1. Biogeography Lectures notes on biogeography by David A. Fitch of New York University. http://www.nyu.edu/projects/fitch/courses/evolution/html/biogeography.html

David H.A. Fitch Click on the topic you would like to review: Lecture notes Major types of biogeographic distributions Historical causes of disjunct biogeographic distributions Evidence for historical biogeography ... Exercises Lecture notes Biogeography: Analysis of spatial distributions of organisms I. Major types of biogeographic distributions A. Cosmopolitan (not necessarily entirely cosmopolitan): e.g., Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, common rock pigeon B. Endemic : restricted to particular regions 1. Alfred Russell Wallace (and other early biogeographers) realized that many endemic taxa had approximately congruent distributions (e.g., in particular regions of Indonesia), forming "Biogeographic Realms" 2. Although a particular type of habitat might occur in several widely scattered places throughout the world, species in one habitat are more closely related to nearby species in other habitats than to species in the same habitat elsewhere (in other realms) 3. Despite this, species in corresponding habitats often have convergently similar adaptations C.

2. Early Classics In Biogeography, Distribution, And Diversity Studies: To 1950 A bibliography of historical sources in biogeography and related fields, with links to biographical information and the fulltext of many of the sources listed http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/biogeog/

Charles H. Smith, Ph.D. SEARCH / THESAURUS feature RELATED LINKS Early Classics in Biogeography, Distribution, and Diversity Studies: To 1950 is a bibliography and full-text archive designed as a service to advanced students and researchers engaged in work in biogeography, biodiversity, history of science, and related studies. All items in the bibliography are primary sources and were published in 1950 or before. The subjects involved touch on fields ranging from ecology, conservation, systematics and physical geography, to evolutionary biology, cultural biogeography, paleobiology, and bioclimatologybut have in common a relevance to the study of geographical distribution and diversity. Special Notice: The coverage of this database has now been extended through a sister site entitled "Early Classics in Biogeography, Distribution, and Diversity Studies: 1951-1975" Those who have not used this resource before are strongly advised to click here for a full description of the service, including important information on the enhancement features it contains. For information on me (including how to contact me)

3. Nearctica - Ecology - Biogeography biogeography. Special Segments. General Topics. Buy Books on biogeography. biogeography is the study of the distributions of plants and animals over the surface of the Earth in both space and time . http://www.nearctica.com/ecology/habitats/biogeo.htm

Biogeography Special Segments Butterflies of North America Conifers of North America Eastern Birds List of N.A. Insects Home Eastern Wildflowers General Topics Natural History Ecology Family Environment Evolution Home Education Home Conservation Geophysics Paleontology Commercial Organizations Buy Books on Biogeography Biogeography is the study of the distributions of plants and animals over the surface of the Earth in both space and time. The spatial component of biogeography attempts to describe and explain the distributions of one or more species over the world. Biogeography may also try to elucidate the changing distributions of organisms over time, either in the short term or over geological time. The political and economic importance of biogeography can be very great indeed. Species and ecosystem distributions need to be considered in making any land management or conservation decisions. Biogeography has many modes. Biogeography can be purely descriptive describing the distributions of particular species or habitats (ecosystems). These species or ecosystems mappings are very important from a conservation and land management viewpoint and also provide basic biological information crucial to all of the natural sciences.

4. UCSB Biogeography Lab Home Page The UCSB biogeography Lab has moved to the Donald Bren School of Environmental Science Management at the University of California, Santa Barbara. http://www.biogeog.ucsb.edu/

The UCSB Biogeography Lab has moved to the at the University of California, Santa Barbara . The Lab was originally established in 1991 within the Department of Geography to conduct basic and applied research on the ecology, distribution and conservation status of species and ecosystems with the aid of geographic information systems and remote sensing. Research to date has focused on regional scale mapping and modelling of vegetation cover types, wildlife distributions, and long-term vegetation change, as well as on methods for assessing the accuracy of vegetation maps. Recent work has included designing optimal networks of nature reserves for protecting biodiversity. Most work has concentrated on the region of California and the western United States. Research grants are administered by the Institute for Computational Earth System Science . The Lab is directed by Dr. Frank Davis and managed by Dr. David Stoms What's New? Revised 07/01/02 Interactive CD-ROM version of CA-GAP database CD is out of stock, download the CD (.tar.gz format) HERE and burn your own (10/15/03).

