81. Peace Corps | World Wise Schools | Lesson Plans | Teacher Guides | Senegal Senegal Activities for Grades 6 9. The desertification Debate. Purpose To practice basic The desertification Debate. Say the word desertification http://www.peacecorps.gov/wws/guides/senegal/debate.html

Senegal Activities for Grades 6 - 9 The Desertification Debate Purpose: To practice basic map skills and to review the geography of Africa and Senegal Materials: Worksheet: The Desertification Debate Land Cover Map of Africa Web Sites About Desertification: General Information on Desertification Desertification, Drought, and Their Consequences Fact Sheets on the Convention to Combat Desertification United Nations Plan of Action to Combat Desertification Activity: Desertification is the process whereby non-desert lands become desert-like. It refers to changes in isolated patches of land as well as to changes in land bordering recognized deserts. Although there is much debate on the causes of the process as there is on its solution, most scientists agree that it is brought about by a mixture of both human and environmental factors. Changes in settlement patterns, increased population growth, drought , erosion, deforestation, overcultivation and overgrazing of land, are just some of the factors which contribute to it. Suggestion: Team up with your students' science teacher to do an intensive unit on the process.

82. Key Issues And Information Resources - Desertification KEY ISSUES AND INFORMATION SOURCES desertification. desertification is defined as the degradation of drylands. desertification INFORMATION NETWORK. http://www.agrifood-forum.net/issues/desert.asp

Sustainable Agri-Food Production and Consumption Forum Introduction Agri-food Production and Bio-diversity Water Use and Water Pollution Energy ... Use of Chemicals Desertification Trade and Environment Consumption Make a link to your web site KEY ISSUES AND INFORMATION SOURCES - Desertification Desertification is defined as the degradation of drylands. It involves the loss of biological or economic productivity and complexity in croplands, pastures, and woodlands. Desertification is due mainly to climate variability and unsustainable human activities. The most commonly cited forms of unsustainable land use are over-cultivation, overgrazing, deforestation, and poor irrigation practices. Seventy percent of the world's drylands (excluding hyper-arid deserts), equivalent to 3,600 million hectares, are degraded. While drought is often associated with land degradation, it is a natural phenomenon that occurs when rainfall is significantly below normal recorded levels for a long time. The production of crops can have direct impacts on land that may lead to desertification. These impacts need to be more carefully analysed and managed so that the land that crop production relies on is better protected.

83. DESERTIFICATION: 130 Million Hectares Of Land Lost For Ever desertification 130 million hectares of land lost for ever. The second edition is purported to facilitate activities to combat desertification. http://www.oneworld.org/ips2/oct/desertification.html

IPS news reports appear daily in English, German, Finnish, Norwegian, Spanish and Swedish. To subscribe , please contact us at: Africa Asia Caribbean Europe ... North America DESERTIFICATION: 130 million hectares of land lost for ever By Ramesh Jaura ROME, Oct 9 (IPS) - Worldwide nearly 130 million hectares about the land area of France, Italy and Spain combined are 'lost' for ever due to degradation and can no longer be used for food production, according to the new World Atlas of Desertification. The atlas was launched Thursday by Elizabeth Dowdeswell, executive director of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) during the first conference of parties to the convention to combat desertification (CCD) ending Friday in Rome. New data show that desertification directly affects, or puts at risk, the livelihoods of over 1,000 million people who are directly dependent on the land for their survival, Dowdeswell said. Desertification the degradation of productive drylands was not just a problem of Africa, she added. According to the atlas, the Great Plains and the Pampas of the Americas, the Steppes of Asia, the 'outback' of Australia and the margins of the Mediterranean were also affected by desertification.

