass through spiral structure in galaxies, or magnetic-gravitational instabilities (or, perhaps all of the above) the dense core of a molecular cloud begins to condense under its self-gravity, fragmenting into stellar mass clouds which continue to condense forming protostars . As the cloud condenses, gravitational potential energy is released - half of this released gravitational energy goes into heating the cloud, half is radiated away as thermal radiation. Because gravity is stronger near the center of the cloud (remember F g ~ 1/distance ) the center condenses more quickly, more energy is released in the center of the cloud, and the center becomes hotter than the outer regions. As a means of tracking the stellar life-cycle we follow its path on the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram.

171. Language, Neoteny, Heterochrony, And Human Evolution Extensive collection of quotations on the evolution of language. Part of the Web Library of Excerpts The Multidisciplinary Implications of Heterochronic Theory. http://www.humanevolution.net/a/language.html

Library of Excerpts Language Part I This page contains a collection of excerpts from sources used to support Shift Theory, an alternative theory of human evolution. Click here for an introduction to this new and unique theory of evolution. (i) According to the hypothesis, the acquisition of grammatical competence occurs when linguistic information is routed to and processed by spatial centers in the brain. (ii) Specifically, it is claimed that linguistic expressions are processed as if they were objects with internal structural configurations. That is, they are processed in terms of certain basic image schemas, namely part-whole and linkage schemas critical to the recognition of the configurations which define complex physical objects. (iii) But as Johnson (1987) argues at length, image schemas are basically embodied schemas, high level schemas which function as cognitive models of the body and its interaction with the environment. In other words, the Spatialization of Form Hypothesis treats grammar as a form of image-schemaic thought in which words, phrases, and sentences are endowed with an abstract structure grounded in immediate bodily experience of physical objects. It therefore predicts as association between grammar and such cognitive abilities as object recognition, spatial structure, and body awareness, especially modeling bodily movement and position is space." (Armstrong DF, Stokoe WC, Wilcox SE (1995) Gesture and the Nature of Language. Cambridge Univ. Press: Cambridge p. 34-36)

172. Kansas.com: Your Guide To News, Sports, Jobs, Homes, Cars Wichita lawmaker says schools can't afford to ignore public opinion. The Wichita Eagle http://www.wichitaeagle.com/news/local/learning/evolution/senlawrence0819.htm

Search: Articles-last 7 days Articles-older than 7 days The Web for News Business Sports Entertainment ... Homes var request_url = escape(document.location.href); var request_domain = ".kansas.com"; Jobs Search List Cars ... Weather Wichita Topeka Hutchinson Local Events Yellow Pages Discussion Boards WIBC Follow the WIBC PHOTOS OF THE WEEK more photos ALUMNI LINK Sedgwick County high school alumni. Stay in touch AUTOMOTIVE WEEKLY Now online! Your favorite auto ads will be a weekly feature of Kansas.com. Click here for Automotive Weekly! NEWSPAPER ADS Browse selected ads from The Eagle! Click here for ads! Can't find it? Browse Classifieds Search Entertainment Search Obituaries Wednesday, May 26, 2004 INSIDE News Publishers Clearing House finds Wichita winner calm. Witness says bodies were in club cellar. Don't lay out the welcome mat for mold in your home BREAKING NEWS City gets grant to combat terrorism The city of Wichita is getting $663,000 to buy emergency equipment to combat terrorism. The grant is coming from the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. MORE BREAKING NEWS Brownback to launch African-American initiative - 02:03 PM CDT Kansas wheat groups joining forces - 01:50 PM CDT Testimony continues in triple-murder trial - 01:42 PM CDT Police arrest three men after wounding, fight

173. Evolution - FAQs & Guides - GameFAQs A selection of walkthroughs and codes. http://www.gamefaqs.com/console/dreamcast/game/23042.html

Quick Search Home What's New Systems Features ... Xbox Platform Jumper Arcade Dreamcast GameBoy Game Boy Advance GameBoy Color GameCube Genesis N-Gage Neo-Geo NES Nintendo 64 PC PlayStation PlayStation 2 Saturn SNES Xbox View Complete List A-Z Dreamcast Role-Playing Evolution Game Info Codes and Secrets Game Saves Reviews ... Check Prices General FAQs FAQ/Walkthrough JOrtiz Rate FAQ/Walkthrough ... Rate Character FAQs Linear JOrtiz Rate In-Depth FAQs Items FAQ JOrtiz Rate Mag's Hand FAQ ... Rate Foreign Language FAQs FAQ/Walkthrough (Spanish) RChirino Rate GameSpot Visit GameSpot for instant access to 1 Evolution review , and 26 screenshots Game Rankings Visit Game Rankings for 40 reviews and previews from around the web. GameSpot Downloads News PC ... About CNET Networks

174. Allscifi Information Page Analytical review of the plot, setting, theme, and structure of the David Duchovny film, and links to similar movies. http://www.allscifi.com/Topics/Info_6435.asp

