21. Karst Waters Institute - Teachers Resources Translate this page Links to cave geology. xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx. Geology of Jewel Cave,South Dakota http//www.aqd.nps.gov/grd/parks/jeca/index.htm. http://www.karstwaters.org/educationlinks/geo.htm

Karst Resources for Teachers Links to: Cave Geology Geology of Jewel Cave, South Dakota http://www.aqd.nps.gov/grd/parks/jeca/index.htm Geology of Caves http://www.phillygrotto.org/geology.html Geology of Mammoth Cave, Kentucky http://www.nps.gov/maca/geology.htm Geology of Timpanagos Cave http://www.aqd.nps.gov/grd/parks/jeca/index.htm Geology and Archeology of Russel Cave National Monument http://www.aqd.nps.gov/grd/parks/ruca/index.htm Back to Teachers Resource Page

22. Cave Geology cave geology. Millions more years passed, and the widening river erodedto a new level, deeper and deeper into the limestone. The http://www.fs.fed.us/oonf/ozark/recreation/geology.html

Forest Service National Links Forest Service Home Employment International Forestry Just for Kids Publications Recreational Activities Ozark-St. Francis National Forests Ozark-St. Francis National Forests Home About Us Contact Us ... Evaluate Our Service Tell us what you think! Ozark-St. Francis National Forests 605 West Main Russellville, AR 72801 Cave Geology Millions more years passed, and the widening river eroded to a new level, deeper and deeper into the limestone. The surface of the land began to show signs of sinkholes, where rain water drained directly into the limestone below. The cavities formed beneath the surface in the saturated limestone joined into one continuous channel as the underground river moved sideways between the layers of rock. The water continued to seep and move through the rock, dissolving and enlarging the soon-to-be caverns. Still thousands, maybe even millions, of years later, the eroding river dropped to a new, lower level. The water drained from the underground river, leaving the cave high and dry. While another system of caves was forming at a new water level below, dripping water entering the dry rooms and passages started depositing calcium carbonate and other minerals in the form of stalactites, stalagmites, and numerous other dripstone features. The speleothems grow as long as groundwater enters the cave.

23. Ozark-St. Francis National Forests - Blanchard Springs Caverns - Classroom Browse through the pages below and learn about cave formations, cave geology, cavelife, cave safety, and much more. link/image More about cave geology. http://www.fs.fed.us/oonf/ozark/recreation/educational.html

Forest Service National Links Forest Service Home Employment International Forestry Just for Kids Publications Recreational Activities Ozark-St. Francis National Forests Ozark-St. Francis National Forests Home About Us Contact Us Current Conditions ... Evaluate Our Service We want to here from you! Click here for a map to the Caverns. Ozark-St. Francis National Forests 605 West Main Russellville, AR 72801 The Classroom Welcome to the Blanchard Springs Caverns Classroom! Browse through the pages below and learn about cave formations, cave geology, cave life, cave safety, and much more. Cave Formations The all-inclusive name for cave formations is speleothems, cave deposits of every sort. The main mineral deposited in the speleothems of Blanchard Springs Caverns is calcite, the same mineral found in the limestone layers that make up the bedrock of the Ozark Mountains. Cave Geology After the sea bed was uplifted millions of years ago, the elements - especially rain - shaped this exposed land into mountains and rivers that you recognize on the map today. The slightly acid rain water penetrated the earth's surface, seeping through cracks and crevices to form small, as yet unconnected, cavities in the groundwater - saturated limestone beds below the water table.

24. Cave Geology cave geology. Actinomycete bacteria. Another geologic curiosity in Fisher Cave isthe reflective bacteria, which is also called chemoautolithotrophic bacteria. http://www.missouri.edu/~jad4bc/geology.htm

