41. Maui Adventure Tours - Maui Cave Adventures. Expore Maui Underground. Hike Under Guided geology hiking tours led through the 18th largest lava tube in the world, Ka`eleku Caverns in HanaMaui. http://www.mauicave.com/

Home Photos Links Quotes ... Reservations COME TOUR WITH US! RAIN OR SHINE Explore the incredible Ka`eleku Caverns, One of Maui's Greatest Natural Wonders! Walk through cool underground passages to view the colorful beauty and amazing formations of an ancient volcano. Photograph lava stalacities, stalagmites and gorgeous flowstone, as you walk beneath the tropical rainforest. View an actual volcanic vent which overflowed with molten lava ages ago. Experience absolute darkness when flashlights are turned off at the end of the trail for sixty seconds. Bring your camera and take plenty of pictures on this fun, safe and easy walk through passages free of bats and mosquitoes. Environmental Preservation Award Winner 1999 "Keep it Hawaii" We offer 2 exciting eco-adventures! Click on your selection below Tour with experienced guides deep into the subterranean passages of one of the world's largest lava tubes. Witness this ancient cavern system that was created from hot molten lava flowing a thousand years ago! Advanced reservations are highly recommended.

42. National Park Service - Geologic Resources - Tour - Caves Tour of Park geology cave and Karst Parks This page lists parks that have a commongeologic theme and links to pages about each park s geologic features. http://www2.nature.nps.gov/geology/tour/caves.htm

NPS NatureNet All NPS Advanced Search Search NatureNet a to z ParkNet NatureNet ... Social Science Geologic Resources ParkNet NatureNet Geology Tour Jewel Cave National Monument, South Dakota Tour of Park Geology - Cave and Karst Parks This page lists parks that have a common geologic theme and links to pages about each park's geologic features. If you would like to contribute images or materials for park pages, please contact parkgeology@den.nps.gov CavesPrimary Feature Carlsbad Caverns National Park , New Mexico Great Basin National Park , Nevada Jewel Cave National Monument , South Dakota Mammoth Cave National Park , Kentucky Oregon Caves National Monument , Oregon Ozark National Scenic Riverways , Missouri Russell Cave National Monument , Alabama Sequoia National Park , California Timpanogos Cave National Monument , Utah Wind Cave National Park , South Dakota CavesLava Tube Craters of the Moon National Monument , Idaho El Malpais National Monument , New Mexico

43. Welcome To UT Earth, Ecological & Environmental Sciences Photographs of excavation and art with summaries. Talgua Village is located north of the aldea of Talgua, northeast of Catacamas, Department of Olancho. http://www.geology.utoledo.edu/research/latin-am/cave.shtml

General Information Facilities Faculty and Staff Research ... Environmental Research or EEES Dept., Mail Stop #604 The University of Toledo 2801 West Bancroft St. Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390, USA Tel: 419-530-2009 Fax: 419-530-4421 E-mail: eees@utnet.utoledo.edu Comments on this web site may be sent to james.harrell@utoledo.edu.

44. !! Endless Caverns Cave New Market Virginia, Guided Cave Tours For Explorers And Offers guided cave tours yearround. caverns history, geology, map, photos, and tour information. http://www.endlesscaverns.com/

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45. Crystal Cave, Sequoia Natural History Association This popular twohour tour provides a deeper understanding of the geology andwildlife of the cave environment. Limited to 12 persons, ages 13 and up. http://www.sequoiahistory.org/cave/cave.htm

S equoia N ational P ark K ings C anyon N ational P ark D evils P ostpile N ational M onument Home Who We Are Bookstore What's New ... Supporters Come explore the underground beauty of Sequoia National Park! Walk by scenic waterfalls on the half-mile trail to Crystal Cave. Beautiful stalactites and curtains, impressively large rooms, and ornate marble polished naturally by a subterranean stream make a tour of Crystal Cave an unforgettable experience. Location Crystal Cave is located off the Generals Highway in Sequoia National Park, between the Ash Mountain entrance and Giant Forest. To reach the cave, drive down the scenic, winding, paved road to the cave parking lot. Hike down the half-mile trail along beautiful Cascade Creek, where you will be met by a guide at the cave entrance. The cave is not wheelchair accessible. No buses, trailers, or vehicles over 22 feet long are permitted on Crystal Cave road. Vans are acceptable.