84. UD - Desertification And Drought desertification and Drought Norwegian perspectives and imputs to the WSSD process. We are living at a time when the global community http://odin.dep.no/ud/norsk/bistand/p10003047/032001-990606/index-dok000-b-n-a.h

Odin Regjeringen Departementene Arkiv ... Norge i verden Desertification and Drought Norwegian perspectives and imputs to the WSSD process Coping with vulnerability is nothing new for people living on the margins. Combating desertification, land degradation and drought is all about managing vulnerability and securing sustainable livelihoods. There is no doubt that the single most important threat to sustainable development and global stability is poverty, and the widening gap between the rich and the desperately poor. This is not only a threat to poor nations, it is also a threat to those regarded as wealthy. The instability, conflict, disease and environmental degradation associated with poverty threaten the overall social and economic development of our planet, including international peace and security. We have known this for a long time. Now we must act on this knowledge. Desertification, land degradation and drought threaten the livelihoods and economic development of as many as 1 billion people worldwide. In Africa it is estimated that 73 per cent of the region is moderately or seriously affected by desertification. Implementation of this Convention offers a powerful tool for helping to eradicate pervasive poverty. It offers a framework for addressing both the environmental and the poverty problem in a coherent and integrated manner, which is essential for success. Its bottom-up approach and focus on active involvement and participation by all sectors of society, including the private sector, NGOs and the local people, are fundamental if we are to make headway.

85. Desertification desertification. The Working Group desertification of the German NGO Forum on Environment and Development deals with the different aspects of desertification. http://www.forumue.de/topicandworkgroups/desertification/

Desertification about us secretariat activists contact forum news presse releases newsletters position papers publications ... events 10 years after Rio www.rio-10.de biodiversity climate change desertification ... woman service point order form links encyclopedia impressum ... search realisiert durch : nach oben Pressemitteilungen Veranstaltungen Publikationen Mehr zum Thema Positionspapiere News der AG Desertifikation The Working Group Desertification of the German NGO - Forum on Environment and Development deals with the different aspects of desertification. It informs the German public about reasons for and world-wide catastrophic consequences of desertification. The members want to produce awareness for the problem and support the change of social and political actions. The Working Group took already part at the negotiation process of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee on the Elaboration of an International Convention to Combat Desertification (INCD). In 1994 they came together with other NGOs, who work to this subject, the RIOD-network (Réseau International d’ONG sur la Désertification). Since 1995 the Working Group Desertification supports the RIOD-network as a national focal point. They follow up the current process of implementation of the ICCD. They follow up the creation of development- and environment political conditions donors and the implementation of the ICCD in upset countries. A special status is given to the observation and the support of use of the bottom-up approach of the convention, that describes the special role of the civil society to combat desertification successfully.

86. Desertification --  Encyclopædia Britannica Encyclopædia Britannica, desertification Encyclopædia Britannica Article. To cite this page MLA style desertification. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2004. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=30548&tocid=0

87. United Nations Secretariat Of The Convention To Combat Desertification Enter United Nations Secretariat of the Convention to Combat desertification. http://www.unccd.org/

Enter United Nations Secretariat of the Convention to Combat Desertification

88. WMO 50 - Desertification desertification desertification means land degradation in arid, semiarid and dry sub-humid areas regions, caused by climatic changes, human influence, or both http://www.wmo.ch/wmo50/e/world/climate_pages/desert_e.html

Our World I nternational Weather Global Climate ... Ozone Hole Desertification Coral Reefs Water Resources Related Links Desertification is a subtle and continuous process. Desertification Desertification means land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas regions, caused by climatic changes, human influence, or both. Land degradation means the reduction, or loss, in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas, of the biological or economic productivity and complexity of rainfed cropland, irrigated cropland or range, pasture, forest and woodlands, resulting from land uses or from a process or combination of processes, including processes arising from human activities and habitation patterns. Climatic factors include periods of temporary but severe drought and long-term climatic changes toward aridity. Human factors include the artificial alteration of the climate, such as degradation of the biological environment, which can be caused by removing vegetation (which can lead to unnaturally high erosion), excessive cultivation, and the exhaustion of surface-water or groundwater supplies for irrigation, industry, or domestic use. Desertification drains a land of its life-supporting capabilities. A declining groundwater table, increasing erosion, and the disappearance of native vegetation characterise the process. Areas undergoing desertification may show all of these symptoms, but the existence of only one usually provides sufficient evidence that the process is taking place. Desertification typically begins in areas made susceptible by drought or overuse by human populations.