Cave Geology Seas have covered parts of what is now North America for many hundreds of millions of years. To trace the ebb and flow of these seas across the central United States, or Missouri, would require some fancy computer graphics. Keep in mind that to speak of North America or Missouri around, say, 500 million years ago (early Paleozoic Era; see Figure 1 ), is to speak of places that did not exist in the shape or at the latitude and longitude they do today. To say "Missouri" in the Paleozoic Era describes a particular spot on the North American plate between 600 and 230 million years ago (mya). Nevertheless, that particular spot will undergo many changes over those 600 million years and become what we now see in Missouri. Within the Paleozoic Eraduring, more specifically, the Cambrian, Ordovician, and Silurian periods (from about 600 to 400 mya)seas spread to the North American interior. Missouri lay east of the "Transcontinental Arch" ( ), which was to be the foundation of the continent, and which was generally dry land on the western shore of these interior seas. At times, a proto-Appalachian range formed the eastern shore. The current position of Missouri in the Mississippi River drainage is considered to be a southward extension of the Canadian Shield, but covered by sediments from these shallow inland seas. The seas came in about 520 mya, and more or less stayed around for a couple of hundred million years. It's hard to be precise: again keep in mind that sea levels, when considered over such a long stretch of geologic time, oscillated constantly. The St. Francois Mountains are remnants of a much older time of volcanism, around 2 billion years ago (bya) in the Precambrian Era. The seas left about 4000 ft. of sedimentary rock over what are now the Ozark Mountains. The Ozarks (or Ozark Dome) have been periodically uplifting over the last 300 million years.

25. Cave Geology 01 Wind cave geology, Hundreds of millions of years ago when seas coveredthis land Table of Contents Page Last Updated Saturday http://www.nps.gov/wica/Cave_Geology-01.htm

Home Visiting Nature History ... Inside Wind Cave Geology Hundreds of millions of years ago when seas covered this land... Table of Contents Page Last Updated: Saturday, April 17, 2004 9:03 AM Web Author: Jim Pisarowicz

26. National Association For Cave Diving management of cave diving sites, and stress in cave diving, and promotes scientificendeavors relative to archeology, cave geology, geology, hydrology and http://www.safecavediving.com/

"If I can save but one life, then it has all been worth it ......." Judy Bauer, Former NACD General Manager Information from the 35th Annual Seminar Home Upcoming Events Contact Us ... Cannonball Cave Cleanup in July May 11th Sustaining Contributor Program Apr 26th NACD Instructor IEC Mexico(2004), USA(Sep) NACD Conservation Policy Cooperative Conservation Project NACD History - 1968 Cavern Textbook contributors Next two Events Cannonball Cave Cleanup BOD Meeting National Association for Cave Diving P.O. Box 14492 Gainesville, FL 32604 1-888-565-NACD (6223) The NACD was established in 1968 for the purpose of achieving safer cave diving through training and education (Read more about the creation of the NACD). As a pioneer in cave training, education, exploration and research, the NACD has the following goals: To establish and maintain current guidelines in the form of physical and psychological standards, as well as equipment and techniques necessary for safe cave diving. To encourage education and distribution of safe cave diving information throughout the facilities of the organization and to provide a program of education and advanced training essential for safe cave diving.

27. GLG 103 Cave Geology GLG 103 cave geology. COURSE DESCRIPTION GLG 103. cave geology. Credit Hours(2) Studies of ground water, karst, and cavern development. Field trip(s). http://www.yavapai.cc.az.us/geology.nsf/glg 103?OpenPage

28. The Environmental Literacy Council - Caves Geology of Caves The US Geological Survey provides a general cave geology pagewith brief descriptions of caves, how they form, and their features. http://www.enviroliteracy.org/article.php?id=510&print=1

29. Geronimo Educational Travel Studies advance. This is a great opportunity to see the Caverns beautiful formationsand to learn about cave geology from cave experts. The http://www.geronimoet.com/www/foundation/cat.php?id=3

30. Crystal Cave added almost weekly. cave geology. Crystal Cave is a solution caveformed in a rock called the Prairie du Chien Dolomite. To answer http://www.gravmag.com/crystal.html

HOME Popular Geology FSU USA ... IU Crystal Cave Crystal Cave is the largest 3-level cave in the Midwest. It is located seven miles south of I-94, between Eau Claire, Wisconsin and Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota. Use exits 19, 24, or 28 south to Highway 29. The cave is one mile west of Spring Valley. Hours: Memorial Day to Labor day, daily 9:00-6:00; April-May and September-October, weekends 9:00-5:00. Guided tours are offered every 30 minutes; group tours by reservation. More Information Crystal Cave's Own Web Site The following is abstracted from the Official Souvenir Book of Crystal Cave, Spring Valley, Wisconsin: Historical Review Crystal Cave was discovered in 1881 by a local farmboy, William R. Vanasse. The discovery occurred while William was walking through the woods just a half mile from his home. The sixteen-year-old, discovering a small leaf-filled sink, probed and pushed with a stick which accidentally slipped from his grasp, disappearing into the ground. The initial exploration of the cave took place the next day when William and his younger brother, George, descended into the dark vertical entrance. They entered a clay and debris filled dome from which they then dropped down to what is now the main room of the cave's second level. In other directions, the boys saw only shallow entrances to clay-filled galleries on the upper level. The existence of other levels and galleries was not suspected. Construction of the entrance building was completed in 1944. The "Assembly Room" was completed and used as a curio and souvenir shop. A few years after the opening the Assembly Room was converted into a restaurant. Crystal Cave became a well-known local attraction.