46. Bluff Dwellers' Cave Offers 45minute tour. Includes brief history, geology, map, photos, museum display, hours of operation and contacts. Located 2 miles south of Noel. http://www.4noel.com/bluffd/

Bluff Dwellers Cave and Browning Museum "On Prize Drive of The Ozarks" 2 Miles South of Noel, Missouri on Hwy. 59 Road Map (27k) available: Missouri has many commercial caves. Bluff Dweller's is one of the more scenic due to the varied types of cave growth. If you are planning a trip to the Noel area, plan on a tour of Bluff Dwellers' Cave - It takes just 45 minutes to an hour - and it's time well spent! There is also a large Museum of Rocks, Mineral, Fossils, Arrowheads and Antiques included on the tour. Here's a sample of what you'll find at Bluff Dwellers' Cave!

47. JACOB'S CAVE HOME PAGE Features description of tours, hours, rates, geology, history, map, rock/gift shop, area events and contact information. Located in Lake of the Ozarks area. http://www.jacobscave.com

Jacob's Cave was the first commercialized cave in the Lake of the Ozarks area and was opened for tourists in 1932. At that time wooden planks were used for walkways and kerosene lanterns for light. Jacob's Cave is famous for it's depth illusion, reflective pools, ceiling sponge-work, prehistoric bones (mastodon, bear and peccary), and the world's largest geode. On the mile-long tour, you will see every type of cave formation imaginable, from millions of "soda straws" and massive stalactites and columns, to delicate helectites. Evidence of six ice ages and three earthquakes can be seen in the cave. The temperature remains a constant 53 degrees inside the cave. Jacob's Cave, between Versailles and Gravois Mills off Missouri Highway 5, on State Road TT, is the largest cave in the Lake area and is the only walk through cave in Missouri that is completely accessible to persons with disabilities. Baby strollers and wheel chairs are available for those who need them.

48. MAGURA CAVE One of the largest caves in the country and galleries exceed 2000 meters. Includes photos of formations, geology and history. Located 32 km northwest of Belogradchik. http://www.magura.hit.bg/index800.htm

Ïåùåðàòà " " The MAGURA Cave

49. Geology Of Caves geology of Caves. Selected References. Folsom, Franklin, 1962, Exploring AmericanCavesTheir History, geology, Lore, and Location; A Spelunker’s Guide (rev. http://wrgis.wr.usgs.gov/docs/parks/cave/

Geology of Caves Modified from: W. E. Davies and I. M. Morgan US Geological Survey Contents What is a cave? Types of Caves How Caves Form Cave Features ... Visit Mitchell Caverns What is a cave? A cave is a natural opening in the ground extending beyond the zone of light and large enough to permit the entry of man. Occurring in a wide variety of rock types and caused by widely differing geological processes, caves range in size from single small rooms to interconnecting passages many miles long. The scientific study of caves is called speleology (from the Greek words spelaion for cave and logos for study). It is a composite science based on geology, hydrology, biology, and archaeology, and thus holds special interest for earth scientists of the U.S. Geological Survey. Interest in caves has not dwindled. Although firm figures for cave visitors are not available, in 1974 about 1.5 million people toured Mammoth Cave in Kentucky, and more than 67O,000 visited Carlsbad Caverns in New Mexico, two of the most famous caves in the United States. Types of Caves A simple classification of caves includes four main types and several other relatively less important types.