89. Natural Hazards Causes And Effects Lesson 8 Desertification: University Of Wisco Natural Hazards Causes and Effects. Lesson 8 desertification. 6. Natural and Human Preconditions for Disaster Occurrence. Factors Leading to desertification. http://dmc.engr.wisc.edu/courses/hazards/BB02-08.html

Natural Hazards: Causes and Effects Lesson 8: Desertification English Courses PAHO Scholars Spanish Courses UNHCR Courses ... Graphics Introduction This lesson explains the process of desertification. It describes the natural and human preconditions that turn the process inbto a disaster. It relates the short- and long-term impacts upon the environment and identifies those people that rely on it for a livelihood. It gives effective measures to prevent and mitigate desertification. It explains the social implication of land-use planning. Learning Objectives Define the concept of desertification. Locate the zones of desertification in the world. Describe natural desertification. Identify human land-use patterns that encourage desertification. Explain how desertification threatens humans. Identify the conditions for desertification that will have an impact on human settlements or nomadic inhabitants. List the secondary effects of desertification. Describe the sequence of a typical desertification at a given location. Identify land-management practices that mitigate against desertification.

90. Stone: Sahelian Desertification 27 Oct 2003 Sahelian desertification, Landuse. Harmattan in central Nigeria, photographed in January. © GD Stone. Sahel desertification History of an idea. http://www.artsci.wustl.edu/~anthro/courses/306/sahel-desertification.html

27 Oct 2003 Sahelian Desertification, Landuse SOURCES: Hulme and Kelly 1993 Exploring the links between desertification and climate change. Environment 35(6):4-45 Adams, William M. 1991 Large scale irrigation in northern Nigeria: performance and ideology. Trans. Inst. British Geographers 16:287-300 (New Series) Adams, W.M. and M.J. Mortimore 1997 Agricultural intensification and flexibility in the Nigerian Sahel. The Geographical Journal 163:150-160. Mortimore, Michael J. 1993 The Intensification of Peri-urban Agriculture: The Kano Close-Settled Zone, 1964-1986. In Population Growth and Agricultural Change in Africa, edited by B.L. Turner II, Goran Hyden, and Robert W. Kates, pp. 358-400. Univ. of Florida Press, Gainesville. M. Mortimore (1998:17-37) Roots in the African Dust. Otterman 1975 Baring high-albedo soils by overgrazing Science 186:531-33 Charney, and P. Stone (1974) Drought in the Sahel: Biogeophysical feedback mechanism. Science 253:299-301. P. Little, 1994 The social context of land degradation ("desertification"). In Population and Environment: Rethinking the Debate, edited by L. Arizpe, M.P. Stone, and D. Major, pp. 209-251. Westview Press, Boulder.

91. Deserts (Expanding Or Shrinking?) - Summary (1998), who used satellite images of the Central and Western Sahel from 1980 to 1995 to determine the extent of purported desertification in this region. http://www.co2science.org/subject/d/summaries/desertification.htm

Deserts (Expanding or Shrinking?) - Summary Over two decades ago, when the atmosphere's CO concentration was approximately 340 ppm (up from a pre-industrial value on the order of 280 ppm), Idso (1982) stated in a small self-published book ( Carbon Dioxide: Friend or Foe? ) that if the air's CO content continued to climb, it would ultimately enhance plant growth and water use efficiency to the point that semi-arid lands not then suitable for cultivation "could be brought into profitable production," further stating that "the deserts themselves could 'blossom as the rose'." A few years later he advanced essentially the same thesis, this time in the pages of Nature (Idso, 1986) in a brief paper entitled "Industrial Age Leading to the Greening of the Earth." Throughout most of the succeeding years, this optimistic view of the ongoing rise in the air's CO content and the great good it can do for humanity and nature alike was largely ignored, as the world's climate alarmists took center stage with headline-grabbing predictions of catastrophic CO -induced global warming. Now, however, it appears that enough has finally been learned to take the positive view more seriously, in support of which statement we note the following titles of some science stories that have appeared of late in the popular press.

