1. Cave Geology cave geology Caves are formed when rain water, acidified by carbon dioxide in thesoil, seeped downward through millions of tiny cracks and crevices in the http://www.guanopage.com/info/cavegeo.html

CAVE GEOLOGY Caves are formed when rain water, acidified by carbon dioxide in the soil, seeped downward through millions of tiny cracks and crevices in the limestone layers. This weak carbonic acid (the same acid as in soda pop) dissolved a network of tiny microcaverns along cracks. If the bedrock is lifted, the erosion will create deeper channels. Just as rivulets converged into streams above ground, water flow paths through the limestone also converged into incrementally larger flow paths. As rainwater continued to enter the system and more limestone was dissolved, the microcaverns enlarged. Because the major drains carried the most water, they enlarged the most. Caves were forming. If the water table continues dropping new underground drains formed at levels lower than the older ones, and the older channels empty. Thus the oldest cave passages are the closest to the surface, and the youngest horizontal passages are the deepest underground. CAVE FORMATIONS Stalactites: Soda straw stalactites form on the ceiling by slowly dripping water. As each droplet falls it leaves behind a minute deposit around its border and a thin, hollow tube slowly grows toward the floor. If the tube closes and if the water drips quickly, a more conical stalactite forms. Fast-dripping water loses still more cabon dioxide as it falls and deposits a tiny bit of calcium carbonate on the floor to accumulate as a stalagmite growing upward. Because the drops splash when they hit, stalagmites tend to be broader than their "partner" stalactites directly above. If a stalactite and a stalagmite eventually meet, the result is a column.

2. National Speleological Society: Cave Geology And Geography Section HOT TOPICS. 2003 Convention Call for Papers. Welcome to the web page of the NationalSpeleological Society s (NSS) Section of cave geology and Geography. http://www.caves.org/section/geogeo/

Home Info Membership Convention ... Links HOT TOPICS 2003 Convention: Call for Papers Welcome to the web page of the National Speleological Society's (NSS) Section of Cave Geology and Geography. The Section is the oldest in the NSS, and since 1968 has generally functioned as a forum for the exchange of cave geoscience information and the interaction of karst geoscientists. It also serves as the NSS's link to the American Geological Institute . This is not to say that non-geoscientists or non-degreed persons are not welcome. In fact, it's just the opposite. Cave science is largely based on the explorations and observations of cavers (which describes most degreed Section members when you strip away the degrees) and other folks who often have a strong interest in the geosciences and make many and substantive contributions. This aspect of caving/cave science makes the Section a group that has the degrees and does the related "big science," yet is just as comfortable with low key science, interdisciplinary science, and cave science education. The Section is active in several ways, and is picking up steam. For example:

3. Cave Geology Photo Index cave geology Photo Index. Traditionally, the science of geology involves the study of the rocks of the earth's surface. The age of the rocks can be found by examining the fossils embedded within them. http://www.bostongrotto.org/Grotto/bg-photo-geo.html

Cave Geology Photo Index Traditionally, the science of geology involves the study of the rocks of the earth's surface. The age of the rocks can be found by examining the fossils embedded within them. The composition can be studied by physical and chemical analysis, such as their hardness, brittleness, and whether they dissolve in acid or not. Caves can contribute to the study of surface rocks by providing access to the underground environment, often uncluttered by the physical limitations on the surface, such as plants, soil, and weathering. More interesting to cavers, however, is the study of the cave itself: the void in the rock through which we travel. Forget how old the rock is - when did the cave itself form? How long did it take? Why is it shaped the way it is? Where is the best place to dig to find more passageways? There are three major types of caves that are popular with explorers: solution caves, lava tubes, and boulder piles. Solution caves are formed in areas where the surface rock is especially vulnerable to attack by surface water made acid by the soil zone. Such areas are called "karst", and often have other distinguishing features besides caves, such as sinkholes, springs, and exposed rock near the surface. Minerals that often form karst surfaces are limestone, gypsum, and salt. Scientists estimate that perhaps up to 1/5 of the Earth's land surface is made up of such karst areas. The second category, lava tubes, are formed when a specific type of volcano, called a "shield volcano", has been recently active. These tubes are generally shallow - only a few 10s of feet below the surface, and run down the slope of the volcano. They occur frequently in the areas of active volcanism, such as the Northwestern USA and the big island of Hawaii.