50. The Alistrati Cave Includes description of formations, hours, history, geology, biospeleology, paleontology, map, photos and contacts. Located 50 km southeast of Serres. English and Greek. http://www.alistraticave.gr/indexen.htm

Site Map Design and Implementation by

51. Caving Geology: - Outdoor Chattanooga geology 101 The Caving Experience The Eco cave is located in a band of limestonefrom the Monteagle Formation, which formed Caving geology The Region. http://www.outdoorchattanooga.com/region/caverngeology.asp

Hiking in the South Maps Recreation Article SE Backpacking ... Top Play Spots Caving Geology: The Region Geology 101: The Caving Experience Limestone caves are formed when acids attack and dissolve the calcite in limestone. This acid is usually carbonic acid (H2CO3), formed when carbon dioxide combines with water. Most of the carbon dioxide comes from decaying leaves and vegetation in the soil. Scientists believe that most caves form below the water table by slowly moving water. After a rain, the rainwater mixes with the carbon dioxide in the soil and dissolves the limestone underneath. Two factors control the formation of cave passages: vertical and horizontal fractures in the limestone; and the water table. A cave is formed by water moving slowly in the small fractures below the water table. The rate of flow below the fractures changes as some limestone is easier dissolved than others due to variations in composition. As some channels grow larger they take in more water, thereby growing faster. The cave forming process may take thousands of years and can be stopped by either the lowering of the water table or the formation of air passages in the cave system due to surface erosion. As outside air enters the cave system, the water quickly becomes supersaturated with calcite and the dissolving process stops. This change usually marks the beginning of the depositing of calcite in the form of stalactites, stalagmites, and other deposits known as speleothems.

52. ORGAN CAVE - HOME PAGE Known since 1704. Includes history, geology, commercial and wild tours, hours, rates, newsletter, upcoming events, photos, gift shop and camping on premises and rodeo. Located in Ronceverte, near Lewisburg. http://www.organcave.com/

HOME GIFT SHOP HISTORY CIVIL WAR HISTORY ... OCRA STANDINGS Located in beautiful southeastern West Virginia (WV), Organ Cave is the second largest commercial cave in the eastern United States, and one of the oldest commercial caves in the country. A Natural National Landmark with over 45 miles of mapped passageways, Organ Cave is the 21 st largest cave in the world and there are still 200 known passageways that have yet to be explored. 2004 is a special year for us at Organ Cave, as it marks our 300-year anniversary. Colonial pioneers discovered the cave in 1704 and ever since, Organ Cave has played a significant role in American history , as well as providing a living laboratory for scientists in the fields of geology , archeology, biology and paleontology. We invite you to visit us at Organ Cave and discover the mysterious and amazing wonders of the world underground. We offer walking tours of the cave year round led by a friendly and knowledgeable guide. Organ Cave is more than a collection of stalactites and stalagmites; it’s a living museum. Our tours will give you a chance to learn about the American Civil War , give you an understanding of cave ecology, and provide you with an in-depth introduction into how caves work and how we are working to preserve these natural wonders. For the more adventurous, we offer

53. Lost River Cave Includes tour highlights, hours, rates, discount coupon, history, hydrology and geology, and information about Friends of the Lost River organization. http://www.lostrivercave.com/

Become A Big Wheel Sail into the new millenium on a Lost River Cave boat tour. The Lost River Cave and Valley have been attractive and useful to humans since the first Native Americans inhabited this place about 11,000 years ago. This unique site, donated to Western Kentucky University in 1985, was created by geological events causing the collapse of a large cave system to form the mile-long Cave Valley in which the Lost River rises to the surface in four places or "windows." The most prominent of these begins at a "blue hole spring" and flows through the Valley for a distance of a few hundred yards before entering what is considered the largest cave opening in the Eastern United States. After flowing into the Cave entrance, the river becomes "lost" and courses for several miles under the city of Bowling Green, Kentucky , emerging at Jennings Creek , a tributary of the Barren River The Lost River Cave and Valley is leased from Western Kentucky University by the Friends of The Lost River , a nonprofit organization formed in 1990 to preserve, restore, and operate the site for educational purposes.

