61. Acid Deposition And Precipitation A general overview of acid rain and deposition, its causes and effects. The consequences of acid rain in Canada and British Columbia are outlined. http://royal.okanagan.bc.ca/mpidwirn/atmosphereandclimate/acidprecip.html

Table of Contents (a). Introduction (b). Acid Deposition Formation (c). Effects of Acid Deposition (d). Acid Deposition in Canada and British Columbia (e). Solutions (a). Introduction Acidic pollutants can be deposited from the atmosphere to the Earth's surface in wet and dry forms. The common term to describe this process is acid deposition . The term acid precipitation is used to specifically describe wet forms of acid pollution that can be found in rain, sleet, snow, fog, and cloud vapor. An acid can be defined as any substance that when dissolved in water dissociates to yield corrosive hydrogen ions. The acidity of substances dissolved in water is commonly measured in terms of pH (defined as the negative logarithm of the concentration of hydrogen ions). According to this measurement scale solutions with pHs less than 7 are described as being acidic , while a pH greater than 7.0 is considered alkaline . Precipitation normally has a pH between 5.0 to 5.6 because of natural atmospheric reactions involving carbon dioxide. Precipitation is considered to be acidic when its pH falls below 5.6 (which is 25 times more acidic than pure water). Some sites in eastern North America have precipitation with pHs as low as 2.3 or about 1000 times more acidic than natural. Acid deposition is not a recent phenomena. In the 17th century, scientists noted the ill effects that industry and acidic pollution was having on vegetation and people. However, the term

62. ACID RAIN RETIREMENT FUND A R R F. Mission Statement. The acid rain Retirement Fund was founded to prevent air pollution by buying it right out of the sky. http://www.usm.maine.edu/~pos/arrf.htm

A R R F Buying Pollution Right Out of the Sky! A R R F Mission Statement The Acid Rain Retirement Fund was founded to prevent air pollution by buying it right out of the sky. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency issues pollution allowances or permits that enable companies to emit sulfur dioxide (SO2). These permits are auctioned off to the public and a permit for one ton of sulphur dioxide was recently about $130. The Acid Rain Retirement Fund raises funds and bids alongside polluters for as many pollution allowances as our funds can buy. We then retire that pollution credit permanently. As we buy pollution allowances we remove that amount of sulfur dioxide from our ecosystem forever. As we retire more pollution allowances, the price will go up. Polluting companies will need to bid larger amounts of money to continue polluting. As the price of polluting goes up, companies will be more inclined to invest money in technologies that remove pollution before it reaches the smokestack. The Acid Rain Retirement Fund is a nonprofit corporation that uses 100% of the money donated to buy pollution allowances. No portion of a donor's money will be use for administrative purposes unless the donor designates it so. We seek to bid on and remove as much pollution as possible from the environment.

63. Environmental Issues Site devoted to the education of environmental issues including global warming, acid rain, and overpopulation. http://www.geocities.com/RainForest/Watershed/4345

This page is devoted to the education of environmental issues. Please select the category below you wish to view. Any comments or suggestions to improve the quality of this website are appreciated! Email me here Webring Information This Security Of Nature Organization WebRing site owned by Denice Nelson Previous 5 Sites Previous Next ... List Sites This Earth's Children site is owned by Denice Nelson Click for the Previous Random Next Site SKIP Next ... Next 5 Click here for info on how to join Earths Children You are visitor number: Return to top of page © 2000 by Denice Nelson

64. EPA - Teachers - Water Curriculum Resources Materials for teachers from the EPA. Covers acid rain, hazardous waste, pollution, ground water, drinking water, and wetlands. Includes links to various activities for children from other EPA sites. http://www.epa.gov/teachers/curriculumwater.htm

Teaching Center Contact Us Print Version Search: EPA Home Teachers Curriculum Curriculum Resources ... A to Z Index Water Curriculum Resources see also Water Background Information Center for Global Environmental Education Watershed Plan The Watershed Action Site offers one stop help in planning and organizing service-learning projects to prevent water pollution in your watershed. Within this site you can access everything from scientific background information or curricula to local experts or stencils for painting storm drain signs. cgee.hamline.edu/watershed/action/projects Educating Young People About Water Want to educate kids about water? These free materials from University of Wisconsin Stevens Point, Environmental Resources Center can provide you with the information you need to get started. www.uwex.edu/erc/eypaw/ Ocean Science Education Teacher Resource Center This site links by topic to a large collection of environmental web sites which contain lesson plans and class activities. Down the Drain How much water do you use every day in your home? Introduces students to the topic of water use, and to data gathering and analysis. From the Center for Improved Engineering and Science Education (CIESE).