31. U.S. Show Caves Directory: How To Make The Most Of Your Show Cave Visit This companion to the Show Caves Directory focuses mostly on cave minerals, butits introductory sections give a feel for basic cave geology and other http://www.goodearthgraphics.com/showcave/howvisit.html

Make the Most of Your Show Cave Visit Below are some tips for making your visits to show caves as hassle-free and enjoyable as possible. Topics covered include: Learning About Caves Planning Your Time Tread Softly in Caves What to Wear? ... A Final Warning Learning About Caves Your cave visits will undoubtedly be more rewarding if you have some appreciation of how caves form, how they are decorated with mineral deposits, how organisms make their living in caves, and the important roles that caves have played in human history. If you have children, a visit to a cave is a special opportunity to spark their curiosity about geology, chemistry, biology, archaeology and history all at once! A quick cave reference can be found at the Virtual Cave . This companion to the Show Caves Directory focuses mostly on cave minerals, but its introductory sections give a feel for basic cave geology and other fascinating pursuits in the ongoing exploration and study of caves. For more in-depth study, visit your local library, or check the following dealers for books, videos and CD-ROMS about caves: Speleobooks P.O. Box 10

32. Tennessee Cave Survey Forms Cave Survey Software (an overview). Park Geology Tour of Cave and Karst Park.CAPS CAve maPS. NSS Section of cave geology and Geography. NatureServer Explorer. http://webwhisper.com/tcs/forms.htm

Tennessee Cave Survey, Inc. Home Welcome TCS Contacts Meeting Schedule ... Tennessee Cave Law pdf Landowner Release pdf TCS Membership Application pdf Contact Debby Johnson for more details TCS Cave Report Form pdf Contact G. Moni or J. Thomison for more details TCS Constitution and By-Laws pdf Standard NSS Mapping Symbols pdf TCS Latitude/Longitude Grid Instructions pdf How To Survey Dancing in the Cool of a Cave Tennessee Counties List Tennessee Caving Links Off Site Links U se your browsers' back button to return to the TCS site Federal Cave Resources Protection Act NSS Policy for Cave Conservation Andy Zellner's: Closed Cave List Bob Gulden's: Longest and Deepest Caves List ... State of Tennessee: Public Participation Opportunities Just for Kids Resources to Learn More About Caves Facts Encyclopedia Geography National Geographic.com for Kids Links to Caving Downloads NSS: A Guide to Responsibel Caving pfd NSS: Discovering Caves Fragile Underground pdf NSS: Youth Group Caving Information pdf

33. Geology geology. cave of the Mounds geology Home The story of the geologic formation of the cave of the Mounds begins with the creation of the rock in which http://www.caveofthemounds.com/geology.html

GEOLOGY Cave of the Mounds Geology Home Tour Info Find Us Group Tours ... History [ Geology ] Contact Us Links During this Ordovician Period, warm shallow seas covered the continent where we find Wisconsin today. Abundant shell life could thrive in these seas. Layers and layers of calcium carbonate shell debris accumulated and slowly hardened into limestone. Thousands of feet of limestone and other sedimentary rocks were laid down during this Ordovician Period. Millions of years ago, the seas receded leaving these layers of rock behind. Erosion began to wear them down. Today the exposed rock in Blue Mounds is a limestone called Galena dolomite, which is a specific kind of limestone containing some magnesium. Cave of the Mounds itself began to form about a million to a million and a half years ago when the Galena dolomite was still beneath the water table. The water table is defined as that level below which all of the rock is saturated with water. Rock above the water table contains air spaces, while rock below the water table has all its spaces filled with water. Often the top layer of the water table becomes acidic because rain water and melting snow absorb carbon dioxide as they seep through surface soils. The water combines with the carbon dioxide to form a weak carbonic acid, which can dissolve limestone and create cavities in the rock. When a major crack lets large amounts of acidic water into the limestone below the water table, large amounts of rock dissolve along this crack.