4. Cave Geology to describe the cave geology of Missouri, since, by definition, a cave is that part of the geology which "isn't there". The http://members.sockets.net/~joschaper/wgeology.html

Of Caves and Speleothems This is a story told by Jerry Vineyard, former Missouri deputy state geologist and one of the founders of the MSS. The tale goes that a young boy wrote Vineyard, and asked him to send him "all the rocks in Missouri." Vineyard wrote back, and explained to the zealous youth that if he sent him all the rocks in Missouri, there would be no more Missouri, and he was very sorry, but could not fulfill his request. It is just as impossible in a few words to describe the cave geology of Missouri, since, by definition, a cave is that part of the geology which "isn't there". The processes by which caves are formed are fairly, but not entirely understood, as are the processes by which speleothems , commonly called cave deposits, are formed. Only the caves are set in stone, but here is a taste of the current theories of speleogenesis. The SpeleOzarksCave Factory to the Nation. Stone Waterfalls and Cave CarrotsThe Story of Speleothems. Other Cave Rock Stories. How Many Caves Are There? 2003 Jo Schaper. Return to Webster's Home Cave.

5. PG Cave Geology cave geology. Introduction. A cave is a natural opening in the ground extendingbeyond the zone of light and large enough to permit the entry of man. http://www.phillygrotto.org/geology.html

The Philadelphia Grotto Home Calendar 03/03/04 Meeting Location Contact Info ... Advanced Search Cave Geology Introduction A cave is a natural opening in the ground extending beyond the zone of light and large enough to permit the entry of man. Occuring in a wide variety of rock types and caused by widely differing geological processes, caves range in size from single small rooms to interconnecting passages many miles long. The scientific study of caves is called speleology (from the Greek words spelaion for cave and logos for study). It is a composite science based on geology, hydrology, biology, and archeaeology, and thus holds special interest for earth scientists of the U.S. Geological Survey. Caves have been natural attractions since prehistoric times. Prolific evidence of early man's interest has been discovered in caves scattered throughout the world. Fragments of skeletons of some of the earliest manlike creatures (Australopithecines) have been discovered in South Africa, and the first evidence of primitive Neanderthal Man was found in a cave in the Neander Valley of Germany. Cro-Magnon Man created his remarkable murals on the walls of caves in southern France and northern Spain where he took refuge more than 10,000 years ago during the chill of the last ice age. Interest in caves has not dwindled. Although firm figures for cave visitors are not available, in 1974 about 1.5 million people toured Mammoth Cave in Kentucky, and more than 670,000 visited Carlsbad Caverns in New Mexico, two of the most famous caves in the United States.

6. Section Of Cave Geology And Geography: Links SPELEOLOGICAL PAGE OF THE MOSCOW STATE UNIVERSITY This site contains a detailedreport on the geology of caves of the Kugitangtau area in Turkmenistan. http://www.caves.org/section/geogeo/links.html

Home Info Membership Convention ... Links One of the purposes of the Section is to facilitate the exchange of information. Following are links and capsule descriptions of other sites you may be interested in visiting. PALEONTOLOGY SECTION The Paleo Section was chartered by the NSS on December 27, 1983, to "improve and facilitate the exchange of data among cavers interestedin paleontology and to bring into contact people of similar interests". The Section is a group of cavers, caver scientists, and scientists who share the common bond of caves, caving, and paleontology. They encourage all forms of cave related paleontology, including, vertebrates, invertebrates and plants found in caves. Often overlooked however are the fossils found within the cave limestone or matrix itself. They also encourage the study of these forms. BIOSPELEOLOGY While this is clearly not a geoscience site, multidisciplinary studies between the biological and geosciences are increasing in karst regions, and this site offers considerable insight and information on cave biology.