65. Lesson Plan - Acid Rain: An Air Pollutant acid rain An Air Pollutant. Purpose Objective Students will learn how acid rain is an air pollution problem. Focus Show a picture of a defaced statue. http://www.tnrcc.state.tx.us/air/monops/lessons/acidrainlesson.html

See Also: Small Business and Environmental Assistance Education K-12 Air Lesson Plans Waste Lesson Plans ... TES 1999 Lesson Plans Acid Rain: An Air Pollutant Purpose: To demonstrate the effect of acid on statues and buildings Grade Level: 5th grade Essential Elements: Environmental Essential Elements Across the Curriculum - 75.25 (2) Acquire data through the senses. The student shall be given opportunities to (B) observe properties and patterns of objects, organisms and events in the environment. (4) Communicate data and information in appropriate oral and written form. The student shall be given opportunities to (B) describe objects, organisms and events from the environment, (D) describe changes that occur to objects and organisms in the environment. Objective: Students will learn how acid rain is an air pollution problem. Focus: Show a picture of a defaced statue. Materials: chalk, vinegar and glasses for each group Background: Acid rain is more acidic than normal rain and forms through a complex process of chemical reactions involving air pollution. The two most important pollutants that contribute to the formation of acid rain are oxides of nitrogen and sulfur dioxide, which react with moisture in the atmosphere to form nitric and sulfuric acid. The sulfur and nitrogen compounds that contribute to acid rain primarily come from manmade sources, such as industries and utilities. Emissions also come from automobiles and other forms of transportation and industrial processes, such as smelting. Acid rain can harm forests and crops, damage bodies of water, and contribute to the damage of statues and buildings. Researchers are considering the possible effects of acid rain on human heath. These acidic pollutants can be deposited through rain, snow, fog, dew, or sleet. Large quantities can also be deposited in a dry form through dust.

66. MSI - WATER CYCLE STUDENT ACTIVITY Shows how to create a biosphere in a bottle to discover how precipitation occurs and what acid rain does to the environment. http://www.msichicago.org/ed/env/envsample.html

Water Cycle Background: All of the earth's water goes through a cycle in which the water changes its location or physical state through different processes. In accordance with the law of conservation of matter, water is not created or destroyedQit just changes form. Water can be found in all three states of matter during the cycle: solid (ice caps), liquid (lakes) and gas (water vapor). There are five processes by which water moves through the cycle. Water in oceans and lakes evaporates into the air. Cool air in the atmosphere causes this water vapor to condense into a cloud. Precipitation from the cloud falls to the ground as rain, sleet or snow. The water on the ground percolates through the soil and some of it is absorbed by plants. As the plants go through photosynthesis (converting sunlight, water and carbon dioxide for their own food), they absorb water from the soil and release some of it back into the air through transpiration. These patterns of change can vary, but the cycle occurs continuously. Water has been cycling by means of these processes since time began. SET-UP Remove labels from your bottles by filling them with very warm water to warm the label glue.

67. Lesson Plan - Acid Rain Information And Activities acid rain Information, Activities and Data. acid rain can harm forests and crops, damage bodies of water, and contribute to the damage of statues and buildings. http://www.tnrcc.state.tx.us/air/monops/lessons/acidraininfo.html

See Also: Small Business and Environmental Assistance Education K-12 Air Lesson Plans Waste Lesson Plans ... TES 1999 Lesson Plans Acid Rain Information, Activities and Data Background Acid rain is more acidic than normal rain and forms through a complex process of chemical reactions involving air pollution. The two most important pollutants that contribute to the formation of acid rain are oxides of nitrogen and sulfur dioxide, which react with moisture in the atmosphere to form nitric and sulfuric acid. The sulfur and nitrogen compounds that contribute to acid rain primarily come from manmade sources, such as industries and utilities. Emissions also come from automobiles and other forms of transportation and industrial processes, such as smelting. Acid rain can harm forests and crops, damage bodies of water, and contribute to the damage of statues and buildings. Researchers are considering the possible effects of acid rain on human heath. These acidic pollutants can be deposited through rain, snow, fog, dew, or sleet. Large quantities can also be deposited in a dry form through dust. Pollutants that contribute to acid rain may be carried hundreds of miles before being deposited on the earth. Because of this, it is sometimes difficult to determine the specific sources of these acid rain pollutants.

