101. :: Ez2Find :: Humanism Guide humanism, Global Guides, humanism. ez2Find Home Directory Society Religion and Spirituality humanism (103) Agnosticism http://ez2find.com/cgi-bin/directory/meta/search.pl/Society/Religion_and_Spiritu

Guide : Humanism Global Metasearch Any Language English Afrikaans Arabic Bahasa Melayu Belarusian Bulgarian Catala Chinese Simplified Chinese Traditional Cymraeg Czech Dansk Deutsch Eesti Espanol Euskara Faroese Francais Frysk Galego Greek Hebrew Hrvatski Indonesia Islenska Italiano Japanese Korean Latvian Lietuviu Lingua Latina Magyar Netherlands Norsk Polska Portugues Romana Russian Shqip Slovensko Slovensky Srpski Suomi Svenska Thai Turkce Ukrainian Vietnamese Mode All Words Any Word Phrase Results Timeout Depth Adult Filter Add to Favorites Other Search Web News Newsgroups Images Guides Humanism ez2Find Home Directory Society Religion and Spirituality : Humanism Agnosticism Atheism Christian Humanism Ethical Culture ... Writings Related Categories Society: Future: Transhumanism Web Sites Annotated Webliography of Humanism [Site Info] [Translate] [Open New Window] From the Humanist University in Utrecht, Netherlands, an extensive and well-annotated listing of more web links on humanism and related topics. URL: http://www.xs4all.nl/~pderkx/humwebliography.html Corliss Lamont Website [Site Info] [Translate] [Open New Window] Information on one of the leading intellectual and activist humanists of the 20th century, Corliss Lamont. Includes a PDF version of the 8th edition of his book, Philosophy of Humanism. URL: http://www.corliss-lamont.org/

102. Humanism.ro humanism.ro . Prima Pagina, modeste continuare. Prima pagina Harta site Contact © 2003 humanism.ro Toate drepturile rezervate. http://www.humanism.ro/

Solidaritatea pentru libertatea de conºtiinþã NEWSLETTER: Ro En Nume: Email: Campania "Salvaþi Parcul Carol" Asociaþie ªtiri Acþiuni ... Contact t_rid="humanismro"; IMAGINI DE LA CROSUL SOLIDARITÞII În cadrul campaniei "Salvaþi Parcul Carol" Solidaritatea pentru libertatea de conºtiinþã a organizat CROSUL SOLIDARITÞII Duminicã, 25 aprilie, aproximativ 40 de copii ºi tineri au alergat 2000 m în jurul ºantierului demarat ilegal ºi abuziv în Parcul Carol. Acþiunea, organizatã de Solidaritatea pentru libertatea de conºtiinþã, ...continuare JURNAL FOTOGRAFIC – “LUNA SALVAÞI PARCUL CAROL” 19 aprilie 2004 JURNAL FOTOGRAFIC – “LUNA SALVAÞI PARCUL CAROL” Vã prezentãm un jurnal fotografic al "Lunii Salvaþi Parcul Carol". Imaginile de mai jos sunt de la mitingul - lanþ uman care s-a desfãºurat în Parcul Carol duminicã 18 aprilie a.c. La aceastã acþiune de protest au luat parte peste 2000 de persoane care au ºi semnat scrisoarea deschisã cãtre Ministrul Culturii ºi Cultelor, Rãzvan Theodorescu. ...continuare Semneazã scrisoarea deschisã adresatã Ministrului Culturii ºi Cultelor 19 aprilie 2004 SCRISOARE DESCHIS ADRESAT MINISTRULUI CULTURII ªI CULTELOR, RZVAN THEODORESCU Domnule ministru, În calitate de Ministru al Culturii ºi Cultelor aveþi o responsabilitate faþã de conservarea patrimoniului istoric naþional. Parcul Carol face parte din acest patrimoniu, fiind protejat de Legea 422/2001 ºi de Convenþia de la Granada, ratificatã ºi de România. Orice societate maturã îºi

103. Trip Reports From Imaginary Places : Blog Home A blog on humanism, atheism, politics, science and humor. http://home.earthlink.net/~colbh/weblog/blogger.html