92. Facts And Figures: Desertification And Drought: International Year Of Freshwater What is desertification? The UNCCD defines desertification What are the causes of desertification? desertification comes mainly from http://www.wateryear2003.org/en/ev.php@URL_ID=5137&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=2

Newsletter Logo Media Corner FAQ's ... About How to get involved? - first steps - in your everyday life - in your community - at school ... - in the garden Education Corner - by theme Water library - by theme - by region Photo library - by theme ... - by region Facts and Figures - by theme Events calendar - scientific, technical - public awareness Water talks - proverbs - postcards - water, eau, voda ... - myths and stories Facts and Figures: Desertification and Drought The World Day to Combat Desertification and Drought, celebrated every year the 17th of June, marks the anniversary of the adoption of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification ( UNCCD ), in 1992, based on a recommendation of the Rio Earth Summit. What is desertification? The UNCCD defines desertification as the degradation of land in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas. Desertification occurs in arid, semi-arid and sub-humid areas - where the soils are especially fragile, vegetation is sparse and the climate particularly unforgiving. These areas are inhabited by one fifth of the world’s population. World map of aridity zones Source: CRU/UEA, UNEP/DEWA. Published

93. Welcome To NSSD.net Convention to Combat desertification. The objective of this Convention is to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought http://www.nssd.net/references/Conventions/DesertConv.html

Updated 10 June, 2003 Convention to Combat Desertification The objective of this Convention is to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought in countries experiencing serious drought and/or desertification, particularly in Africa, through effective action at all levels, supported by international cooperation and partnership arrangements, in the framework of an integrated approach which is consistent with Agenda 21, with a view to contributing to the achievement of sustainable development in affected areas. Full Text Basic Approach National Action Programmes Research and Development Africa ... Northern Mediterranean PART III ACTION PROGRAMMES, SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL COOPERATION AND SUPPORTING MEASURES Section 1: Action programmes Article 9 Basic Approach 1. In carrying out their obligations pursuant to article 5, affected developing country Parties and any other affected country Party in the framework of its regional implementation annex or, otherwise, that has notified the Permanent Secretariat in writing of its intention to prepare a national action programme , shall, as appropriate, prepare, make public and implement national action programmes, utilizing and building, to the extent possible, on existing relevant successful plans and programmes, and subregional and regional action programmes, as the central element of the strategy to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought.

94. Desertification desertification. Modern desertification arises from the demands of increased populations that settle on the land in order to grow crops and graze animals. http://www.fact-index.com/d/de/desertification.html

Main Page See live article Alphabetical index Desertification Desertification means land degradation in arid, semi arid and dry sub-humid areas resulting from various factors, including climatic variations and human activities. Modern desertification arises from the demands of increased populations that settle on the land in order to grow crops and graze animals Desertification is widespread in many areas of China . The populations of rural areas have increased since for political reasons as more people have settled there. While there has been an increase in livestock, the land available for grazing has decreased. Also the importing of European cattle such as Fresian and Simmental, which have higher food intakes, has made things worse. Some arid and semi-arid lands can just support crops, but additional pressure from greater populations or decreases in rainfall can lead to the few plants present disappearing. The soil becomes exposed to wind , causing soil particles to be deposited elsewhere. The top layer becomes eroded. With the removal of shade, rates of evaporation increase and salts become drawn up to the surface. This is

95. Www.eurekalert.org/releases/agu-sad070799.html ECES Ecosystem Destruction desertification, Salinization and Information about desertification, salinization, erosion and gullification due to overgrazing, deforestation, global warming, and other human impacts. http://www.eurekalert.org/releases/agu-sad070799.html

96. CoDeL Combating Desertification In Lebanon On June 17, 2003, the World Day to Combat desertification, the Lebanese Ministry of Agriculture has launched the National Action Programme to Combat http://www.codel-lb.org/

With the Technical Cooperation of GTZ A joint ACSAD, MoA, NCRS Project. On June 17, 2003, the World Day to Combat Desertification, the Lebanese Ministry of Agriculture has launched the National Action Programme to Combat Desertification (NAP). Home Country information CoDeL overview News and Information ... Contacts

97. ¯îºz¤Æ  DESERTIFICATION The summary for this Chinese (Traditional) page contains characters that cannot be correctly displayed in this language/character set. http://ihouse.hkedcity.net/~hm1203/biosphere/desertisation.htm