68. Water Pollution acid rain. acid rain. The biggest source of the acid rain chemicals that pollute the atmosphere is the burning of fossil fuels. http://www.zephryus.demon.co.uk/geography/resources/environ/acid.html

Acid Rain Acid rain All rain is slightly acidic, but the term Acid Rain is used to describe rain that has mixed with a range of industrial pollutants and become far more acidic that it could normally become. Air borne pollutants such as sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and assorted hydrocarbons react in the air with sunlight and water to form nitric acid, sulphuric acid and assorted other mineral acids and ammonium salts. The resultant acidic water can be carried thousands of miles by the wind before it falls to earth as rain, snow, fog or as dry particles which settle out due to gravity. The biggest source of the 'acid rain' chemicals that pollute the atmosphere is the burning of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels were created from organic ( animal and plant ) material that died millions of years ago. The original material was full of carbon, and it's decay created sulphur, so the coal, oil and gas we burn today are rich in hydrocarbons and sulphur. We burn these fuels in power stations to make electricity, in factories and oil refineries to make plastics and similar products, and in our vehicles which produce huge amounts of nitrogen and carbon gasses.

69. CNN.com - Acid Rain Still Endangers Adirondacks - April 19, 2000 CNN http://www.cnn.com/2000/NATURE/04/19/acid.rain.adirondacks/index.html

nature CNN Sites CNN CNNfn CNNSI myCNN AllPolitics Languages myCNN Video Audio Headline News Brief ... Feedback CNN Sites CNN CNN Europe CNNfn CNNSI myCNN CNNfyi AllPolitics Languages Search CNN.com CNNSI.com CNNfn.com The Web NATURE TOP STORIES New hurdles hamper Galapagos oil spill cleanup Insight, Prius lead the hybrid-powered fleet Picture: Indonesia's Merapi volcano erupts MORE TOP STORIES Up to 2,000 killed in India quake; fear of aftershocks spreads Clinton aide denies reports of White House vandalism New hurdles hamper Galapagos oil-spill cleanup Two more Texas fugitives will contest extradition ... MORE MARKETS 4:30pm ET, 4/16 DJIA NAS SPORTS Jordan says farewell for the third time ... daily almanac MULTIMEDIA: video video archive audio multimedia showcase ... more services E-MAIL: Subscribe to one of our news e-mail lists Enter your address: DISCUSSION: message boards chat feedback CNN WEB SITES: AsiaNow Spanish Portuguese Italian ... Japanese FASTER ACCESS: europe TIME INC. SITES: Go To ... Time.com People Money Fortune EW CNN NETWORKS: more networks transcripts Turner distribution SITE INFO: help contents search ad info ... jobs WEB SERVICES: Acid rain still endangers Adirondacks Levels of some acid rain pollutants are on the rise in New York State, despite air-protection laws passed a decade ago

70. Acid-Rain.net acid rain Threatens Forests In More Ways Than Previously Thought Ruling deals a blow to state s efforts to reduce acid rain in Adirondacks. http://www.acid-rain.net/

EcoHumane Health People Phenomena ... Acid Rain Threatens Forests In More Ways Than Previously Thought Ban On Pollution Credit Swaps Voided Ruling deals a blow to state's efforts to reduce acid rain in Adirondacks by Dina Cappiello, April 10, 2002 A state law that penalized New York power plants for trading pollution credits to 14 other states was voided by a federal judge on Tuesday, removing a key part of the state's strategy to reduce acid rain in the Adirondacks. U.S. District Court Judge David N. Hurd in Utica ruled that the 2000 Air Pollution Mitigation Law was unconstitutional and conflicted with the federal Clean Air Act by restructuring the nationwide trading system whereby tons of sulfur dioxide emissions, or credits, are swapped freely between states.