Evolution Movie Review Click here for Movies Television Shows Books Games Or enter a book or movie review and become a paid scholar! Starring: David Duchovny,Julianne Moore,Orlando Jones Enter a review of your own! "Evolution" Message Board Evolution Resident Scholar Profiles TOP SCHOLAR: charlene sebastian SCHOLARS: Rach.C Anna Scott Topaz Michael Gookin ... Brian Oliver Would you like to be a scholar and make 50 cents per review? Click here to submit a review! Review Summaries of Evolution charlene sebastian, Resident Scholar When a meteor hits the earth two scientists go to check it out and find rapidily evolving aliens. The two scientists are joined by a trainee firefighter and they go about beating up some aliens and infiltrating the government site set up where the meteor hit with some hilarious consequences. Rach.C, Resident Scholar Excellent and realistic Sci-Fi movie about a meteor crashing with life forms aborad. Aliens evolve so quickly that they covered over 6 trillion years of our evolution in about one month. It also has a very comedic side love story about two people who start out seeming like they are total oppisites, but then start to like each other. Anna Scott, Resident Scholar

175. Livewire VMX Vintage and evolution motocross racing in and around New Zealand. http://vmx.livewire.gen.nz/

THE No.1 HOME OF NZ VINTAGE MOTOCROSS VMX TALK I dare you... Is evo2 a real vmx class? Saturday Racing ... Visit VMX Talk COMING EVENTS Nelson Classic Scramble th June More Events Click Here WORLD VMX NEWS HEAVEN VMX (Syd, Aust) VIPER (Vic, Aust) VMX Magazine AHRMA (USA) ... CLICK HERE HAMCO INDUSTRIES CLICK HERE Motorad 47- 49 Vivian St Wellington Click Here LAST UPDATED Based in Wanganui, NZ. The only thing that comes close to competing hard on the race track, is reading about your accomplishments the day after the race. We will do our best to provide race coverage, but to ask for your help in providing stories about our racing activities. We encourage anyone and everyone to give us input so we can make this site as interesting as possible for all NZ vintage MX enthusiasts. Just e-mail your input to webmaster@vmx.livewire.gen.nz Vintage Motocross : What's it all About? If you ask 10 different people you may get 10 different answers. These are becoming quite accepted sports around the world and people are involved for different reasons. Some say it is cheap racing. Some say it is more laid back and less intense. Some say it is easier to be competitive. Others say it is a chance to use a machine that was only for show a short time ago. They all say it is more fun.

176. Introduction For: Www.creationism.org Dinosaurs, fossils, evolution, creation, the Flood, and our ancient history are all topics of interest here. Site is translated into several languages. http://www.creationism.org

www.creationism.org BIOLOGY CARBON-14 CREATIONISM DESIGN THEORY ... VESTIGIAL CREATION LINKS BELOW NEW STUFF ARTICLES BOOKS F A Q ... EVOL.101 LINKS TO CREATION GROUPS: AUSTRL. BELGIUM BRAZIL CANADA ... WV LANGUAGES Afrikaans Albanian Amharic Arabic ... VIE Genesis 1:1 "In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth." John 1:1 "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God." Internet Search Me! www.creationism.org CRS Creation Matters CRS Quarterly ICR Back to Genesis ICR Days of Praise ... www.creationism.org ARTICLES Thought-provoking articles about our ancient history and the importance of our creation in God's own image and fall from grace. Each new false religion of the post-Flood period has sought to detract from our Creator and from our responsibilities in this life; evolution's effect is no different and it (macro-evolution) continues to lack any scientific substance. Pray about this! And study as needed, especially since the media continues to report this issue inaccurately. Please study the plethora of Biblical and scientific knowledge standing squarely against this spiritual deception. [ English Introduction ...for other language Introductions, see Left sidebar.

177. Operation Evolution Taking Evolution To The Battlefield Provides scientific facts that evolution is just a joke. Includes a video for sale. http://www.morethanwords.net/origins.htm

Homepage Monthly The Evidence For Christians Newsletters Feedback Join our quarterly newsletter. Operation Evolution Taking evolution to the battlefield. My Pastor said to me, "Evolution is a lie! I don't even need the Bible to prove that!" Well, he had my attention! For years, all I had was my personal beliefs - not factual evidence - that the God of the Bible was responsible for creation. Well, NO LONGER! I want you to consider for a moment what you would say; what you could say to a person who has been taught evolution, compelled to believe an unproved theory and quite honestly, a theory that seems to be easily swallowed hook, line and sinker. Yet this theory has more holes in it than a screen door. Honestly, most Christians don't have the ammunition - the facts - to even deliberate the argument with a novice evolutionist, for instance, a school teacher. For years I didn't have the facts to back up what I believed and, therefore, failed miserably in the evolution debate. I could quote scripture, but I was quoting it to those who had already rejected scripture! For so long, I ached to have some substantial evidence to throw on the table to challenge the untruths of evolution.

178. Flashdetection Filminfos, Multimedia und Spiel zum Film nur Flash. http://www.evolution-der-film.de/

179. Www.helixcode.com/ http://www.helixcode.com/

180. E V O L V E evolve.org. This site is in the process of moving. Should be back online Sunday May 23rd. Email. http://www.evolve.org/

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