81. Bird Biogeography BIO 554/754 Ornithology Bird biogeography, Bird biogeography II. Literature cited. Avise, JC 2000. Phylogeography the history and formation of species. http://www.biology.eku.edu/RITCHISO/birdbiogeography.html

BIO 554/754 Ornithology Bird Biogeography The Class Aves includes two superorders: the Palaeognathae the Neognathae , which includes all other living birds. Currently, taxonomists recognize 29 orders, 187 families, 2029 genera, and over 9600 species of birds see Birds of the World ). These 9600+ species occupy all continents and habitats but, of course, some continents belonging to various lineages have been found in Cretaceous deposits of Asia, Europe, and North and South America. Prominent and well-known Cretaceous bird taxa included the Enantiornithes , a fairly diverse group of birds, mostly flying forms; Hesperornithiformes, toothed birds (see diagram below) which were mostly flightless swimmers; and Ichthyornithiformes toothed flying birds that probably fed on fish. These taxa are extinct today, but by the close of the Cretaceous, representatives of several modern bird taxa were sharing the skies with these extinct birds. A birdwatcher 65 million years ago could have seen relatives of today's loons, geese and ducks, albatrosses and petrels, and gulls and shorebirds, and possibly other familiar birds as well. Loon-like toothed bird Hesperornis regalis swims through the Cretaceous sea.

82. Biogeography And Ecology Of Sickle Cell Anemia Biology 296A. Page III. biogeography and Ecology of Sickle Cell Anemia. A. The Unique Geographic Distribution Pattern of SickleCell Anemia. http://www.nslc.wustl.edu/courses/Bio296A/allen/sicklecell/part3/biogeography.ht

Biology 296A Page III Biogeography and Ecology of Sickle Cell Anemia A. The Unique Geographic Distribution Pattern of Sickle-Cell Anemia (a) Adult Africans are healthier than those living in urban America and thus do not show the effects of the disease as readily; (b) Infant mortality, especially for Hb S Hb S children, is much higher in Africa than in the U.S., so that homozygous recessive children never reach adulthood (c) By chance fewer homozygous recessive individuals are conceived in Africa than in the United States. In-Text Question 6 : Which of these options do you think might explain the discrepancy? Tutorial Answer In certain parts of Africa today, the frequency of the mutant gene for sickle-cell (Hb S ) is very high (5-20%) as shown in the distribution map below: B. The Malarial Connection In 1946 E.A. Beet, an MD in Northern Rhodesia noted that of a population of patients in his hospital, 15.3% of those who had normal blood had malaria, while only 9.8% of those with sickle cell (trait or disease) had the disease. Anthony C. Allison, a British medical doctor who had also taken a degree in biochemistry and genetics at Oxford shortly after World War II, studied the African situation closely in the early 1950s and published an important paper in 1954 outlining his hypothesis for why the African frequencies of the Hb

83. Evolution: Library: Biogeography: Polar Bears And Penguins close window. biogeography Polar Bears and Penguins. ©. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/04/1/image_pop/l_041_01.html

close window Biogeography: Polar Bears and Penguins

84. Evolution: Library: Biogeography: Polar Bears And Penguins biogeography Polar Bears and Penguins. Polar bears live in the Arctic, but not the Antarctic. Backgrounder. biogeography Polar Bears and Penguins http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/04/1/l_041_01.html

Biogeography: Polar Bears and Penguins Polar bears live in the Arctic, but not the Antarctic. For penguins, the picture is reversed. The pattern of organisms around the globe the absence of some species from environments that would suit them, and closer relationships between species that are geographically near each other than between species that inhabit similar environments is persuasive evidence of the evolutionary origin of biodiversity Credits: Courtesy of Animation Factory and STARLab Very Low Frequency Research Group Click for larger image Resource Type: Image Format: Graphic Topics Covered: Evidence for Evolution Backgrounder Biogeography: Polar Bears and Penguins: Darwin Wallace and the other 19th century naturalists who traveled widely were fascinated by the distribution of animals and plants in their habitats around the world. Why do the Galapagos Islands of South America and the Cape Verde Islands off Africa have strikingly different fauna and flora, despite having similar environments? Why does the Arctic have polar bears and Antarctica penguins? These patterns impressed Darwin deeply. To him, they argued that species arose in single centers by descent with modification from existing species, and that their geographic range was limited by their ability to migrate to other suitable environments.