¯îºz¤Æ µo®i«ü¼Ð [ ¯îºz¤Æ ] ¦è³¡µo®i ­Ó®×°Q½× «°¥«°ÝD ¦¬V ... ¹q¶l«Î¥D ¯îºz¤Æ desertification ¬O¤@­Ó´¶¹Mªº¥@¬É©Ê°ÝD¡A¸û±`¨£©ó ¨Fºz ä½tµ¥¥b°®§ò¦a°Ï¡C ¡u¸ô¬O¤H¦æ¥X¨Óªº¡v¡A§Y¬O»¡¦a­±ªº´Óª«¤w¸g¦º¤`¤Î®ø¥¢¡C ¤U¦¸¨ì­¥¥~¡A½Ð¨Ï¥Î¤w¦³ªº³q¹D¡C ¾Ç²ß®M¥ó ¤j®ð°é ¨a®` »E¸¨ ¸gÀÙ¬¡°Ê ... ¥@¬É¦U¦a ºô¥D ¡J «¸º~»Ê Hon-ming Keung

98. Combating Desertification NepalNet Key Development Sector Ecology Biodiversity . Combating desertification. Report of the National Seminar on desertification and Land Improvement. http://www.panasia.org.sg/nepalnet/ecology/desert.htm

NepalNet an electronic networking for sustainable development in Nepal Combating Desertification Report of the National Seminar on Desertification and Land Improvement Organized by MOPE in collaboration with Secretariat of the UNCCD, November 4 - 5 1997, Kathmandu Nepal. I. Introduction to the Seminar II. Major Issues Raised III. Seminar Recommendations I. Introduction to the Seminar Nepal's Himalayas are geologically young and fragile. The Himalayan ecosystems are vulnerable and threatened from human interventions. Degradation in these ecosystems is due to excessive use of natural resources, inadequate population management programs and increasing rural poverty. Loss of top fertile soil, accompanied by landslide and floods is the major concern in the land and water resource management sector. All these factors have a direct bearing on resource productivity as well as on crop production. Land degradation in the mountains has had multi-fold adverse impacts not only on the people at origin, but also on people living in the downstream area. It has caused frequent and intense floods resulting in sediment deposition in the plains. This phenomenon ultimately reduces the land productivity and damages the infrastructures as well. The scale and dimension of land degradation in the mountains has been aggravated by their ecological sensitiveness, fragilities, and other natural disturbances. The consequences of these disturbances are often irreversible. The human intervention, as also due to increasing rural poverty, is related to the cultivation of marginal lands, excessive livestock grazing, and loss of biomass resulting in continued land degradation. It has also disturbed the interplay of ecology and economics at the local level.

99. Desertification desertification. Selected International Environmental Agreements. desertification. note. abbreviated as desertification. opened for signature. 14 October 1994. http://www.exxun.com/ekio/ea_Desertification.html

exxun.com america europe africa ... world Evolving xxlarge UNion - thousands windows on the world - constantly updated Home Countries Flags Maps ... Advertise with us Desertification Selected International Environmental Agreements International Organisation and Groups Selected International Environmental Agreements Fields World Records ... World Resources Dictionary Translation powered by Google Desertification see United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa note abbreviated as Desertification opened for signature 14 October 1994 entered into force 26 December 1996 objective to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought through national action programs that incorporate long-term strategies supported by international cooperation and partnership arrangements parties Desertification http://www.unccd.int/convention/text/convention.php

100. Soil And Desertification Soil and desertification, auf Deutsch? Some numbers. Nowadays 45 mio. km² this means 35 % of the earth s land surface is threatened by desertification. http://www.cosmotop.de/enviro/e_soil.html

Soil and Desertification With the growing number of human inhabitants of this wonderful planet, the inhabitable area is decreasing. Did you know that some thousand years ago Mesopotamia (today Iran and Iraq) and also Mali were fertile, blossoming and were one of the most developed centers in this time? And did you know that in the time of the roman empire north africa was the main grain producing area in the mediterranean? Today there are large deserts. Some numbers In arid and semihumid regions these conditions are an actual catastrophe. There, something like 84 % of the grass land and 59 % of cultivatable land is afflicted by desertification. Especially in the southern countries the consequences are immense. The driving force of the desertification process is the growing number of inhabitants and their poverty. The coming climatic changes will even accelerate the process. How does it happen? Although the final consequences are about the same, depending on the kind of land there is different procedures of the desertification process. Rainforest desertification But despite the high productivity, the ground consists of laterite (an eroded loamy soil) and the upper normally fertile soil layer is very thin. The organic and mineral substances don't accumulate in the soil but in the plants. Because of this relations, the ecosystem in the rainforest is a narrowly closed system and has about no soil buffer therefore about nothing remains in the soil if the plants are cut.

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