5. Biogeography biogeography. biogeography is a field unto itself, and it is difficult to condense it all down into a 50 minute lecture. We will discuss What is biogeography? http://ripley.wo.sbc.edu/departmental/env-studies/geo/biogeogr.htm

Home Up Aerial Photos Global Positioning Systems (GPS) ... Biomes [ Biogeography ] Biodiversity Exotic Species Agriculture and Food Production Open-Land Resources, Parks, and Preserves ... Managing the Environment Biogeography Biogeography is a field unto itself, and it is difficult to condense it all down into a 50 minute lecture. We can't cover everything. So, I have chosen to talk about the following things. We will discuss: What is biogeography? What sort of questions do biogeographers address? Different specialties in biogeography A bit about the history of biogeography the dispersal of species Plate tectonics, and its relationship to biogeographic processes, especially to dispersal What is biogeography? We've talked about the definition of geography, and of environmental geography. Biogeography is the science that attempts to document and understand spatial patterns of biodiversity. It is the study of distributions of organisms, both past and present, and of related patterns of variation over the earth in the numbers and kinds of living things. So, it is the subset of geography that deals with living things.

6. Biogeography Of Madagascar The following paper was presented at the International Symposium on the biogeography of Madagascar held in Paris 2628 September 1995. The printed version of the paper was published in the Symposium http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Madagasc/biomad1.html

The following paper was presented at the International Symposium on the Biogeography of Madagascar held in Paris 26-28 September 1995. The printed version of the paper was published in the Symposium volume (Schatz, G.E. 1996. Malagasy/Indo-Australo-Malesian phytogeographic connections. In : W.R. Lourenço (ed.), Biogeography of Madagascar . Editions ORSTOM, Paris). ABSTRACT Table of Contents Introduction Cretaceous Gondwanan Relicts Proteaceae Basal Apiales ... Next Page

7. Biogeography Specialty Group for a home page with fewer graphics, go HERE! All images on these pages were obtained over the Internet and are assumed to be in the public domain. If any image is copyrighted, please inform me so that I may credit the owner or remove the image. http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/2498/bsghome.htm

for a home page with fewer graphics, go HERE! [welcome/activities] [BSG newsletter] [BSG membership] ... [tools] We would like to hear from you. Contact any of us at the following: Melissa Savage [Chair, BSG] savage@geog.sscnet.ucla.edu Mike DeMers [Editor, BSG Newsletter] mdemers@nmsu.edu Francis (Bud) Precht [Web site coordinator] f_precht@fre.fsu.umd.edu Most recent revision Wednesday, October 23, 1997 This page has been accessed times. Space for this page has been provided by Get your own FREE web page space merely by asking for it !! This page is best viewed with

8. Introduction To Biogeography Geography 4900 Introduction to biogeography Online Course developed by Dr. Henri D. GrissinoMayer Department of Physics, Astronomy, and Geosciences Valdosta http://www.valdosta.edu/~grissino/geog4900/

Geography 4900 Introduction to Biogeography Online Course developed by Dr. Henri D. Grissino-Mayer Department of Physics, Astronomy, and Geosciences Valdosta State University Welcome to Geography 4900 at Valdosta State University , where I'll introduce you to a major sub-discipline of the Earth Sciences known as Biogeography. In this course, you'll learn about the different vegetation zones of the Earth, biodiversity, community stucture, disturbance history, ecosystem dynamics, patterns of distribution, and patterns of fauna and flora in the past and future. This course will emphasize an evolutionary and ecological approach using Cox and Moore's excellent book on Biogeography. We'll learn how the previous glaciation affected the current patterns of distribution of plants and animals. We'll also take several field excursions to gain hands-on experience with observational methods and techniques used in Biogeography. At the end of this course, you'll have a deeper and more appreciative understanding of the patterns of distribution of living organisms across the Earth's surface, and why these patterns arise. Meet the Professor Just to show you I'm a real person.