85. Landscape Ecology And Ecological Biogeography Landscape ecology and ecological biogeography (For an outline, click here) Fire Succession in Inland Western Australia The importance http://uts.cc.utexas.edu/~varanus/biogeog.html

Landscape ecology and ecological biogeography (For an outline, click here Fire Succession in Inland Western Australia The importance of spatial scale has been neglected in traditional ecology, although not in the emerging field of landscape ecology. While the implications of the landscape on ecology have long been appreciated, only recently have quantitative methods of study been exploited. In the past, ecologists, including myself, have focused on local-level processes. Larger scale regional factors also control local phenomena. Local species richness may often be a consequence of regional processes. Relatively little empirical attention has been given to the interaction between these two levels. Unfortunately, few complete closed regions remain unfragmented by human activities in which regional and local phenomena can still be studied simultaneously. I am undertaking such a study in the uninhabited Great Victoria desert of Western Australia, an area with an extremely high diversity of lizards. Landsat MSS false color image of part of the Great Victoria desert. Blue and white areas are dry lake beds (Lake Throssel and Lake Rason). Note the numerous fire scars (lighter biege patches), their tongues and spatial complexity. Fires frequently reticulate, leaving behind isolated patches of unburned habitats (darker brown patches embedded within fire scars) which act as refuges. Scene is approximately 100 km by 150 km.

86. Biogeography Of Large Lakes biogeography and large lakes more coming soon. In the links Some Aspects of the biogeography of Islands in Large Lakes. Robert http://rjl.us/lslbi/biogeo.htm

Biogeography and large lakes: more coming soon. In the meantime: an old presentation abstract and a few links... Some Aspects of the Biogeography of Islands in Large Lakes. Robert J. Liebermann, Department of Geography, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008. read at West Lakes/East Lakes Association of American Geographers Meeting, October 24, 1996, Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, Indiana The majority of island biogeography studies deal with oceanic islands. An interesting variety of islands that have been given less attention, however, are those in large inland lakes. Observations during my field research as well as previous studies show some excellent examples of the unique traits of large lake island biogeography. Particularly intriguing are the islands of large lakes of temperate areas, such as the Great Lakes of North America or Russia's Lake Baikal, where interactions of atmosphere over land and water are most influential on localized climate and, therefore, biology. Here changing air temperatures are moderated by the thermal lag and physical properties of water to produce a limnoclimate which is neither fully continental nor oceanic. The resulting climatic parameters on such islands frequently mimic those of other regions, such as those further north, south, or in different precipitation areas, and it is limnoclimatic conditions that are among the most deterministic elements of lake island biogeography. Other principles involved in large lake island biogeography are also discrete from those of oceanic islands, such as the biogeographical significance of having a mainland much closer-often connected by ice during winter-than those of oceans. In addition, lake islands share some "typical" characteristics with those of oceanic islands, such as fewer taxa per area, higher rates of endimism, and unique balances of ecology related to isolation and limited genetic diversity.

87. OUP: Cladistic Biogeography (2/e): Humphries Cladistic biogeography Second Edition. Christopher J. Humphries The first edition of Cladistic biogeography was published in 1986. It was a http://www.oup.co.uk/isbn/0-19-854818-4

VIEW BASKET Quick Links About OUP Career Opportunities Contacts Need help? oup.com Search the Catalogue Site Index American National Biography Booksellers' Information Service Children's Fiction and Poetry Children's Reference Dictionaries Dictionary of National Biography Digital Reference English Language Teaching Higher Education Textbooks Humanities International Education Unit Journals Law Medicine Music Oxford English Dictionary Reference Rights and Permissions Science School Books Social Sciences World's Classics UK and Europe Book Catalogue Help with online ordering How to order Postage Returns policy ... Table of contents Cladistic Biogeography Second Edition Christopher J. Humphries , Department of Botany, Natural History Museum, and Lynne R. Parenti , Curator of Fishes, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC Publication date: 15 April 1999 199 pages, 2 halftones, 82 line figures, 234mm x 156mm Series: Oxford Biogeography Series Search for titles in the same series Ordering Individual customers may: order by phone, post, or fax

