101. Caves And Speleology I ve Looked at Caves from Both Sides Now A brief look at caves from yourAbout geology Guide, as a former caver and current armchair scientist. http://geology.about.com/cs/cave_science/?terms=spelunking

102. Languedoc-Roussillon Geology, Scenery, Culture Montpellierle-Vieux - spectacular karst scenery; The Roquefort caves - geologyand cheese! Cirque de Navacelles Montagne Noire. geology of the Montagne Noire. http://www.virtual-geology.info/languedoc/home.html

virtual-geology.info home virtual field trips regional geology images ... links Geology, scenery and culture of Languedoc-Roussillon Space Shuttle image, looking east along the Pyrenees from the Bay of Biscay to the Mediterranean. Image courtesy of NASA. Virtual Field trips Languedoc Geology web sites Maps Natural hazards ... Information for visitors Bienvenue en Languedoc! Some of these web sites are available only in French Sites of geological and cultural interest Languedoc - geology Virtual field trips constructed by geology students at Oxford Brookes University - high-grade metamorphic rocks of the axial zone of the Montagne Noire Volcanoes of Languedoc Geology of the Upper Aude Valley The Devonian limestones of the Montagne Noire General links Geological sites to visit Taste the Geology Tethyan plate tectonic evolution Geology and Wine ... Inventory of French Geological Landscapes Regional/departmental links Geological localities in Languedoc-Roussillon Geological field trips "Thermalism" of Languedoc-Roussillon

103. Dandylife.com. Caving And Geology Pages... Caving and geology Pages. My Caving and geology Pages I have written a numberof articles on the local caves and geology, these are available below. http://www.dandylife.com/pages/caves/cave_index.shtml

@import "/css/dandylife.css"; You have an older browser which will not cope with all the features within this site. However, the site should still be basically useable, if a trifle 'wonky' in places. You are strongly recommended to upgrade your browser to either IE6+ or NN6+ which are fully standards compliant. DandyLife.com !! This is a local site, for local people, there's nothing for you here! Home Our Links Our News Our Pages ... Technical Caving and Geology Pages Ever since I can remember I have been fascinated by geology. As a kid I was most excited by big shiny crystals and metallic mineral ores and dismissed the sedimentary southeast of England as being 'geologically boring', how wrong I was! As I got older, got out more and started to explore I soon discovered that the geology of the Weald and of the North Downs is greatly varied and very interesting as most areas contain plenty of fossils and other interesting minerals if you know where to look. As with most subjects, once you have found out a few things and have some idea of what to look for, more and more things become apparent, and so, over the years I have built up a fairly detailed knowledge of the local geology. This usually involves spending a great deal of my spare time poking around in odd places, usually holes in the ground where nobody ever goes!

104. Science, Earth Sciences, Geology, Geomorphology: Caves And Karst Infography Caves and Karst Books and articles recommended by a professor who specializesin the study of caves. Yugoslav Karst - The geology and distribution http://www.combose.com/Science/Earth_Sciences/Geology/Geomorphology/Caves_and_Ka

Top Science Earth Sciences Geology ... Karst Hazards Related links of interest: Science:Biology:Ecology:Ecosystems:Caves Science:Earth Sciences:Geology:Geologic Hazards Science:Environment:Water Resources:Groundwater Recreation:Outdoors:Speleology ... Australasian Cave and Karst Management Association - Association of cave and karst managers from Australia, New Zealand, and other Asia/Pacific coutries. Site provides information on individual caves, cave research in the region, and the organization's biennial conferences. - Publication from the British Cave Research Association. Bulletin Bibliographique Speleologique - Speleological Abstracts, an annual review of the world‚´s speleological literature. Canadian Karst Resources and Issues - Discussions, papers, glossary of terminology as well as Canada related links. Cave Research Foundation - Dedicated to documenting, studying and protecting caves and karst resources, USA. Cave and Karst Terminology - A full glossary maintained by J N Jennings of the Australian Speleological Federation. Center for Cave and Karst Studies - Western Kentucky University research on all aspects of cave and karst studies with an emphasis upon solving environmental problems associated with karst in the Mammoth Cave region.