Trip Reports from Imaginary Places (TRIP) a blog on humanism, atheism, science, politics and humor Content starts here. subject = new Array; link = new Array; subject_count=0; Monday, January 06, 2003 subject[subject_count]='Genetic Census'; Genetic Census Britain is planning a massive DNA database (called the UK Biobank ) of 500,000 citizens in order to study disease and its relation to genetics and the environment. Environmental factors include smoking, alcohol, viruses, pollution, exercise and diet . Results are not expected for 20 years or so, not enough time to save me from male-pattern baldness. postCount('90148034'); Archive link for item #90148034 subject[subject_count]='Happy New Blog'; Happy New Blog OK, my tech-failure induced blog vacation is over. I have found all the posts I lost, and will be reposting them soon. Sorry for the delay. postCount('90147898'); Archive link for item #90147898 Friday, January 03, 2003 subject[subject_count]='Ape culture'; Ape culture Scientists at Duke University have discovered rudiments of culture in orangutans , which implies that culture is a common evolutionary trait shared among all the higher primates (assuming you credit humans with culture). Such links also suggest that culture is at least 14 million years old. Examples of behaviors culturally transmitted in orangs include:

104. HUMANISM: Why, What, And What For, In 882 Words - - Humanism Humanismo Cuba Huma Download document Obtener documento humanism. Why, What, and What For, In 882 Words. Is There a New humanism? Comments on the New humanism Movement. http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/MHEC/humnism.htm

Download document - Obtener documento HUMANISM Why, What, and What For, In 882 Words C onsider your biggest problems and grandest wishes. Chance aside, doesn't solving your problems and fulfilling your wishes depend on the actions of human beingsyourself included? C onsider the most important moments of your life, your greatest achievements, your biggest satisfactions and enjoyments. Weren't they the product of nature, mostly of humans as part of natureyourself included? Even the most transcendent mystic or religious experiences you may possibly have had, don't you owe them to human beings, who have conceived mysticism, have inculcated and don't let it vanish it in you, with influencial presentations; or that make you feel accompanied in your faith? O r consider the worst events in your life. Again, chance aside, haven't human beings had decisive roles in these events, either from action or inaction? Either from force of will or no will, haven't they even provoked some of these events outright, most probably due to a faulty education or crooked rearing? Including the human in yourself among those probable responsables! S o it should be easy enough to conclude that the human condition in the rest of the people and in yourselfthe capabilities, feelings, and actions of all of usis the most important thing in your life.

105. Charles Nauert On Lorenzo Valla And Critical Method Short article drawn from this author's 1995 work humanism and the Culture of Renaissance Europe. http://130.238.50.3/ilmh/Ren/hum-valla-nauert.htm

2.21. Rome: The revival of The Eternal City Charles Nauert on Lorenzo Valla and critical method Natural History of the elder Pliny were known throughout the Middle Ages but were thought to be the work of a single author. The rather simple feat of distinguishing uncle from nephew (for the nephew in one letter even describes the dramatic death of his uncle during the eruption of Mount Vesuvius) was not achieved until one of the early humanists pointed out the obvious. Humanists from Petrarch onward became aware that many classical texts contained omissions, interpolations, and textual errors as a result of simple scribal mistakes that had accumulated through centuries of recopying. Thus humanists sought not only to find lost works but also to detect and remedy textual errors, either through comparison of multiple manuscripts or through conjecture based on their sense of the author's style or the general context. Yet even at its best, the early humanistic work of criticizing and emending ancient texts was haphazard. Valla's principle of linguistic change was the underlying basis of modern linguistics. It found its most popular expression in his

106. Theism And Religious Humanism: The Chasm Narrows Article by William R. Jones, associate professor of philosophy of religion at Yale University divinity school http://www.religion-online.org/cgi-bin/relsearchd.dll/showarticle?item_id=1874

107. Humanism Quotes | Humanism Quotations | Humanism Sayings | Wisdom Quotes Quotes on humanism part of a larger collection of Wisdom Quotes to challenge and inspire. Find humanism quotations and links to quotes on other topics. http://www.wisdomquotes.com/cat_humanism.html

Humanism Quotes From Wisdom Quotes : Quotations to inspire and challenge - by Jone Johnson Lewis Wisdom Quotes - Home Page More Quote Categories Back to Previous Page Humanism Quotations A. Eustace Haydon The Humanist rarely loses the feeling of at-homeness in the universe. The Humanist is conscious of being an earth-child. There is a mystic glow in this sense of belonging. Memories of one's long ancestry still linger in muscle and nerve, in brain and germ cell. On moonlit nights, in the renewal of life in the springtime, before the glory of a sunset, in moments of swift insight, people feel the community of their own physical being with the body of mother earth. Rooted in millions of years of planetary history, the earthling has a secure feeling of being at home, and a consciousness of pride and dignity as a bearer of the heritage of the ages. Charles Francis Potter On Humanism Originally published in 1930 Language updated in 1994 Old: God created the world and humanity. New: The world and humanity evolved. Old: Hell is a place of eternal torment for the wicked.