88. IGU LOGO Welcome to the home page of the biogeography Study Group of the International Geographical Union (IGUBSG). Finding topics in the IGU-BSG www site is easy. http://www.geog.le.ac.uk/igu/

Welcome to the home page of the Biogeography Study Group of the International Geographical Union (IGU-BSG). Finding topics in the IGU-BSG www site is easy. Click on the square in the quadrat below to lead you to that topic. To get back to the quadrat on this page from any other topic, click on the flower icon. To move between topics or pages, simply click on the words that are highlighted or accompanying icons where they exist. Our aim is to become the most comprehensive biogeographical web site in the world (what's the point in setting mediocre targets!). If there are any www links you would like to see, or topics you would like the group to cover, send an e-mail to acm4@le.ac.uk NAVIGATION QUADRAT This web site is maintained by Andrew Millington and Wayne Kelly . The IGU-BSG gratefully acknowledges the help of the Geography Department, University of Leicester for providing a home for this site! Last updated 01/1998 Wayne Kelly, Geography Department, University of Leicester, U.K. e-mail: wak2@le.ac.uk Tel: +44 (0)116 252 3844 Fax: +44 (0)116 252 3854

89. Biogeography And Pedology : CTI Centre For Geography, Geology And Meteorology biogeography and Soil Science. RGSIBG biogeography Research Group Newsletter; Royal Botanical Gardens Kew Scientific Research Programme; http://www.geog.le.ac.uk/cti/ped.html

Biogeography and Soil Science National Organisations and Agencies The Soil Association CTI Centre for Land Use CTI Centre for Biology (Liverpool) Research Centres and Projects International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme: IGBP Programme Elements . Some publications available in pdf format. (US) Center for Earth and Planetary Studies including terrestrial geophysics, and remote sensing of environmental change. Research include terrestrial geomorphology, land cover changes and ecosystem dynamics. (US) Natural History Museum Biodiversity: measuring the variety of nature. RGS-IBG Biogeography Research Group: Newsletter Royal Botanical Gardens Kew Scientific Research Programme University of Aberystwyth Palaeoenvironmental Research on African Crater Environments: high-resolution record of the variability and impact of holocene climatic change in Ethiopia. Data/Information Libraries Data Libraries United States Geological Survey Zobler World Soil Data Set soil classification, soil texture and soil slope. (US) National Soils Survey Center National Soil Data Access Facility (US) University College Davis;

90. MacArthur, R.H. And Wilson, E.O.: The Theory Of Island Biogeography. of the book The Theory of Island biogeography by MacArthur, RH and Wilson, EO, published by Princeton University Press....... http://pup.princeton.edu/titles/7051.html

PRINCETON University Press SEARCH: Keywords Author Title More Options Power Search Search Hints E-MAIL NOTICES NEW IN PRINT E-BOOKS ... HOME PAGE With a new preface by Edward O. Wilson The Theory of Island Biogeography Robert H. MacArthur and Edward O. Wilson Shopping Cart Reviews Table of Contents Biogeography was stuck in a "natural history phase" dominated by the collection of data, the young Princeton biologists Robert H. MacArthur and Edward O. Wilson argued in 1967. In this book, the authors developed a general theory to explain the facts of island biogeography. The theory builds on the first principles of population ecology and genetics to explain how distance and area combine to regulate the balance between immigration and extinction in island populations. The authors then test the theory against data. The Theory of Island Biogeography was never intended as the last word on the subject. Instead, MacArthur and Wilson sought to stimulate new forms of theoretical and empirical studies, which will lead in turn to a stronger general theory. Even a third of a century since its publication, the book continues to serve that purpose well. From popular books like David Quammen's Song of the Dodo to arguments in the professional literature