105. The Thylacoleo Remembrance - The Story Of The Naracoorte Caves: Section Two An updated interpretation in preparation by Moriarty et al (1997) has thrown newlight on the geological history and cave development and some of the results http://www.naturalworlds.org/thylacoleo/naracoorte/naracoorte_caves_2.htm

- THE STORY OF THE NARACOORTE CAVES - - section two - Geology and geomorphology: The geology of the area has been described by a number of authors including Sprigg (1952), Ludbrook (1961), Wopfner and Douglas (1971), Cook et al. (1977) and Idnurm and Cook (1980). These are summarised by Wells et al. (1984). An updated interpretation in preparation by Moriarty et al (1997) has thrown new light on the geological history and cave development and some of the results are summarised here. The fossil bearing caves are situated in a linear ridge of Oligo-Miocene Gambier Limestone known as the The top of limestone cave ridge is up to 20 metres above the current intervening valley floors. This ridge is a relic of an Early Pleistocene age land surface, uplifted along the Kanawinka Fault and preserved from erosion by an overlying beach dune (Wells et al, 1984). Two limestone ridges to the east, the Joanna and Hynam/Koppermurra ranges, are also relics of Plio-Pleistocene high sea stands. Highly vertically exaggerated cross section through sedimentary sequence near Naracoorte town quarries. Caves are exaggerated horizontally for effect. "CFL" refers to clay filled honeycomb dissolution in mixing zone at top of phreatic palaeo-watertable levels.

106. Memphis Archaeological And Geological Society‚Paleontology: Into The Ice Cave As my feet and hands go numb in the cave, I remember how difficult it is to workfor any length of time 19982002 Memphis Archaeological and Geological Society http://www.memphisgeology.org/p_ice_cave.html

The Club The Show Newsletter Archaeology ... Email PALEONTOLOGY ARTICLES Study of Sue Apocalypse Then Hadrosaurus On The Fossil Trail ... Into the Ice Cave Into The Ice Cave by Dirk Hoogstra, Discovery Correspondent 08.30.00Khatanga, Siberia Our last days here have been hectic. First, we leave base camp earlier than planned. We discover there is only one last helicopter lift out of this remote place before the month ends, and we have to catch it on short notice. We hear the engine before we see the helicopter. We rush to get everything packed while the helicopter refuels. Although our team is leaving, search crews will continue to scout the lakes and rivers of the Taimyr for more ancient remains. They will stop when Siberia's severe winter cold makes their work impossible.

107. Memphis Archaeological And Geological Society‚The Cave Boy‚A Poem clear, We ll have some doughnuts afterwards, And then aswimming go! I m glad I mNot a cave-boy, A 1998-2003 Memphis Archaeological and Geological Society. http://www.memphisgeology.org/caveboy_poem.html

The Club The Show Newsletter Archaeology ... Youth Newsletter This poem reminds me of Cumberland Caverns. I want to thank Don Blalock for planning our trip to the cave because I had never been to a cave like that one, and I had a blast! I hope everyone who went had fun just like I did. Submitted by Abbey Randolph. Illustration by Mike Baldwin. The Cave Boy By Laura E. Richards I dreamed I was a cave boy And lived in a cave, A mammoth for my saddle horse A monkey for my slave. And through the tree-fern forests A-riding I would go, When I was once a cave-boy A million years ago. I dreamed I was a cave boy I hunted with a spear The saber-toothed tiger

108. Geological Origin Of The Caves Of Sacromonte The Geological Origin of the Sacromonte. The walls of the caves in the Sacromonteare the end product of the displaced mud and rocks which have fossilised over http://granadainfo.com/canastera/geology.htm

109. Jenolan Caves Geology And Landforms Jenolan Caves geology and Landforms. Forming the Rock. The JenolanCaves are formed within limestone. As scientists learn more of http://members.ozemail.com.au/~rawhyte/schools/geology.html

Jenolan Caves - Geology and Landforms Forming the Rock Approximately 350 million years ago the rocks were uplifted to form a high mountain range. Around 335 miilion years ago it is believed that the limestone was first exposed allowing caves to start forming. This was in the early Carboniferous period. These are not the caves that we see today though. The sea level rose and covered the limestone belt filling in the caves with a coarse limestone. This process of uplift, cave formation and then subsidence is believed to have happened several times, up until about 120 million years ago. At that point the rock was uplifted a final time. Erosion of the landscape commenced in the late Cretaceous period with a great deal of development suspected of happening up until about 2 million years ago. The level of the creek involved in forming the caves is believed to have been at the base of the Carlotta Arch around 10 to 15 million years ago. Note that when the rock was lifted up from the seabed it was tilted up at an angle as well as twisting the rock somewhat as well. Generally this had the effect of standing the bed of limestone on its edge at an angle of approximately 60 degrees. Depending on where you stand in the Jenolan valley though you will find that this angle varies. This is signficant as it effects the way caves. Formation of the Landscape.