108. Progressive Humanism--A World View Based On Science And Common Sense policy. (Revised and Updated May 18, 2004). About Progressive humanism. (3/99). B) Ethics, Religion, and humanism. The Great Divide. A http://www.progressivehumanism.com/proghum.html

Progressive Humanism, A World View, based on science and commonsense, afghanistan, altruism, anthropology, atheism, creationism, culture, darwin, environment, ethics, ethnicity, evolution, human nature, human origins, humanism, memes, morality, philosophy, population, religion, satire, sociobiology, terrorism, foreign policy (Revised and Updated May 27, 2004) About Progressive Humanism Click here for a description of what we stand for, and a brief bio of the principal author, Carl Coon A)Topical Issues The Least Bad Exit Strategy for Iraq Dr. Brzezinski showed us a sensible way out in a luncheon speech today. (5/27/04) The Biggest Con Game in History We've been taken for a ride on a Persian carpet. It seems it was Tehran, through its agent Chalabi, that got us into this Iraq mess. (5/04) Yankee Go Home A good poker player knows to fold his hand. As for our adventure in Iraq, it's time to quit. It should be a clean exit. (5/04) Brahimi's Two "Mistakes" Brahimi knew what he was doing when he pointed out that Israel was part of the Iraq problem. Now everyone is engaged in a stately minuet. (4/04) Playing with Fire It seems to me that several major players in Iraq are trying to use the upstart Imam Sadr as a pawn. They may end up playing K

109. Title According to the SelectSmart.com Belief System Selector, my 1 belief match is Secular humanism. What do you believe? Secular humanism. http://selectsmart.com/RELIGION/Hu.html

According to the SelectSmart.com Belief System Selector, my #1 belief match is Secular Humanism. What do you believe? Visit SelectSmart.com/RELIGION Copy and paste this code to your webpage, online journal, or whatever. BELIEF SYSTEM SELECTOR ...an exploration of world religions By SelectSmart.com Staff Click to compare religions on a single page. Secular Humanism Belief in Deity: Not considered important. Most Humanists are atheists or agnostics. Incarnations: Same as above. Origins of universe/life: The scientific method is most respected as the means for revealing the mysteries of the origins of the universe and life. After death: An afterlife or spiritual existence after death is not recognized. Why evil? No concept of “evil.” Reasons for wrongdoing are explored through scientific methods, e.g. through study of sociology, psychology, criminology, etc. Salvation: No concept of afterlife or spiritual liberation or salvation. Realizing ones personal potential and working for the betterment of humanity through ethical consciousness and social works are considered paramount, but from a naturalistic rather than supernatural standpoint. Undeserved suffering: No spiritual reasons, but rather a matter of human vulnerability to misfortune, illness, and victimization.

110. Secular Humanism Worldwide Personal page promoting religious skepticism. http://www.nd.edu/~jquinn/humanism/

Question with boldness even the existence of a god; because, if there be one, he must more approve of the homage of reason than that of blindfolded fear. Thomas Jefferson, to his nephew Peter Carr in 1787 ( source Welcome to Secular Humanism Worldwide. The purpose of this page is to promote the presence of naturalism rationalism freethought , and skepticism in society via the Internet. This place is intended for anyone who is inherently curious and enjoys discussing the bigger questions in life. Open-mindedness is a requirement because traditional ideas and values may be challenged. Naturalists, such as secular humanists , believe that the supernatural plays no part in our world because the supernatural itself does not exist. All religions involve the supernatural to some degree; therefore, secular humanists reject them in preference of a more convincing philosophy. We believe that God is a creation of man not that man is a creation of God. Mankind, without gods, must rely on itself to improve its condition; so while the rest of society prays for poverty and suffering to end in the world, humanists prefer to go out and do something about it. LATEST UPDATE: Wrote "On Missionaries" in the "For Humanists" section. I have also been mulling over some ideas as of late. High on my agenda is to improve a few sections that have been nagging me ever since I wrote them.