71. EPA Closes Acid Rain Cloud Monitoring Sites CNN http://cnn.com/2000/NATURE/05/29/acidrain.ap/index.html

72. Environmental Issues Site - Information About Environmental Issues EFFECTS OF acid rain ON AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMSEFFECTS OF acid rain ON AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS. The acid rain not only kills off species, but also alters and decreases the food supply for higher fauna. http://environment.about.com/cs/acidrain3/

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Environmental Issues Home Essentials ... Glossary zau(256,152,180,'gob','http://z.about.com/5/ad/go.htm?gs='+gs,''); Activism Climate Change Energy Sources Globalization ... Help zau(256,138,125,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/0.htm','');w(xb+xb); Stay Current Subscribe to the About Environmental Issues newsletter. Search Environmental Issues From Lara JillRosenblith Your Guide to Environmental Issues Greenpeace Confronts ExxonMobil: Redux On the eve of ExxonMobil's Annual General Shareholder's Meeting in Dallas, Texas, Greenpeace projected 100 foot images of floods, storms and other impacts of global warming on the building where shareholders will gather. The projected messages included such statements as "Global warming fueled by ExxonMobil.” Read about ExxonMobil's blatant efforts to undermine the Kyoto Protocol and other solutions to global warming in Denial and Deception Read about why ExxonMobil is suing Greenpeace and 36 individuals over a peaceful protest at Exxon's headquarters in Irving, Texas last May. Tuesday May 25, 2004

73. EFFECTS OF ACID RAIN ON TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS EFFECTS OF acid rain ON TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS. The effects of acid rain on soil is dependent on the behaviour of ions in the soil. http://www.scar.utoronto.ca/~weather/maryp/Effects/terrest.html

EFFECTS OF ACID RAIN ON TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS The thirsty earth soaks up the rain, And drinks, and gapes for drink again. The plants such in the earth and are With constant drinking fresh and fair. Abraham Cowley from Drinking Effects on Soil It was argued by early acid rain researchers that forests in Canada and northeastern U.S.A. are on acidic soils and therefore acid rain makes no difference to the forests. However, we now know this is not true. The effects of acid rain on soil is dependent on the behaviour of ions in the soil. Most of the ions of interest are cations such as Ca and Mg in addition to the cation H . These ions are the nutrients needed by plants. There are also toxic ions such as aluminum, lead, mercury, cadium and other metal ions. These ions are usually not free to migrate in the soil because they are bound to the negatively charged surface of immobile soil particles. These particles are negative because of the silicates on the surface of clays and the organic acids on particles of organic matter. The cation-exchange capacity is the ability of the soil to bind to the positively charged ions but acid rain depletes this capacity. Acid rain is able to mobilize these ions from the soil in two ways: The H+ ion in the acidic water displaces the other positive ions from their binding sites and increases the concentration of these ions in the soil water. When the soil particles are no longer able to bind anymore H+ ions, the concentration of H+ also increases in the soil water.

74. State Of The Environment Norway - Acid Rain GRIDArendal State of the Environment Norway - acid rain. acid rain What is acid rain? Photo Mark Harris, USA. Consequences of acid rain. http://www.grida.no/soeno95/acidrain/acidrain.htm

GRID-Arendal: State of the Environment Norway - Acid rain Acid rain: What is acid rain? Photo: Mark Harris, USA Acid rain is precipitation that has been polluted by emissions of sulphur dioxide (SO2) and/or oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in the atmosphere. In the atmosphere, these oxides react with water vapour and form sulphuric acid and nitric acid. The components subsequently fall down to the earth in the form of rain or snow, or as dry depositions as SO2, sulphuric or nitrogen salts. SO2 and NOx can be naturally found in the atmosphere. Industrialisation has however, led to a dramatic increase of these substances. The sources are basically the burning of fossil fuel: coal, oil and gas. The major part of this combustion comes from coal-fuelled powerplants, road traffic, ships and metallurgic or ferro-alloy industry. In Norway, most of the acid precipitation comes from emissions of SO2 and NOx in Great Britain, Central Europe and Russia. Consequences of acid rain adverse effects on life in fresh water damages to vegetation corrosive damages to buildings Washing out of minerals from the ground [ Indicators: Emissions of SO2 and NOx Depositions and effects Social response Back to list of indicators Links: EcoNet's acid rain resources Note: this is the edition of State of the Environment Norway . A 1997 edition is also available.

75. GRID-Arendal Maps & Graphics Database: Title acid rain in Europe. Source(s) Ed. Hatier, Paris, 1993,, Cartography Philippe Rekacewicz. Project European Atlas of Environment and Health, http://www.grida.no/db/maps/prod/level3/id_1177.htm

Quick Search: Categories: Europe Pollution Acidification Title: Acid rain in Europe Source(s): Ed. Hatier, Paris, 1993, Cartography: Philippe Rekacewicz Project: European Atlas of Environment and Health Date of creation: Jan 98 Permission is granted to copy and use the bitmap image shown here for non-commercial use, provided that UNEP GRID-Arendal and the source listed above, if any, are properly acknowledged as the originators. Information has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable to provide the best available information. However, its accuracy and completeness, and the opinions based thereon, are not guaranteed. As every effort is made to provide accurate information in this database, UNEP/GRID-Arendal would appreciate if users of this data will call to our attention any errors by communicating with UNEP/GRID-Arendal (Email: grid . By post: GRID-Arendal, Service Box 706, N-4808 Arendal, Norway). High-quality version is available If you would like to include this image in a commercial product or require a high-quality image suitable for publication, please fill in our request form to request a copy of the file in FH7 - Macromedia Freehand format.