110. New Mexico Magazine | Southwest Geology volcanic crater near Grants is one of the many geologic wonders of the state. Nearbyare El Malpais National Monument and the Bandera Ice Caves, which lie http://www.nmmagazine.com/NMGUIDE/geology.html

In this month's issue... An extinct volcanic crater near Grants is one of the many geologic wonders of the state. Nearby are El Malpais National Monument and the Bandera Ice Caves, which lie beneath ancient lava flows and have remained frozen for thousands of years. (Photographer unknown, New Mexico Magazine Archival Collection) A photographer's paradise, the largest deposit of white gypsum sand dunes in the world is at White Sands National Monument near Alamogordo. (Photographer unknown, New Magazine Archival Collection) New Mexico's state flower, the yucca plant, stands in the foreground of the Organ Mountains, which tower over the Chihuahuan Desert near Las Cruces. These desert lowlands offer a stark contrast to the towering Rocky Mountain peaks in the northern part of New Mexico. (Photographer unknown, New Mexico Magazine Archival Collection) Southwest Geology Few places on Earth equal New Mexico's diverse geological makeup, which ranges from low desert plains in the south to high Rocky Mountain ranges in the north, with a diverse display of terrain in between. During the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, a prehistoric ocean that reached to the northeastern corner of the state covered most of New Mexico, creating an ideal environment for dinosaurs. After the ocean dried up in the Cenozoic Period, the Rocky Mountains pushed upward as the Earth's tectonic plates shifted.

111. Behind The Scenes:CR:Geology:Cave Research Crawling through tight, muddy cave passages looking for bones and guano (batmanure) is how some of us, as Museum geologists, do our research. http://www.museum.state.il.us/muslink/behind/htmls/cr_geo_cav.html

Crawling through tight, muddy cave passages looking for bones and guano (bat manure) is how some of us, as Museum geologists, do our research . We are looking for bones and guano because these provide us with clues about the animals that lived in an area in the past. Some of the bones are relatively recent (only a few hundred to a few thousand years old). Other bones may be hundreds of thousands to millions of years old. Caves are excellent places to find bones to study. Once bones are in a cave, they rarely leave (until we excavate them). The conditions in the cave also preserve bones and guano, so they are likely to survive for thousands of years. The bones and guano can tell us what kinds of animals lived in an area, when they lived there, and how the animals, the cave, and the environment have changed over time. Studying bones in caves requires special equipment. We wear helmets (to protect our heads), kneepads (for crawling through small passages), and warm clothing (caves are cool). We each have a bright light on our helmet (caves have no light). We also carry extra lights (in case the light on our helmet goes out). We also use notebooks (to record information about bones we find), cameras, tape measures, trowels (to excavate bones for study in the lab), and special carrying containers (to safely remove fragile bones from the cave).

112. Ape Cave Exploration this specialized ecosystem. Locate, sketch and identify sources offive of Ape cave s geological features. Appreciate the necessity http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/msh/llc/ew/ewl/ace.html

Ape Cave Exploration An excellent supplement to this lesson can be found at Exploring Ape Cave and a supporting lesson can be found at Ape Cave Exploration Goal: To provide students with an understanding of lava-tube formation, and the geological and ecological features of the Ape Cave ecosytem. Objectives : Student will demonstrate ability to: Describe how a lava tube forms. Recognize the niche occupied by several life-forms surviving in this specialized ecosystem. Locate, sketch and identify sources of five of Ape Cave's geological features. Appreciate the necessity of protecting such delicate ecological systems, taking proper safety precautions, and observing behavioral rules during their small-group exploration of Ape Cave. Key Concepts: A lava flow may travel great distances, creating unique geological features and ecosystems because of its self-insulating properties. Lava tubes represent a fragile, specialized habitat requiring care and respect on the part of huma n visitors. Summary: Students simulate the formation of Ape Cave, in order to better understand its construction. Students observe, illustrate and discuss geological features of this lava tube. The teacher provides instruction in preserving ecosystem balanc e, and the effects of human vandalism on Ape Cave.

113. A Geologist S Lifetime Field List Scotland, where James Hutton (the father of modern geology) observed this classic ofthe Canary Islands, The Pyrennees Mountains, The Lime Caves at Karamea http://www.uc.edu/geology/geologylist/

A Geologist's Lifetime Field List Introduction The following is a list of essential or desirable locations for geologists or travelers to visit. It contains many of the interesting geological wonders of the world, with links for most of them. Other interesting natural phenomena are also presented. Much of this website is basically a modified and extended version of a list from an outstanding article written by Lisa A. Rossbacher (President, Southern Polytechnic State University in Marietta, Georgia) in the April, 1990 issue of Geotimes . The credit for any redeeming value in this document goes to her. Additional thanks go to the University of Cincinnati Geology Department for permanently archiving my webpages, and to those people who have sent in the suggestions which have been added to this page. A guest registry application has now been included ( below ) which allows anyone to enter additional suggestions to the geologist's list which are viewable by everyone. Some great additions have been posted here! Thanks!