34. Virtual Cave A wideranging introduction to the geology of caves. Organised by geological feature with pictures and clickable virtual maps. http://www.goodearthgraphics.com/virtcave.html

Welcome, cave explorers, to Click on the caver to enter the extensive underground worlds of solution caves, lava tubes, sea caves, and others.

35. Scott Hollow Cave Includes discovery of the cave, access and guided trips, geology and hydrology, photos and contact information. Located in Greenbrier Valley, in Monroe County, West Virginia. http://www.wildcaving.com/

Scott Hollow Cave Site being updated. Cave trips are currently unavailable. Access to Scott Hollow Cave is restricted to NSS members only contact: mike@wildcaving.com var bCanDelete = false; Home

36. PG The Geology Of Solution Caves The geology of Solution caves. How Solution caves Form. The meltwaterstreams draining out along the floor of a glacier cave or the http://www.phillygrotto.org/solution.html

The Philadelphia Grotto Home Calendar 03/03/04 Meeting Location Contact Info ... Advanced Search The Geology of Solution Caves How Solution Caves Form The melt-water streams draining out along the floor of a glacier cave or the surging, pounding waves at the mouth of a sea cave offer immediate evidence of the origin of these caves. Solution caves, however, have always been a source of wonder to man. How do these extensive, complex, and in some places beautifully decorated passageways develop? Solution caves are formed in limestone and similar rocks by the action of water; they can be thought of as part of a huge subterranean plumbing system. After a rain, water seeps into the cracks and pores of the soil and rocks and percolates deep into the ground. Eventually some of the water reaches a zone where all the cracks and pores in the rock are already filled with water. The term water table refers to the upper surface of this saturation zone. Calcite (calcium carbonate), the main mineral of limestone, is barely soluble in pure water. Rainwater, however, absorbs some carbon dioxide as it passes through the atmosphere and even more as it drains through the soil and decaying vegetation. The water, combining chemically with the carbon dioxide, forms a weak carbonic acid solution. This acid slowly dissolves the calcite, forming solution cavities, and excavating passageways. The resulting calcium bicarbonate solution is carried off in the underground drainage system. It was once beleived that caves formed near the Earth's surface - above the saturation zone - where the water moved downward through the cracks and pore spaces. This view, however, left many cave features unexplained.

37. BCRA Cave & Karst Science Peerreviewed journal of research on geology and biology of caves and karst, published three times a year by the British cave Research Association. Includes tables of contents and abstracts. http://www.bcra.org.uk/candks/

Home Page Info Page Cave and Karst Science - Contents of Recent Issues April 2004: The most recently published issue is 30(3). Cave and Karst Science Volume 30(3), 2003 Cave and Karst Science Volume 30(2), 2003 Cave and Karst Science Volume 30(1), 2003 Cave and Karst Science Volume 29(3), 2002 ... Cave and Karst Science Volume 26(2), August 1999 and in an old format... Cave and Karst Science Volume 26, Number 1, April 1999 Cave and Karst Science Volume 25, Number 3, December 1998 Cave and Karst Science 25.2 August 1998 Cave and Karst Science 25.1 April 1998 ... Cave and Karst Science 21.2 March 1995

38. Geology Fieldnotes Jewel Cave National Monument, South Dakota geology Fieldnotes Jewel cave National Monument, South Dakota This Jewel cave National Monument site contains park geology information, park maps, related links, and visitor information. The park http://rdre1.inktomi.com/click?u=http://www2.nature.nps.gov/grd/parks/jeca/index

39. Magura Cave Dedicated to one of the biggest caves in the country, site includes its geology, history, virtual tour, other caves in the region, and guestbook. http://www.magura.hit.bg

40. National Park Service - Geologic Resources - Home Park geology Geologic features such as caves, Fossils, Glaciers, Hot Springs, MountainBuilding, Plate Tectonics, Shoreline geology and Volcanoes, National cave http://www2.nature.nps.gov/geology/

NPS NatureNet All NPS Advanced Search Search NatureNet a to z ParkNet NatureNet ... Social Science Geologic Resources Tour of Park Geology Geologic features such as Caves, Fossils, Glaciers, Hot Springs, Mountain Building, Plate Tectonics, Shoreline Geology and Volcanoes National Cave and Karst Research Institute The National Cave and Karst Research Institute facilitates speleological research, enhances public education, and promotes environmentally sound cave and karst management. Teacher Resources Provides educational resources and links for teaching geology with National Park examples Disturbed Lands Restoration Many park sites have been disturbed by human activities. Parks work aggressively to restore natural function to these sites. more Abandoned Mineral Lands

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