111. IHS :: What Is Humanism? (The Humanist Philosophy) What is humanism? humanism is a philosophy of life inspired by humanity and guided by reason. Humanists think that science and reason http://humaniststudies.org/humphil.html

Home About IHS The Humanist Philosophy IHS News and Views ... Humanist Manifesto III (2003) What is humanism? Humanism is a philosophy of life inspired by humanity and guided by reason. Humanists think that science and reason provide the best basis for understanding the world around us. Humanists believe that moral values are properly founded on human empathy and scientific understanding. Humanists see no convincing evidence for gods, the supernatural, or life after death. Humanists believe we must live this life on the basis that it is the only life we'll have that, therefore, we must make the most of it for ourselves, each other, and our world. Humanist philosophies have arisen separately in many different cultures over many thousands of years. Today, this non-religious approach to life is shared by a significant portion of society. Whether or not they use the term humanism , tens of millions of Americans and hundreds of millions of people around the world agree with the humanist philosophy of living a happy and productive life based on reason and compassion. The core values of humanist philosophy are reflected in the following official statement adopted in July 2002 by the 50th Congress of the International Humanist and Ethical Union Amsterdam Declaration Humanism is the outcome of a long tradition of free thought that has inspired many of the world's great thinkers and creative artists and gave rise to science itself.

112. LIFE AFTER DEATH, NIHILISM, AND MODERN PHILOSOPHY Something About Nothing What Nihilism, Rationalism, humanism, Agnosticism, Existentialism, etc., Really Say About Your Future http://www.ws5.com/nihilism

click here for more information LIFE AFTER DEATH, NIHILISM, AND MODERN PHILOSOPHY (Third Millennium Final Edition - corrections and revisions are continuing) What Nihilism, Rationalism, Humanism, Agnosticism, Existentialism, etc., Really Say About Your Future Do you believe that life does end, or may end, at death? Everyone who believes that death may be the end should read the following essay from cover to cover. It represents a serious attempt to identify what may be a critical flaw in the foundation of many modern philosophies. It will help those who study Nihilism, Rationalism, Humanism, Agnosticism, and Existentialism, recognize questions that are probably already on their minds. It will address essential questions that you need to seek answers for. We will suggest that, whether they realize and admit it or not, anyone who does not believe in an "afterlife" is necessarily a "nihilist". In response to what appears to be a strong, intuitive, predisposition of readers to dismiss the conclusions of this essay as simply wrong, it has grown from a few pages to a lengthy, sometimes difficult to read, somewhat rambling, occasionally boring, text. For those who want a shorter introduction to our thoughts on nihilism, please read the summary of this essay by clicking here . Most readers will want to read the summary before proceeding with the detailed analysis. Those who choose to continue with this version may also find the summary interesting, as it includes some additional materials (the summary is a chapter in a book we publish, which we provide links to at the end

113. Humanism: An Introduction humanism An Introduction. The intellectual and social movement which historians call humanism is what lies at the base of the period we call the Renaissance. http://www.byu.edu/ipt/projects/middleages/LifeTimes/Humanism.html

Humanism: An Introduction by Nicolaa de Bracton of Leicester In contrast, the early humanists espoused a return to study of the original texts, rather than a reliance on the glosses and commentaries produced by the scholasticists. This break was by no means clearmany of the later humanists continued to admire and make use of the works of scholastic scholars, while forging ahead with their own examination of the sources. "medieval" model of the scholar a monkish figure who retired from the world with his books rather than Petrarch's earlier belief in an active use of scholarship in civic life. Petrarch gradually retired from life as well, and in fact became more and more "medieval" in his outlookthough he never abandoned his reliance on classical sources as a model for writing, he turned more and more to traditional forms of scholarship, such as biblical commentary, in later life. "pagan" classics of antiquity, humanists were quick to apply their methods to biblical scholarship. One of the ways in which the spirit of humanism was expressed was in a rise in appreciation for the artifacts of the past. Indeed, the early humanists were the ones who invented the terms "Middle Ages" and "Renaissance."