114. Iowa Caves Offer Glimpse Of Geological Wonders the bluff. The length of the cave is well lit, affording visitorsthe opportunity to take pictures of this geological spectacle. http://www.wcfcourier.com/extras/special_sections/Fall.Colors/page4.html

Iowa caves offer glimpse of geological wonders Unique geology is one of Iowa's most alluring assets. From the Loess Hills in western Iowa to jagged river bluffs on the eastern border, Iowa is a haven for both die-hard outdoor explorers and amateur adventurers who prefer an easy, laid-back look at the state,s diverse landscape. Travelers can appreciate Iowa from the inside at the many unusual caves that decorate the state. The caves vary as much as the state's overall landscape: some are very narrow, as is the case at Starr,s Cave in Burlington. Other caves are much larger, like the Dancehall Cave at Maquoketa Caves State Park. This cavern extends more than 1,100 feet into the earth. Iowa Department of Tourism Photo Maquoketa Caves State Park is Iowa's most well-known and popular cave for spelunkers. Perhaps Iowa's most well-known geological attraction, Maquoketa Caves State Park encompasses the state's largest system of caves. Although souvenir hunters long ago robbed the caves of their signature stalactites and stalagmites, many rare formations still remain. Visitors can explore the park using trails that link the caves with scenic overlooks and formations. Highlights along the trek include the "natural bridge," which rises nearly 50 feet above Raccoon Creek and the 17-ton balanced rock. Convenient campsites, picnic and shelter areas, and a visitors center also make up Maquoketa Caves State Park.

115. 2. GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY streams, rivers and certain geological features such as the Boranup Sand Patch.In this area can be found more than 300 speleological features and caves. http://wasg.iinet.net.au/swgeolt.html

2. GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY 2.1. South-west of Western Australia 2.1.1. Coastal Limestone 2.2. Geology and Geomorphology of the Leeuwin-Naturaliste 2.3. History of the Leeuwin-Naturaliste 2.1.1. Coastal Limestone The coastal limestone is believed to have formed 100,000 to 500,000 years ago. At that time, extensive glaciations caused the lowering of the sea level as much as 60 metres below present levels. The south-west of W.A. is one of the windiest sections of temperate coastline in the world. The high wind and wave energy results in a fast flux of sand-sized particles from the sea to the beaches to the active dune belts beyond. These particles are mainly calcareous and of biological origin, viz. mainly mollusc shell fragments of the calcareous red algae, and the microscopic skeletons of Foraminifera. Other particles are derived from the erosion of the basement rocks and the reworking of soils. These are mainly quartz in the Leeuwin Naturaliste Ridge, with some feldspars, garnets and heavy minerals. This sand, over several incursions inland, blew into large dunes up to 200 metres above sea level. These dunes became stabilised by vegetation and the contemporaneous processes of soil formation, lithification and karstification began to occur. The lithification or solidification of the dunes is caused by rainwater, during the wet season, dissolving out part of the carbonate of lime which is then carried downwards to the watertable or the gneiss basement. During the dry season, reprecipitation of this carbonate of lime produced a very hard cap rock near the surface, with less well- cemented limestone below, and a leached quartz sand above. With time, the quartz sand developed into mature soils ranging from humic loams to terra rosas with ferricrete. These processes continue to the present.

116. Welcome To UT Earth, Ecological & Environmental Sciences General Information Facilities Faculty and Staff Research News and Events Prospective Students Current and Past Students Degree Programs Course http://www.eeescience.utoledo.edu/

General Information Facilities Faculty and Staff Research ... Environmental Research or EEES Dept., Mail Stop #604 The University of Toledo 2801 West Bancroft St. Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390, USA Tel: 419-530-2009 Fax: 419-530-4421 E-mail: eees@utnet.utoledo.edu Comments on this web site may be sent to james.harrell@utoledo.edu.

117. Saudi Caves - Intro sgs4.jpg (67476 bytes) The geological exhibit featured pictures ofSaudi Arabia s most interesting caves. Visitors were amazed that http://www.saudicaves.com/sgs.html

Operating out of the ancient city of Jeddah on the coast of the Red Sea, the recently founded Saudi Geological Survey places the expertise of highly qualified geologists at the service of the general public as well as of private enterprise. SGS AT SPOKANE CONVENTION SAUDI GEOLOGICAL SURVEY WEB PAGE Workshops and Excursions The pictures below show SGS in action. Click on any picture to see a larger version Maher Idris speaking to visitors at a recent exhibit on Saudi geology, held in King Abdulaziz City for Technology and Science, Riyadh. The geological exhibit featured pictures of Saudi Arabia's most interesting caves. Visitors were amazed that such beauty can be found beneath a barren desert. Plenty of holes to go around! SGS geologists and friends at the entrances to UPM Cave, first explored by Scientists from King Fahad University of Petroleum and Minerals and the Austrian Academy of Sciences. International exploration: Lars Bjurstrom (Sweden), Waddia Kashkari and Mohammed Halawani (Saudi Arabia) and Marc Lamontagne (Canada) under one of the many spectacular stalactite displays in Surprise Cave.

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