91. Hubbell, S.P.: The Unified Neutral Theory Of Biodiversity And Biogeography. of the book The Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and biogeography by Hubbell, SP, published by Princeton University Press....... http://pup.princeton.edu/titles/7105.html

PRINCETON University Press SEARCH: Keywords Author Title More Options Power Search Search Hints E-MAIL NOTICES NEW IN PRINT E-BOOKS ... HOME PAGE The Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography Stephen P. Hubbell Shopping Cart Reviews Table of Contents Chapter 1 [HTML] or [PDF format] Despite its supreme importance and the threat of its global crash, biodiversity remains poorly understood both empirically and theoretically. This ambitious book presents a new, general neutral theory to explain the origin, maintenance, and loss of biodiversity in a biogeographic context. Until now biogeography (the study of the geographic distribution of species) and biodiversity (the study of species richness and relative species abundance) have had largely disjunct intellectual histories. In this book, Stephen Hubbell develops a formal mathematical theory that unifies these two fields. When a speciation process is incorporated into Robert H. MacArthur and Edward O. Wilson's now classical theory of island biogeography, the generalized theory predicts the existence of a universal, dimensionless biodiversity number. In the theory, this fundamental biodiversity number, together with the migration or dispersal rate, completely determines the steady-state distribution of species richness and relative species abundance on local to large geographic spatial scales and short-term to evolutionary time scales. Although neutral, Hubbell's theory is nevertheless able to generate many nonobvious, testable, and remarkably accurate quantitative predictions about biodiversity and biogeography. In many ways Hubbell's theory is the ecological analog to the neutral theory of genetic drift in genetics. The unified neutral theory of biogeography and biodiversity should stimulate research in new theoretical and empirical directions by ecologists, evolutionary biologists, and biogeographers.

92. ChEss, Biogeography Of Hydrothermal Vents And Cold Seeps For The Census Of Marin Research programme aiming to determine the biogeography of hydrothermal vent and cold seep species at a global scale. The biogeography http://www.soc.soton.ac.uk/chess/

The Biogeography of Chemosynthetic Ecosytems (ChEss) project is one of the initial field projects of the Census of Marine (CoML). ChEss is a global study of the distribution, diversity and abudance of species from deep-water chemosynthetic systems. Directed from the Southampton Oceanography Centre in the United Kingdom, ChEss aims to improve our knowledge of the biogeography of chemosynthetic ecosystems and the processes driving them.

93. Biogeography biogeography. biogeography is the science which aims at documenting and understanding spatial patterns of biodiversity. It can be http://www.fact-index.com/b/bi/biogeography.html

Main Page See live article Alphabetical index Biogeography Biogeography is the science which aims at documenting and understanding spatial patterns of biodiversity It can be defined as the study of distribution and pattern of variation in numbers and kinds of living organisms. Biogeography is a synthetic science, related to geography biology geology climatology , and ecology . It is usually not an experimental science, as the spatial and temporal scales makes experiments difficult, but rather a science of observation. Some fundamentals in biogeography are evolution (change in genetic composition of a population) extinction (disappearance of a species) dispersal (movement of populations away from their point of origin) See also Linnaeus Charles Darwin Ecozone Miklos Udvardy ... Gaia hypothesis This article is from Wikipedia . All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License

94. Biogeography biogeography BIO 490/690. Fall 2002 course information and syllabus (Note syllabus slightly revised and updated 12 November); Course http://www.unlv.edu/faculty/riddle/biogeography.html