7. Onondaga Cave State Park - Cave Geology - Missouri State Parks And Historic Site cave geology. Click here or on the text to see a larger version of thismap. How Caves are Formed. Generalized Geologic Map of Missouri. http://www.mostateparks.com/onondaga/cavesformed.htm

Cave Geology How Caves are Formed Generalized Geologic Map of Missouri How is cave rock formed? A layer of sedimentary rock is laid down on top of the igneous bedrock, usually as a result of an area being covered by prehistoric seas. The hard body parts of dead sea animals, along with precipitates from seawater and sediments from the land, fall to the sea floor and are changed to stone by extreme pressure and the resulting temperature. What sort of sediments collect vary with the depth and location. Calcium, magnesium and dissolved silicates are more common in deeper water, with silt, mud and sand more common toward the prehistoric shore. Quantities of sediment and ancient sea currents also determine the depth and shape of these deposits. Sedimentary rock is a continuum of types (because they are physical mixtures), with mudstones, shales, sandstones, limestones, dolomites and chert often grading into one another. Dolomite is a sedimentary rock. Geologists think it forms in two ways - either by direct precipitation from solution, or a replacement after limestone. After a limestone is formed, it is then subjected to magnesium rich waters at depth (perhaps by reimmersion in sea water) with the heat and pressure recrystallizing the rock, changing its chemical structure, changing it to dolomite. This recrystallization eliminates most fossils, except those already preserved by chert. Because most of the characteristics of the rock remain similar (hardness, color, etc.) it is not considered a metamorphic rock.

8. ScubaBoard - Cave Geology/Hydrology Books? 2003Location Nashville, TN Posts 178. cave geology/Hydrology Books?I'm interested in learning more about the geology/hydrology of cave systems. Can anyone recommend http://www.scubaboard.com/t38157/s85e75e35410d0b4d85f08243316fa63d.html

@import url('/site/s.css'); scuba diving board Welcome to the ScubaBoard. Hello and welcome to Scuba Board, the world’s largest online scuba diving community. ScubaBoard is home to over 20,000 divers and covers a wide range of dive topics including UnderWater Photography, Women’s Issues, New Diver issues, the Scuba Market Place and much more. If you wish to post or use other advanced features you will need to register first. Registration is absolutely free and takes only a few minutes to complete so sign up today! Weather Conditions Register for free to show weather conditions and gain access to ScubaBoard's full features. Sponsored Links Shop ScubaBoard! ScubaBoard is pleased to announce the launch of ScubaBoardDeals , ScubaBoard's official merchandise and Scuba Gear webstore. This site is not an affiliate, not a partner, it is a part of ScubaBoard.com and the official carrier of all our merchandise (made by us, printed by us and shipped by us). Support ScubaBoard by placing your order today from ScubaBoardDeals U/W Photos!

9. Onondaga Cave State Park - Cave Biology, Geology And History - Missouri State Pa Cave Biology, Geology and History. cave geology A cave is a naturally occurringunderground void, large enough to be examined in some way by man. http://www.mostateparks.com/onondaga/cavegeohist.htm

Cave Biology, Geology and History The History of Onondaga Cave The land surrounding Onondaga Cave had been settled for some time before the cave was discovered....... more information Geologic History of Onondaga Cave So what happened here at Onondaga? About a billion years ago, the Ozarks were a hotbed of volcanic activity centered about 45 miles to the southeast, in....... more information cave map Cave Geology A cave is a naturally occurring underground void, large enough to be examined in some way by man. In other words, a cave is a space, more than....... more information Speleothems Much less important to the geologist, but much more fascinating to the tourist are the speleothems, commonly called "cave formations."........ more information Cave Habitats You might get the impression that caves are beautiful, complex, fascinating and sterile. Sterile? Not on our living planet; caves are loaded with life........ more information Cave Animals The animals that are found in caves can be separated into five groups.......

10. ORGAN CAVE GEOLOGY Geological Organ Cave is a West Virginia Contact Cave. Water formation.Organ Cave is one of the finest examples of geology underground. http://www.organcave.com/geology.htm

HOME GIFT SHOP HISTORY CIVIL WAR HISTORY ... OCRA STANDINGS During your underground adventure witness the result of nature's awesome power. Water created this vast complex of massive passageways years ago and is still at work today. The cathedral-sized passageways are beautifully sculpted in limestone. Listen to the sound of an underground stream flowing in the otherwise silent world where beautiful calcite formations remain poised like sculptures on display. Resembling a huge Church Organ, the Rock Organ is the largest and most pronounced of the calcite formations in the cave. It is responsible for giving Organ Cave and the surrounding community its name more than a century ago. The Organ Cave System was formed during the Mississippian Age with rocks averaging 300-500 million years old. These rocks were formed from the shells and bones of limy animals inhabiting a shallow inland sea called the Mississippian Sea . Over the ages, the bodies of these creatures were turned into massive beds of limestone and underlying shale. The principal cave forming beds are the lower zones of the Denmar formation.