9. Biogeography Specialty Group Home Page biogeography Specialty Group. of the Association of American Geographers (AAG). Concerned with the where, how, and why of biotic distributions. http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/2498/bsghome1.htm

Biogeography Specialty Group of the Association of American Geographers (AAG) Concerned with the where, how, and why of biotic distributions The Biogeography Specialty Group (BSG) of the Association of American Geographers (AAG) was formed to promote interaction among biogeographers, stimulate active research and teaching development in biogeography, and facilitate the exchange of ideas. The BSG engages in a variety of activities to these ends, including sponsoring special sessions, student paper sessions, and field trips at the annual conventions of our parent organization (AAG), and granting student research awards in biogeographic endeavors. Some links to things of potential interest to biogeographers: Association of American Geographers (AAG) home page The Biogeographer (the latest BSG newsletter) BSG Member Directory - 1996 Update BSG Member E-mail Directory Biogeography and ecology links Physical Geography links Conservation links GIS and Remote Sensing links Geography Departments around the World (you can add your own departmental URL to the list) Send new links to f_precht@fre.fsu.umd.edu

10. European Bison Biogeography Natural history, evolution, distribution, and timeline of the status of the species through the centuries. http://www.sfsu.edu/~geog/bholzman/courses/316projects/bison.html

Geography 316: Biogeography In progress 5/14/99 The Biogeography of the European Bison Bison bonasus bonasus by Donald Patterson, student in Geography 316 Photo Source: J.Krasinski Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Orders Artiodactyla Family Bovidae Genus Bison Species bonasus Subspecies bonasus Natural History: The largest concentration of European bison live in Poland's Bialowieza National Park (Falinski, 1999). It is here that Europe's last remaining primeval forest stands. The National Park covers an area of about 20-square miles, which is located within the larger (and lesser protected) Bialowieza forest – 220sq.mi., and is contiguous to Belarus’ Beloveskaja Pusca National Park – 335sq.mi (WCMC, 1999) The ancient forest lies in a flat, moist region consisting of 26 species of trees, 55 species of shrubs, 14 species dwarf shrubs, and 62 species of mammals, of which wolves and lynx are important predators of young and weak bison. These are a few of the over 10,000 species that contribute to the forest’s rich biodiversity (Falinski, 1999)

11. Biogeography biogeography. biogeography is a field unto itself, and it is difficult to condense it all down into a 50 minute lecture. We can't cover everything. So, I have chosen to talk about the following things. We will discuss biogeography is the science that attempts to document and understand spatial patterns http://www.italian.sbc.edu/departmental/env-studies/geo/biogeogr.htm

Home Up Aerial Photos Global Positioning Systems (GPS) ... Biomes [ Biogeography ] Biodiversity Exotic Species Agriculture and Food Production Open-Land Resources, Parks, and Preserves ... Managing the Environment Biogeography Biogeography is a field unto itself, and it is difficult to condense it all down into a 50 minute lecture. We can't cover everything. So, I have chosen to talk about the following things. We will discuss: What is biogeography? What sort of questions do biogeographers address? Different specialties in biogeography A bit about the history of biogeography the dispersal of species Plate tectonics, and its relationship to biogeographic processes, especially to dispersal What is biogeography? We've talked about the definition of geography, and of environmental geography. Biogeography is the science that attempts to document and understand spatial patterns of biodiversity. It is the study of distributions of organisms, both past and present, and of related patterns of variation over the earth in the numbers and kinds of living things. So, it is the subset of geography that deals with living things.

12. JSTOR: Journal Of Biogeography Journal of biogeography. JSTOR Coverage Vols. 1 27, 1974-2000. Journal Information for Journal of biogeography. Publisher Blackwell Science, Ltd. http://www.jstor.org/journals/03050270.html

RESOURCES FOR LIBRARIANS RESOURCES FOR PUBLISHERS PARTICIPATION INFORMATION Journal of Biogeography JSTOR Coverage: Vols. 1 - 27, 1974-2000 JSTOR Collection: Please read JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use before you begin. Search This Journal Browse This Journal Journal Information for Journal of Biogeography Publisher Blackwell Science, Ltd. Moving Wall The subjects of biogeography, ecology and biodiversity are now of truly global importance. Recognizing this increased significance, the scope of the Journal of Biogeography and its sister publications, Global Ecology and Biogeography and Diversity and Distributions , continue to be developed under the guidance of Dr Robert Whittaker and Dr David Richardson respectively, acting as a team with Professor Philip Stott, the Editor of Journal of Biogeography Journal of Biogeography is essential reading for all environmentalists, biogeographers, ecologists, biologists, botanists and zoologists. JSTOR provides a digital archive of the print version of Journal of Biogeography . The electronic version of Journal of Biogeography is available at . Authorized users may be able to access the full text articles at this site. ISSN OCLC LCCN Journal information provided by Blackwell Science, Ltd.