114. Great Lakes Humanist Society- Michigan,atheism, Humanism, Agnosticism, Skepticis humanism, freethought, science, and ethics from Mt. Pleasant, Michigan. http://www.glhumanist.org/

Great Lakes Humanist Society Home Meetings Library Links ... Email Us GLHS NEWS CAMP QUEST OF MICHIGAN 2004!! BLISS AND BIGOTRY The Great Lakes Humanist Society (GLHS) is an independent, not-for-profit educational organization. It's mission is to foster a community of humanists, dedicated to improving the human condition through rational inquiry and creative thinking, unfettered by superstition, religion, or any form of dogma. GLHS is a Charter Membership Chapter of the American Humanist Association , and a member of the Atheist Alliance International The Society's goals are: To create a community of humanists, atheists, agnostics and freethinkers who can support each other throughout the life span. To provide a forum for intelligent exchange of ideas for those seeking fulfillment in an ethical secular life. To develop through open discussion the moral basis of a secular society and encourage ethical practices within our own membership and the community at large. To develop educational programs focusing on secular ethics, science, history and critical thinking for members, their children, and the public at large as alternatives to supernatural interpretations of the human condition. To take action within our communities, and within the world at large, to improve the conditions of humanity and denounce bigotry, intolerance, and the persecution of ideas.

115. Humanism Today - The Humanist Institute humanism TODAY The Journal of the Humanist Institute. Robert B. Tapp Ecohumanism Some Expansions. The cover of Ecohumanism, volume 15 of humanism Today. http://www.humanismtoday.org/

Contact Volumes available online 1: Ethics, Religion, Education, Welfare, Peace, and the State 2: The Aesthetics of Humanism 3: Science and Humanism 4: Rethinking Humanism: History, Philosophy, Science ... 13: Beyond Reason? Volumes available only in print 14: Multiculturalism 15: Ecohumanism Back issues NACH/The Humanist Institute HUMANISM TODAY The Journal of the Humanist Institute Volume 15, Ecohumanism , is now available in hardcover from Prometheus Press CONTENTS Howard B. Radest Andreas Rosenberg Ecohumanism Philip J. Regal Ecohumanism: Refining the Concept Don Page The Autobiography of an Ecohumanist Michael J. Kami The Exponential Society Kendyl L. Gibbons Empty Bowls David Schafer Time Is Not on Our Side John M. Swomley The Impact of Population on Ecology Gerald Larue Eliminating Poverty in Old Age Michael Werner Ecohumanism and Evolutionary Psychology Harvey B. Sarles The Human in the Context of Nature Vern L. Bullough Ecohumanism: A Humanistic Perspective Carol Wintermute Humanism's Missing Link Gwen Whitehead Brewer Nurturing Nature: A Personal View of the Need to Nurture Nature and to Let It Nurture Us Richard Gilbert Are We Stripping the Earth of Its Mystery?

116. Can Public Schools Be Religiously Neutral? Argues that secular humanism is the religion currently being taught in public schools, and that the schools should therefore be open to all major religions. http://www.leaderu.com/humanities/neutral.html

Academics Humanities Social Sciences Sciences Theology ... Faculty Offices Departments Current Issues Publications Conferences/Events Apologetics ... What's New Special Interest Past Features Other Sites Help LU About LU ... Feedback Navigation Site Map Site Index Advanced Search Browsing Help ... LU Home LU Updates Receive LU-Announce Can Public Schools Be Religiously Neutral? Paul G. Kussrow and Loren Vannest The Supreme Court ordered that all religious activities be removed from the public schools (Engel v. Vatale, l962) and in subsequent years strengthened its decision through further restrictions (Abington v. Schempp, l963; Stone v. Gramm, l980; Graham v. Central, l985; Jager v. Douglas, l989). Who can argue against neutrality? We who have a fundamental belief in God can point to the significant decline in standardized test scores, increase in student pregnancy, and violence in our schools since the Court's l962 decision. But the question remains, and has the Court been able to remove religion from the public schools or has only certain types of traditional (God based) religion been removed while non-God religions fill the vacuum? Is a religiously neutral public school education an oxymoron? Can individuals who think and work in what some term government sponsored institutions (public schools) truly be neutral and teach in what others hope will be religiously neutral zones? What is Truth?