11. Horne Lake, Cave Geology, Program, Vancouver Island, BC, Canada cave geology. Come and experience one of Vancouver Island s most outstandingnatural wonders. Our awareness. cave geology Program. http://www.hornelake.com/schools_and_groups/cave_geology.htm

CAVING PROGRAMS Family Cavern Tour 3 Hours Cave Adventure 4 Hours High Adventure ... Rescue Training ADVENTURE CAMPS Over View Family Camp Kids Camp Leadership Camps ... PHOTO GALLERY Cave Geology Come and experience one of Vancouver Island's most outstanding natural wonders. Our Cave Geology Interpretive Program is designed specifically to complement school curriculums. Students explore the geologic history of underground caverns, amazing crystal formations, and ancient fossils. This unique program combines an excellent learning environment with fun-filled adventure. Participants find the trip a challenge and are rewarded with increased confidence and awareness. Cave Geology Program 3 - 4 hours duration matches Ministry of Education's I.R.P.'s for Earth Sciences and P.E. "the best" field trip of the year!

12. CAVING - Parent Pre-Trip Information & Checklist cave geology Program Our cave geology Program at Horne Lake Caves ProvincialPark is designed to be a handson educational experience through one of http://www.hornelake.com/schools_and_groups/consent_forms/parent_information_day

Your child must have both sides signed before they will be allowed to participate. Cave Geology Program Our Cave Geology Program at Horne Lake Caves Provincial Park is designed to be a "hands-on" educational experience through one of Vancouver Island's most outstanding natural wonders. This unique program is a truly rewarding experience that offers every student a chance to discover the magic of the underground world. A typical school group will spend approximately three to four hours in the park. Upon arrival, classes will be broken down into groups of maximum 14 students with one guide and at least one adult leader / teacher coming along to assist with supervision. After we gear up with helmets and lights, we are off to the caves. Groups will rotate through a series of caves with the highlight being in spectacular Riverbend Cave. Students learn about cave geology, local history, ancient fossils, underground travel techniques and cave conservation. To help illustrate the importance of cave conservation, a comparison is made between caves that have been damaged by careless human visitation and a cave that has been preserved in it's natural state. The trip concludes in the parking lot after an energetic and fun-filled adventure. Things to Bring Long pants and sweatshirt good footwear ( running shoes / gumboots / hiking boots )

13. CaveBoard - A Resource For Cave Diving And Dry Caving - Cave Geology - Speleogen Post New Thread. Threads in Forum cave geology Speleogenesis, Forum Tools, Search this Forum. http://www.caveboard.com/forumdisplay.php?f=173

14. Basic Cave Geology It is just as impossible in a few words to describe the cave geology of Missouri,since, by definition, a cave is that part of the geology which isn t there . http://www.umsl.edu/~joellaws/ozark_caving/mss/geology.htm

Of Caves and Speleothems There is a story told about Jerry Vineyard, Deputy Missouri State Geologist, and one of the founders of the MSS. The tale goes that a young boy wrote Vineyard, and asked him to send him "all the rocks in Missouri." Vineyard wrote back, and explained to the zealous youth that if he sent him all the rocks in Missouri, there would be no more Missouri, and he was very sorry, but could not fulfill his request. It is just as impossible in a few words to describe the cave geology of Missouri, since, by definition, a cave is that part of the geology which "isn't there". The processes by which caves are formed are fairly, but not totally understood, as are the processes by which speleothems , commonly called cave deposits, are formed. Only the caves are set in stone, but here is a taste of the current theories of speleogenesis. The SpeleOzarksCave Factory to the Nation Stone Waterfalls and Cave CarrotsThe Story of Speleothems

15. Cave Geology Innovations And Patents cave geology Innovations and Patents. © 2002, XQ23.COM Research (air.xq23.com). Moreinformation on cave geology and cave geology Research References. http://www.air.xq23.com/energy_science_resources/Cave_Geology.html

16. Home Features the cave geology, features, visiting times, and campground activities. Chattanooga. http://www.raccoonmountain.com/