54. Cueva De Nerja Offers 30minute tour. Includes description of the galleries, photos, geology, biology, cave drawings, archeological excavations, festivals and nearby attractions. Spanish, English, German and French. http://www.bd-andalucia.es/cuevanerja.html

55. Hidden River Cave - Geology / Hydrology Page only a few million years old a mere baby in geologic time! In this time span, groundwaterhas had plenty of time to dissolve many miles of cave and some of http://www.cavern.org/ACCA/HRC_geology.htm

"Horse" Cave Town History Cave History Geology / Hydrology Geology / Hydrology Courtesy of: The Thomas Family Hidden River Cave is located in Hart County, Kentucky, home to some of the longest caves in the world. The Green River flows through the middle of Hart County and drains most of the surrounding countryside. Most of the rainwater that falls here flows underground through sinkholes and caves and into the Green River by way of springs. Five of the ten largest springs in Kentucky are in Hart County. The water in Hidden River Cave, however, flows into the Green River through the largest spring in Kentucky. The river that can be seen on the cave tour at Hidden River Cave follows winding cave passages for many miles before it finally flows into the Green River and reenters the daylight world. Caves form in a terrain known as "karst". Approximately 40% of Kentucky is composed of karst. Karst areas are characterized by natural features such as caves, sinkholes, sinking streams, underground streams and other solutional features. Rocks such as limestone, dolomite, gypsum or marble underlie most karstlands. These rocks are called solutional rocks because they can be dissolved by acidic rainwater to form caves. Fossil shell fragments found in limestone are evidence that the rock was formed by the accumulation of layer upon layer of sediment on a shallow sea floor. These seas covered most of Kentucky more than 300 million years ago. The accumulated layers of sediment eventually hardened to form the underlying bedrock. Eventually, the sea receded and the land uplifted allowing the downward flow of rainwater to begin dissolving the bedrock to form caves. Kentucky's groundwater has been constantly at work dissolving limestone for millions of years.

56. Philly Grotto Chartered 1947 for cave conservation, exploration, education and research. Includes calendar of events, contacts, meeting and membership information, and articles about safety and geology. http://www.phillygrotto.org/

The Philadelphia Grotto Home Calendar 03/03/04 Meeting Location Contact Info ... Advanced Search The Philadelphia Grotto is a caving club chartered in 1947 as a chapter of the National Speleological Society. We are dedicated to cave conservation, exploration, education, and research. Prospective cavers should visit Membership Info for information on the grotto and how to join. The Beginner Info section gives an introduction to caving and what you will need to be a caver. The Grotto Calendar shows upcoming trips and events - find out when the next meeting is and join us! Top Home Cave Safely Cave Softly Send comments and suggestions to: webmaster@phillygrotto.org

57. Welcome To Lost River Caverns, Lehigh Valley Pennsylvania's Natural Limestone Ca Offers guided tours. Includes history and geology of the cave, hours, directions and contact information. Gift shop, museum and picnic area on premises. Located in Hellertown. http://lostcave.com/

Open every day except Thanksgiving, Christmas, and New Years. Memorial Day through Labor Day, 9am to 6pm. Remainder of the year 9am to 5pm. Special group rates available, please call for details.