13. Glossary For Biogeography Glossary for biogeography This online glossary contains terms used in the disciplines of biogeography, ecology, evolution, landscape ecology, and taxonomy. Educational level is Undergraduate http://rdre1.inktomi.com/click?u=http://www.runet.edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/

14. JSTOR: Global Ecology And Biogeography Letters Global Ecology and biogeography Letters. (continued by Global Ecology and biogeography) Journal Information for Global Ecology and biogeography Letters. http://www.jstor.org/journals/09607447.html

RESOURCES FOR LIBRARIANS RESOURCES FOR PUBLISHERS PARTICIPATION INFORMATION Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters (continued by Global Ecology and Biogeography JSTOR Coverage: Vols. 1 - 7, 1991-1998 JSTOR Collection: Please read JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use before you begin. Search This Journal Browse This Journal Journal Information for Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters Publisher Blackwell Science, Ltd. Global Ecology and Biogeography publishes succinct, scientific material relating to historical, spatial, ecological and applied biogeography for rapid publication, and particularly publishes articles on: macroecology ecological and biogeographical responses to global environmental change comparative ecology and biogeography community ecology island biogeography the ecological and biogeographical bases for conservation ecological applications of remote sensing and GIS Global Ecology and Biogeography is published as part of a single package with its sister journals Journal of Biogeography , and Diversity and Distributions (formerly Biodiversity Letters ). Together these journals provide comprehensive coverage of the fields of biogeography, ecology and biodiversity.

15. Glossary For Biogeography Terms arranged according to various subject categories including general biogeography, ecology, evolution, landscape ecology and taxonomy maintained by Radford University. http://www.runet.edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/glossary.html

Physical Geography Working Group The Virtual Geography Department Radford Geography Department Radford University Glossary for Biogeography NOTE: Terms are arranged according to the following subject categories: biogeography, ecology, evolution, landscape ecology, and taxonomy. This should not be taken to mean that any term is limited in use or definition to a particular discipline; the arrangement is a pedagogical device to help the beginning student in biogeography to make associations among various words and processes. Each term also may be accessed through the index at the end of this document. Biogeographic terminology Alien: a non-native species, especially one introduced to some part of the world through human action. Altitudinal zonation: the sorting of plant and animal species according to elevation in response to differences in temperature and precipitation patterns. Biogeography: the science that studies the distribution of life, past and present. Colonization: the establishment of a population in a place formerly unoccupied by that species. Colonization implies successful reproduction in the new area, not simply the presence of a species there. Dispersal: the transport of propagules beyond the limits of a species' distribution area Distribution area: the geographic range of a taxon.

16. Graduate Programs In Landscape Ecology, Spatial Ecology, And Biogeography List of universities offering advanced degrees. http://www.edc.uri.edu/personal/jeff/legrad/

Graduate Programs in Landscape Ecology, Spatial Ecology, and Biogeography I have compiled this list of schools (mostly in the US) during the course of my own research on grad schools and have also had some help from the ECOLOG and US-IALE discussion lists. Not all of these schools have specific programs in landscape ecology, spatial ecology or biogeography; however, all of them seem to have, at a minimum, the opportunity to study the spatial aspects of ecology. If you have any suggestions, changes, additions, or comments please let me know at jeff@edc.uri.edu Thanks again to everyone who responded to my initial request. I hope you find the list to be helpful. Good luck, Jeff W. Hollister Arizona State Univeristy Landscape Ecology and Modeling Lab Auburn University Department of Forestry see Mark D. MacKenzie Carleton University Landscape Ecology Lab Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang Institute of Applied Ecology (couldn't find URL) Colorado State University Graduate Program in Ecology see Curricular Track Option in Landscape Ecology Duke University Landscape Ecology Lab Iowa State University Department of Animal Ecology see Brent J. Danielson

17. Biogeography Home Page GEOG 335. biogeography. Course Home Page The Biogeographer newsletter of the biogeography Specialty Group of the Association of American Geographerssee what http://www.runet.edu/~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/biogeog.html