76. EFFECTS OF ACID RAIN ON AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS Short primer, from University of Toronto. http://www.scar.utoronto.ca/~weather/maryp/Effects/fish.html

EFFECTS OF ACID RAIN ON AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS A lake is the landscape's most beautiful and expressive feature. It is earth's eye: looking into which the beholder measures the depth of his own nature. Henry David Thoreau The most dramatic reports of acid rain damages in the early 70s, were those of Ontario lakes having irreversible fish losses. Dead fish were washing up along the beaches, and the term "wet desert" was being used to describe the clear, blue, fishless lakes. Ontario now has over 100 fishless acidified lakes. Species such as lake trout (see top) , wall-eye, burbot and smallmouth bass have disappeared from most of these lakes. Starting in 1981, 202 lakes were monitored in Ontario, Quebec and the Atlantic Provinces, and in 1994, 33% showed some improvement in acidity while 11% were worse. The remaining 56% had stable acidity levels. Ontario lakes are especially sensitive to acid rain because of the hard bedrock of the Canadian Shield (an ancient sheet of Precambrian granite) and the poor soil cover which has poor buffering ability. It was first believed that the fish deaths were caused by the acids themselves, however, research has since shown that the high levels of aluminum (a toxic heavy metal) that were leached from the soil, was the real cause of the deaths. Aluminum can be acutely toxic to fish at pH levels that are not normally considered toxic to humans. A concentration as low as 6.2mg/L is known to kill fish.

77. Spring Acid Rain Watch Home The culprit? acid rain. Where does it come from? Spring acid rain Watch a model of scientific inquiry . This 2 page article encapsulates the project. http://www.qesn.meq.gouv.qc.ca/cc/acidrain/

Lakes are crystal clear but dead. Sugar maples are dying. Frog species are becoming extinct. The culprit? Acid Rain. Where does it come from? How is it formed? Are we humans responsible for this problem ? Join us in this project in which schools across the province/country/world try to find an experimental answer to this problem-question by collecting precipation samples, by testing for acid rain deposition and by exchanging results for analysis. A Learn-by-Doing Project on the QESN , in which teachers can count on the help of the co-ordinator to learn the skills they need while implementing the project with their class. " Spring Acid Rain Watch: a model of scientific inquiry ". This 2 page article encapsulates the project. This project is available in French on the Web Site Prof-Inet Alerte aux pluies acides Spring Acid Rain Watch Project Co-ordinators: Bob Colvil knowlton@citenet.net

78. EMAN / RESE Covering everything from turtles to acid rain. Dated summer 1995. http://www.cciw.ca/eman-temp/reports/newsletters/kejimkujik/news_intro.html

Important Notices Avis importants Important Notices Avis importants

79. Newton's Apple: Teacher's Guides Peggy travels to the Wolf Ridge Environmental Learning Center to learn about acid rain. Teacher s Guides Index acid rain. What causes acid rain? http://www.ktca.org/newtons/9/acdrain.html

Peggy travels to the Wolf Ridge Environmental Learning Center to learn about acid rain. Teacher's Guides Index ACID RAIN What causes acid rain? How does acid rain damage the environment? Is acid rain harmful to people? How does the acid get in the rain? Is there any way to stop the damage it causes? DISCUSSION Acid rain is considered by many people to be one of the most serious environmental problems of our time. It is a global problem that is gradually affecting our world. The term acid rain was coined by Angus Smith when he wrote about industrial pollution in England. Some rain is naturally acidic because of the carbon dioxide (CO2) in air that dissolves with rain water and forms a weak acid. This kind of acid in rain is actually beneficial because it helps dissolves minerals in the soil that both plants and animals need.

80. Acid Rain The summary for this Japanese page contains characters that cannot be correctly displayed in this language/character set. http://www.geocities.co.jp/Bookend-Hemingway/7902/

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