58. AllRefer Encyclopedia - Cave (Geology And Oceanography) - Encyclopedia AllRefer.com reference and encyclopedia resource provides complete informationon cave, geology And Oceanography. cave, geology And Oceanography. http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/C/cave.html

AllRefer Channels :: Health Yellow Pages Reference Weather SEARCH : in Reference May 26, 2004 You are here : AllRefer.com Reference Encyclopedia Geology And Oceanography ... cave By Alphabet : Encyclopedia A-Z C cave, Geology And Oceanography Related Category: Geology And Oceanography cave, a cavity in the earth's surface usually large enough for a person to enter. Caves may be formed by the chemical and mechanical action of a stream upon soluble or soft rock, of rainwater seeping through soluble rock to the groundwater level, or of waves dashed against a rocky shore. Volcanic action (accompanied by the formation of gas pockets in lava or the melting of ice under lava) and earthquakes or other earth movements are also sources of cave formation. Limestone regions almost invariably have caves; some of these are notable for their stalactite and stalagmite formations or for their magnitude and beauty. The preserved remains of prehistoric humans and animals and indications of early human culture have been discovered in some caves. Caves have served as burial grounds and shelter since prehistoric times. One such cave is Alabama's Russell Cave, where human evidence dates back 9,000 years. Speleology, the scientific study of caves and their plant and animal life, contributes to knowledge of biological adaptation and evolution. Some cave animals lack sight, and both plants and animals living where light is excluded show loss of pigment. Deep cave ecosystems, lacking the sunlight necessary for photosynthesis, depend on bacteria that use

59. Cave Conservancy Foundation A Grant Funding Organization Supporting Geological, Any study of caves and karst in any field, including but not limited to archeology,biology, engineering, geography, geology, and social sciences will be http://members.aol.com/cavecfinc/

THE CAVE CONSERVANCY FOUNDATION FELLOWSHIP IN KARST STUDIES Information for 2004 FELLOWSHIP AWARDS (3) The Cave Conservancy Foundation is planning to award an Undergraduate Fellowship in Karst Studies for $5,000, an M.S. Graduate Fellowship in Karst Studies for $5,000, and a Ph.D. Graduate Fellowship in Karst Studies for $15,000 in 2004. Any study of caves and karst in any field, including but not limited to archeology, biology, engineering, geography, geology, and social sciences will be considered. The research can involve any cave and karst areas, including those outside the United States. Applicants must be full-time graduate or undergraduate students at an U.S. college or university. Applicants for the undergraduate fellowship must include a letter of intent, a proposal of the research not to exceed 5000 words, a letter of support from an undergraduate advisor, and undergraduate transcripts. Mail applications before April 1, 2004 to Cave Conservancy Foundation, Attn: Undergraduate Fellowship Program, 13131 Overhill Lake Lane, Glen Allen, VA 23059. The award will be announced by May 1, 2004. For more information contact Dr. Horton H. Hobbs III, at Department of Biology, Wittenberg University, P.O. Box 720, Springfield OH 45501-0720, via e-mail at

60. Group 1 Student Project geology of Gardner cave. cave map (select to zoom in) cave map (selectto zoom in). Gardner cave is the second longest limestone cave http://www.scc.spokane.edu/ABuddington/g210spr02/g1/geology.htm

Crawford State Park and Gardner Cave Introduction Location Cave Geology Geologic History ... Andy Buddington's site Geology of Gardner Cave cave map (select to zoom in) Gardner Cave is the second longest limestone cave in the State of Washington (povn.1999). It is believed that North America was covered by an ocean approximately 500 million years ago. Calcium carbonate sediment formed on the sea floor and hardened into limestone rock. This rock is now called the Metaline Limestone (Babcock and Carson, 2000). The cave remains at a constant 40 to 41 degrees F and has around 90% humidity. It is requested to not touch the cave walls because it will stop the growth of the calcite and change its color to a dull gray. Throughout the cave there are many unique formations. There are also multiple nests along the tour created by bushy tailed wood rats that are permanent residents of the cave. "The Dry Waterfall" Approximately 15 feet into the cave on the right-hand side, there is a formation of flowstone and dripstone that is active in the spring, but dries out in the late summer months. This formation is called "The Dry Waterfall." Speleothems or flowstone are formed when acidic water (from a mixture of water and carbon dioxide from the soil) flows into the cave over walls or formations and deposits calcite as it flows downward (Hill, personal communication).

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