GEOG 335. Biogeography Course Home Page This page provides entry to general information about the course as well as to the current class schedule, assignment descriptions, exam dates, on-line exercises, supplementary materials, and a glossary of terms. Course Description WebCT : find assignments, calendar, and grades here How to make a web page using FrontPage (pdf) courtesy of Multimedia Center, McConnell Library Course Supplements (online) Life Zones Biomes Zoogeographic Provinces General Review Questions on Song of the Dodo Ranges of North American Breeding Birds Speciation model Spring 2004: Student Web Pages Glossary Sites with information of Virginia's fauna and flora Virginia's Natural Heritage Program : access to lists, descriptions, and maps of Virginia 's r are species, invasive species, natural communities and ecosystems and natural area preserves. Birds : From Cornell University's Laboratory of Ornithlogy Reptiles: Lizards Snakes Turtles from the Virginia Herpetological Society Amphibians: Frogs and Toads Salamanders from the Virginia Herpetological Society Fishes from the Virginia Tech Virtual Aquarium Insects from Virginia Tech's Insect Identification Laboratory Aquatic macroinvertebrates from Save Our Streams program Plants and animals at Pandapas Pond trees of Pandapas area; both sites associated with

18. Evidence For Evolution--Biogeography Picture. © 1997 David HA Fitch all rights reserved. Click on the item you would like to review http://www.nyu.edu/projects/fitch/courses/evolution/html/geographic_distribution

David H.A. Fitch Click on the item you would like to review: Lecture notes Three important principles Disjunct species distributions Freshwater species distributions ... Exercises Lecture notes Darwin's evidence for evolution: Biogeographic distributions I. Three important principles : How do these principles support descent with modification? A. Environment cannot account for either similarity or dissimilarity, since similar environments can harbor entirely different species groups B. "Affinity" (=similarity) of groups on the same continent (or sea) is closer than between continents (or seas) C. Geographical barriers usually divide these different groups, and there is a correlation between degree of difference and rate of migration or ability to disperse across the barriers II. Disjunct locations for the same extant species: Good evidence for creation? (Evolution proposes Single Centers for the origins of species, so Discontinuous Distributions need to be explained) A. Means of dispersal must be proposed 1. Changes in climate or geology must have affected migration (i.e., by first allowing migration and then preventing migration)

19. Department Of Plant Biogeography Research covers plant biogeography ranging from the intraspecific to the community level. http://www.botanik.univie.ac.at/plantchorology/

Department of Plant Biogeography formerly: Department of Plant Chorology and Vegetation Science Molecular Biogeography of Alpine Plants Red Data lists ... International Collaborations Our research covers plant biogeography ranging from the intraspecific to the community level. [more...] We concentrate on floristics and mapping of European vascular plant distributions. We also study many aspects of plant chorology, including molecular phylogeography, as well as taxonomic studies with special biogeographic concern. Finally, we apply this research to the needs of conservation. free website counter overview of staff Harald Niklfeld Gerald Schneeweiss Walter Gutermann Chris Dixon overview of research Distribution atlases Austria central Europe Ionian islands Red Data lists Riverine vegetation Orobanche phylogeny Orobanche: details Alpine phylogeography High alpine plants Androsace phylogeography international collaborators Arealkundliche Exkursionen Botanische Alpenexkursionen Botanische Exkursionen Marchauen im Wandel der Jahreszeiten Botanische Mittelmeerexkursion Datenauswertung der Mittelmeerexkursion MedEx2003 - Einleitung Eumediterran Submediterran Dornpolsterstufe Atlantische Einflusse about Schmiderer, 2002

20. Sweet Oranges: The Biogeography Of Citrus Sinensis The domestication, dispersal and breeding of the sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) and its varieties, throughout history. http://www.aquapulse.net/knowledge/orange

Aqua Pulse Knowledge Sweet Oranges: The Biogeography of Citrus sinensis Stephen Hui Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Date: URI: http://www.aquapulse.net/knowledge/orange Suggested citation: Hui, Stephen. (1999, April 4). Sweet oranges: The biogeography of Citrus sinensis. Retrieved from http://www.aquapulse.net/knowledge/orange Table of Contents Introduction Taxonomy History Products ... References Introduction With its numerous cultivated varieties, the sweet orange ( Citrus sinensis Osbeck) constitutes one of the world's most popular and recognizable fruit crops. Sweet oranges are citrus fruits ( Citrus spp.), which are regarded as high sources of vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and other fruit acids. These fruits are hesperidiums, because of their fleshiness and separable rind. Physically, citrus fruits consist of forty to fifty percent juice, twenty to forty percent rind and twenty to thirty-five percent pulp and seeds. Chemically, they contain eighty-six to ninety-two percent water, five to eight percent sugars and one to two percent pectin with lesser amounts of acids, protein, essential oils and minerals (Janick et. al. 1981). Citrus fruits grow on small evergreen trees, many of which depend on root mycorrhizae (Janick et. al. 1981). Most of these C plants are cultivated as scions on rootstocks. All

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