Raccoon Mountain Caverns and Campground is located at the foot of Raccoon Mountain in an area that is both secluded, but at the same time only a few minutes away from most attractions. We are just five minutes from historical downtown Chattanooga and only minutes away from Lookout Mountain. There is much that you can enjoy during your visit here. We have hiking trails, a swimming pool, a playground, batting cages, a vast cave system, and Go-Karts! With all the things to do here, you will see why many people rate us as Chattanooga's best kept secret. For more information simply click on the tab to the left that corresponds with your interests. Camping Cabins Caverns Go-Karts! ... Find Us This web site designed and maintained by: Blake Herring

17. Five Springs Cave Geology Amateur Geology in Five Springs Cave. by Devin Kouts. Author standsnext to the igneous dyke spotted by Ben Schwartz in Five Springs http://www.psc-cavers.org/articles/FiveSpringsDykeGeology.html

18. Cave Geology Home. Cave Decorations Speleothems. Types of Caves. Minerals and Fossils. http://oswego.org/staff/inservice/wilson/geology.htm

Home Cave Decorations: Speleothems Types of Caves Minerals and Fossils

19. Utah Cave Geology Cave Geology. Understanding Utah cave geology. Many To learn moreabout Utah cave geology visit www.caves.org/grotto/timpgrotto. Due http://www.caveutah.com/geology.htm

CAVE UTAH NUTTY PUTTY MISSION CONSERVATION GEOLOGY ... VISITING CAVES [Cave] Geology Understanding Utah Cave Geology Many of Utah's caves began their lives over 300 million years ago as coral reefs at the bottom of a warm shallow ocean. As the planet buckled under the pressure of plate tectonics, the coral that had piled up on the bottom of the ocean over many millions of years, was compressed and uplifted into the limestone mountains and valleys scattered throughout the state of Utah. Today there is evidence of this reef in the limestone mountains. Small Crinoids, Horn Coral, Bryozoans, and other corals can be found protruding from limestone bands. As the limestone was pushed up and formed mountains, the rock cracked allowing water to seep into it, beginning the formation of Utah's caves. Illustration Other caves throughout the state are created by underground rivers eroding away small passages. Some caves have formed by warm water rising from deep underneath the earth. While others have formed as lava flows subsided some 30 million years ago. See Illustration Regardless of how the cave formed, each cave contains unique features only found under very specific conditions. Damage to a cave is permanent. Features that took thousands of years and exact ingredients will never come back.

20. Sinnett/Thorn Cave Geology STRUCTURAL, PETROGRAPHIC AND RELATIVE SOLUBILITY RELATIONSHIPS IN THE SINNETTTHORNMOUNTAIN CAVE SYSTEM, WEST VIRGINIA. Return to caving photos and stories! http://members.aol.com/caversteve/st_geol.htm

STRUCTURAL, PETROGRAPHIC AND RELATIVE SOLUBILITY RELATIONSHIPS IN THE SINNETT-THORN MOUNTAIN CAVE SYSTEM, WEST VIRGINIA STOKOWSKI, S.J., Jr., 10 Clark Street, Suite A, Ashland, Massachusetts, United States of America, 01721 Sinnett-Thorn Mountain Cave System has passages in the limestones of the lower Helderberg Group and is on the eastern limb of a south-southwest plunging anticline. A petrographic examination of the limestone members exposed was undertaken; generally all are sparry allochemical carbonates with a ferroan calcite pore-filling cement that dissolves preferentially over adjacent calcite fossils. The major cave former, the New Creek biosparudite, has the least insoluble material and the coarsest pore-filling ferroan spar. In contrast to the active role in groundwater movement played by the solutional passages and fracture permeability mentioned above, there are passively formed "wells" connecting different levels of the cave. These wells follow steeply dipping fracture zones that are interpreted as compressive shear fractures related to local folding stresses. The wells have, at least initially, not channelized groundwater flow. Only one other major passively formed solution void has been found. It is in the "Big Room", where the New Creek limestone has been stratigraphically repeated by reverse faulting, and was developed subsequent to the major passage. from: Stokowski, S. J., Jr., 1977, Structural, Petrographic and Relative Solubility Relationships in the Sinnett-Thorn Mountain Cave System, Pendleton County, West Virginia (Abs.): The N.S.S. Bull. 41(1), 1979, p. 10 (Presented at the 1977 National Speleological Society Convention, Alpena, Michigan).

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