Biogeography BIO 490/690 Fall 2002 course information and syllabus (Note: syllabus slightly revised and updated 12 November) Course Final Grades (posted 17 Dec 02) Fall 2002 course lecture topics summaries Week 1 27 August 29 August Week 2 3 September 5 September Week 3 10 September 12 September Week 4 17 September 19 September Week 6 1 and 3 October Week 7 10 October Week 8 15 October 17 October Week 9 22 October 24 October Second exam review outline Week 11 5 November 7 November Week 12 12 November 14 November Week 13 19 November 21 November Week 14 26 November Week 15 3 December Third exam review outline Links to biogeography resources (as of 3 December 2002) International Biogeography Society 2003 IBS Meeting History of Biogeography (skewed towards North American history) Early classics in biogeography, by C. H. Smith George-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon Alphonse de Candolle The Alfred Russel Wallace Page, by C. H. Smith ... Leon Croizat Physical Geography Fundamentals of Physical Geography, by M. Pidwirny The El Nino / La Nina cycle: a tutorial Melissa's adiabatic cooling and heating page Distributions and Assemblages WWF Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World Biomes and Ecoregions Major Biomes of the World Merriam's Life Zones ... FAUNMAP, Quaternary mammal distributions in the United States

95. Natural Selection: Subject Gateway To The Natural World Link to Resource Discovery Network. BioethicsWeb MedHist pscicom. SEARCH BROWSE ABOUT WHAT S NEW SUBMIT SITE TRAINING SITE MAP, Top = biogeography. http://128.243.210.189/browse/R578.html

low graphics Top Biogeography Biogeography ... South America Last modified: 20 May 2004

96. Biogeography Of Deep-Water Chemosynthetic Ecosystems (ChEss): Census Of Marine L A global study of the biogeography of deepwater chemosynthetic ecosystems and the processes that drive them. Project Leaders Dr http://www.coml.org/descrip/chess.htm

@import "../2.css"; Project Descriptions *Return to Front Page* Biogeography of Deep-Water Chemosynthetic Ecosystems Census of Diversity of Abyssal Marine Life Gulf of Maine Program ... *Return to Front Page* A global study of the biogeography of deep-water chemosynthetic ecosystems and the processes that drive them. Project Leaders: Dr. Paul Tyler, Southampton Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom Dr. Chris German, Southampton Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom Visit the ChEss Web Site Southampton Oceanography Centre, UK Eva Ramirez-Llodra, Paul A. Tyler and Christopher R. German Background The Biogeography of Deep-Water Chemosynthetic Ecosystems (ChEss) is one of the six initial field projects of the Census of Marine Life (CoML). ChEss is a global study of the biogeography and biodiversity of deep-water chemosynthetic ecosystems and the processes that drive them. Directed from the Southampton Oceanography Centre (SOC) in the United Kingdom, ChEss aims to improve our knowledge of the diversity, abundance and distribution of species form chemosynthetically-driven ecosystems. The interest in large chemosynthetic environments was strengthened by the discovery of chemosynthetic-based fauna at cold seeps along the base of the Florida Escarpment in 1983. Cold seeps are areas where methane seeps through sediments in the ocean floor. Sulfide is also an important element of some cold seeps, produced by sulphate reduction in the sediments. Both methane and sulfide play a critical role in the maintenance of the highly productive cold seep communities. Cold seeps occur along active and passive continental margins.

97. Biogeography Listings biogeography Listings. ADDRESSES (Current as of 9/19/03) Audience middle school and up. ONLINE VEGETATION MAPSbiogeography maps from around the world. http://personal.cmich.edu/~franc1m/biogeog.htm

Biogeography Listings ADDRESSES (Current as of 9/19/03): Vegetation Maps CLICKABLE MAP OF TREE SPECIES BY STATE: from Virginia Tech the site has an exhaustive archive of over 450 U.S. tree species with color pictures and descriptions of leaves, flowers, twigs, bark, form, and seeds. There is even a Java audio file for hearing the pronunciation of a tree’s scientific name. At the site’s ... : Middle school to early college. Plant Databases NATURE SERVE :an authoritative, frequently updated site on 50,000 U.S. and Canadian endangered and threatened species, plus ecological communities. Distribution information and maps, conservation status, and life histories are available. ... others about plants. Exotic Species NONINDIGENOUS AQUATIC SPECIES from the USGS is a fine repository for spatially referenced accounts of U.S. nonindigenous aquatic species. The site provides reports, spatial data sets, and regional contact lists and a comprehensive set of links. One can also find out about nonindigenous ... WILD:from Wetlands HYDRIC SOIL LISTING BY STATE: a list of hydric soils for all states from the NRCS.