117. Secular Humanism Secular humanism Excluding God from schools and society. The Humanist Manifesto. Atheist philosophy and doctrine. The religion of humanism. Secular humanism. http://www.secular-humanism.com/

Secular Humanism - Exclusion Of God Secular Humanism is an attempt to function as a civilized society with the exclusion of God and His moral principles. During the last several decades, Humanists have been very successful in propagating their beliefs. Their primary approach is to target the youth through the public school system. Humanist Charles F. Potter writes, "Education is thus a most powerful ally of humanism, and every American school is a school of humanism. What can a theistic Sunday school's meeting for an hour once a week and teaching only a fraction of the children do to stem the tide of the five-day program of humanistic teaching?" (Charles F. Potter, "Humanism: A New Religion," 1930) John J. Dunphy, in his award winning essay, The Humanist (1983), illustrates this strategic focus, "The battle for humankind's future must be waged and won in the public school classroom by teachers who correctly perceive their role as the proselytizers of a new faith: A religion of humanity utilizing a classroom instead of a pulpit to carry humanist values into wherever they teach. The classroom must and will become an arena of conflict between the old and the new the rotting corpse of Christianity, together with its adjacent evils and misery, and the new faith of humanism." Is this what's happening? John Dewey, remembered for his efforts in establishing America's current educational systems, was one of the chief signers of the 1933

118. Why I Am Not A Humanist The 1950s and ’60s also witnessed a boom in secondary and tertiary education, so “humanism” had – or seemed to have – an educated, refined image http://www.atheistfoundation.org.au/humanist.htm

Home About Us Articles Membership ... Site Map ATHEIST FOUNDATION OF AUSTRALIA INC WHY I AM NOT A HUMANIST by Nigel Sinnott No, I have not forsaken three quarters of a lifetime's atheism and found myself a god or a guru. But I would like to set out my reasons for being profoundly unhappy - as I have been for 25 years - about belonging to a movement with the general label "humanist". Until the 1940s what is now called the humanist movement was known as the freethought movement. In its broadest sense it did and does encompass a spectrum from militant irreligion through rationalism to groups of agnostics, some of whom regarded themselves as religious. The older word, "freethought", aptly described the common denominator of these disparate organisations, namely, that they attracted people who insisted on the right to follow their own line of musing and reasoning, specifically on religious matters, instead of accepting some dogmatic, supernatural creed. If humanism is no longer a band-wagon word, there is little pragmatic argument for its retention as a name for the freethought movement in general. My main contention, however, is that humanism is now more of a liability than an asset.

119. Free Inquiry Online home of Free Inquiry magazine published by the Council for Secular humanism. http://www.SecularHumanism.org/fi/

Select to Jump Home What's New? Action Alerts Shop Online Introduction to Secular Humanism What is Secular Humanism? The Affirmations of Humanism A Secular Humanist Declaration Dangerous Reading The Council for Secular Humanism Paul Kurtz Activities, Publications, and Projects Speakers Bureau Web Columns and Feedback Supporting the Council for Secular Humanism Employment Opportunities CSH Organizations African Americans for Humanism Campus Freethought Alliance Committee for the Scientific Examination of Religion International Academy of Humanism Local Secular Humanist Societies Secular Organizations for Sobriety (SOS) Secular Family Network Society of Humanist Philosophers The Center for Inquiry Center for Inquiry Libraries Center for Inquiry-West (Los Angeles) Center for Inquiry-Metro NY Center for Inquiry-Florida Worldwide Index of Humanist Groups Find a Secular Humanist Group Near You Notes from the Field SecularHumanism.org Online Library CSH Publications Free Inquiry Magazine FI Web Exclusive Secular Humanist Bulletin Philo SOS International Newsletter AAH Examiner Secular Humanist Viewpoints Robert Green Ingersoll Memorial Committee James Madison Memorial Committee Taslima Nasrin Humanist Hall of Fame Links Send Feedback Change of Address Form Contact Us Search the site Site Map Get Active!

120. Humanism And Literary Theory humanism and Literary Theory. This discussion just humanism. . Liberal humanism started to lose its credibility in the late 1960s. http://www.colorado.edu/English/ENGL2012Klages/humanism.html

Humanism and Literary Theory This discussion is based on Chapter One, "Theory Before Theory," in Peter Barry's Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory" (Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 1995). We began class by talking about what literature is, and how you know a piece of literature, as distinct from any other kind of writing. We then talked about what literature does, why one reads it, what one gets out of it; I made a list on the board of all the responses, and then began to talk about how "literature" moved from being something one read for pleasure to an academic field of study or type of knowledge. Literary study began in Britain in 1840s, with the idea that the study of literature would "emancipate us from the notions and habits" of our own age, connecting us instead with what is "fixed and enduring"the idea here is that literature holds timeless universal human truths (and hence can be read without regard to historical context of its production, and without regard to particular historical moment in which we read it and make meaning out of it). The idea behind literary study was to secure middle-class values, to transmit them to all classes (working class as well as aristocracy) so that those values would indeed become universal.

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