98. Bio4505 - Biogeography & Systematics Biology 4505 Principles of biogeography Systematics Dr. Steven M. Carr Department of Biology Memorial University of Newfoundland St. http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Bio4505.htm

Dr. Steven M. Carr Department of Biology Memorial University of Newfoundland St. John's NF A1B 3X9, Canada scarr@mun.ca Office: Sn-3021 Phone 737-4776 Office hours by appointment Announcing the arrival of Mr. Jasper Thaddeus Rendell Edinger born 03:45, Saturday, November 2nd, 2002 weight 3.025 kg (6 lb 10 oz), length 48.5 cm Bio4505 Final Exam : Friday, December 13th. 0900-1100 in regular classroom Lab Handouts for 22 Nov 2002 Phenetic Analysis of Carnivores Table of critical values for r 29 Nov 2002 Molecular Systematics of Carnivores I nstructions for Lab Writeups Handouts are in PDF format: click here to download the free Acrobat reader Background material on Carnivora: Carnivore Systematics Evolution of Carnivora by Evolution of Felid Teeth by Click on the following for: The Course Schedule Suggestions for using the Webpage Sample questions from the Final Exam Information on Research in Dr. Carr's lab A taxonomic resource from the UC Berkeley Museum of Paleontology Course notes for Basics of Webpage Construction Hitch-Hikers Guide to Life (under construction) Click here to e-mail me with questions, comments, or suggestions

99. Biogeography biogeography The Geographic Distribution Of Species. Darwin thought up isolate birds. Fossil biogeography reinforces this point. For http://www.don-lindsay-archive.org/creation/biogeography.html

Biogeography: The Geographic Distribution Of Species Darwin thought up his Theory Of Common Descent because he had found biogeographic evidence. He thought that that evidence was much stronger than the fossil evidence. Scientists still think so. Basically, some species have suspicious resemblances to supposedly different species that just happen to live nearby. Often, it would be better design for them to instead resemble some further-away species. And, this is the norm. There are a huge number of good examples. The trees on the remote island of St. Helena are unlike the trees anywhere else on earth. Sunflowers are the closest relative to the strange gumwood tree and to the various cabbage-trees. And, the most closely related sunflower is the local sunflower. The scientific explanation is that this volcanic island was originally formed far away from any continent, and therefore started out with no land plants. Eventually, some sunflower seeds managed to get there. Since no one else was filling the role of "tree", the largest plants on the island - some of the sunflowers - took the job. Transformed by time and competition and by the demands of their role, they now look like trees. Every other remote island has its own examples. In the Galapagos, the role of woodpecker is taken by a finch. Or rather, it's mostly a finch, but it has a beak specialized for the woodpecker role. Apparently, the only land bird which got to the Galapagos was a finch, so all the land birds there are modified finches. (DNA studies prove the relationship.)

100. Ecology Biogeography Biology. Most comprehensive resource on Biology Ecology biogeography. Show biology (Biology Ecology biogeography) content on 5. Nearctica biogeography . http://biology.designerz.com/biology-ecology-biogeography.php

Map.Designerz.com Science.Designerz.com Biology News Biology Chat ... Domain Names Sale - Save up to 75% document.write(' '); Home Ecology Biology Cell Biology ... Philosophy of Biology Channels Visited Clear Featured Links Web Hosting Sign up for our mailing list Biology Ecology Associations Aquatic Ecology Ecosystems ... Restoration Ecology Biogeography Publications Molecular Ecology Ecotoxicology Ecology Directories ... Biology A comprehensive resource on Biology Ecology Biogeography Show biology (Biology Ecology Biogeography) content on your web site Reach biology (Biology Ecology Biogeography) Audience Save on Biology Ecology Biogeography books, magazines and software See which Biology Ecology Biogeography domain names are available Search Biology Ecology Biogeography on other search engines Press Releases, Stories and Articles on Biology Ecology Biogeography View all press releases Submit your press release View all articles Submit your article Featured Results (opens in a new window) Early Classics in Biogeography, Distribution, and Diversity Studies: To 1950

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