101. Black Opal :: Gnosticism Black Opal gnosticism. Since a child I ve been interested in different religions and beliefs. One of these paths is that of gnosticism. http://home.iprimus.com.au/lunetta/index-11.html

Black Opal :: Gnosticism Since a child I've been interested in different religions and beliefs. I always had a questioning mind and it led me down paths most people don't follow. One of these paths is that of gnosticism. I came across references firstly in accounts of Mani and the early Christians, but it was some years before I found out more in-depth material, and connected what I had read with my own experiences - and if gnosticism is about anything its about experience! Following are some essays, a story or two, poetry, etc, all related to the experiential, inner knowledge that is gnosis. Update as of 17th September 2000. Thanks to D.M.DeBacker, author of the article "A Shared Vision" that I have had on my site for a few years now, I can now offer the complete version of that article in .pdf format, as well as an excellent poetic piece by the same author titled "Tales From the Land of Nod". Enjoy! Also: Link to the author's website - http://home.pe.net/~mdeback/index.html

102. Ritual In Gnosticism Ritual in gnosticism. RITUAL IN gnosticism. John D. Turner. University Of NebraskaLincoln. SBL 1994 Book of Seminar Papers, 136-181. http://jdt.unl.edu/ritual.htm

Ritual in Gnosticism BAPTISM Sethian Baptism Valentinian Baptism Other Testimony concerning Gnostic Baptism ... CONCLUDING OBSERVATIONS RITUAL IN GNOSTICISM John D. Turner University Of Nebraska-Lincoln SBL 1994 Book of Seminar Papers Although both Gnostics and Platonists seemed to have sought this sense of integration and well-being primarily through conceptual meansthe interpretation of texts and traditions, the use of analogy, argumentation, speculation, and mythical narrativethey also engaged in ritual activity, repeated patterns of behavior, both as individuals and groups. Gnostics share with Platonists the notion that salvation is the ultimate extrication of the soul or inner person from the bodily realm coupled with an ascent to its point of origin in the divine world. After the example of Plato, many Platonists until the time of Plotinus and Porphyry could use visionary terminology associated with the mystery religions to characterize this ascent, but there is no evidence from this period that it was to be effected by ritual means. After the time of Plotinus, however, many Platonists adopted a form of ritual known as theurgy, in which embodied souls were brought into a sympathetic resonance with the divine Logoi that informed the natural world; divine powers were invoked to enter the phenomenal world in the form of purified souls intended to reveal their divine source in the body and other physical objects, so as to assist the ascent of the practitioner's soul during this life and as well as its final ascent.

103. Gnosticism gnosticism. gnosticism With some basic knowledge of Gnostic concepts, it is not too complicated a read. Origins of gnosticism. The http://www.fact-index.com/g/gn/gnosticism.html

Main Page See live article Alphabetical index Gnosticism Gnosticism is a blanket term for various religions and sects most prominent in the first few centuries A.D. Many elements of second-century gnosticsm are pre-Christian. The name of gnosticism comes from the Greek word for knowledge, gnosis esoteric knowledge ) that only a few may possess. The occult nature of Gnostic teaching and the fact that much of the evidence for that teaching comes from attacks by orthodox Christians makes it difficult to be precise about the differences between different Gnostic systems. Recently, the word Gnosticism has been used to describe more modern sects which have formed out of the New Age movement and who really do not share the main core idea of Theological dualism Table of contents 1 Gnostic Beliefs 2 Lifestyle 3 Gnostic Sects 4 Sources ... 11 External Links Gnostic Beliefs The circular, harmonic cross as used by several Gnostic sects, notably the Cathars Gnosticism generally taught that matter was evil and was the creation of a lesser "god", called the Demiurge , after Plato . The Demiurge was the head of the Archons, "petty rulers" and craftsmen of the physical world. But human bodies, although their matter is evil, contained within them a divine spark or

104. Gnosticism - Susning.nu gnosticismen är en dualistisk? trosupfattning som stammar från grekisk platonism? och persisk?a religioner främst zoroasterismen?. http://susning.nu/Gnosticism

Gnosticism Startsida Senaste nytt Länkspegel ... Inställningar Sök: Gnosticismen är en dualistisk trosupfattning som stammar från grekisk platonism och persisk a religioner främst zoroasterismen . Konkurerande religion som gav upphov till en riktning inom den tidiga kristendom en runt år 100 . Dess trossystem byggde på att universum skapats av en kärv, näst intill ond gud som kallades Demiurg , och vars förebild var den gammaltestamentliga guden JHVH , medan en andlig gud, Monad en, som var identisk med Nya Testamentet s Gud och som var helt igenom andlig, kunde ge människan frälsning . Monaden skapade alltså både Demiurg en och Jesus Frälsningen uppnås enligt gnosticismen genom kunskap, på grekiska gnosis , dvs kontakt med den andlige guden, Monaden, och därifrån har riktningen fått sitt namn. Uppdelningen mellan materia och ande kom från impulser från hellenistisk kultur, i synnerhet Platon , som beskrev hur den materiella världen bara var en skugga av den andliga. Namnet Demiurgen härstammar också från Platon och var namnet på hans skapargud, men som till skillnad från Gnosticismens demiurg var god. Uppdelningen mellan själ och materia gjorde också att gnostikerna förkastade idén att Jesus skulle vara både Gud och människa . Man menade istället att han inte uppstod kroppsligen, utan som en skenbild. (Se även

105. Gnosticism Early Church.org.uk, gnosticism. Secondary Sources. Aharon Agus, Some Early Rabbinic Thinking on gnosticism, Jewish Quarterly Review 71.1 (1980) 1830. http://www.earlychurch.org.uk/gnosticism.html

Gnosticism - QUICK FIND INDEX - Bibliographies Primary Sources Secondary Sources Gnostic Groups - Basilides - The Cainites - Valentinians Bibliographies David M. Scholer, Nag Hammadi Bibliography, 1948-1969 . Nag Hammadi Studies , No 1. Leiden: Brill, 1971. Hbk. ISBN: 9004026037. pp.201. Amazon.com ... Amazon.com Primary Sources Roelof Van den Broek, Studies in Gnosticism and Alexandrian Christianity . Leiden: Brill, 1996. Hbk. ISBN: 9004106545. pp.312. Amazon.com Jean Doresse, The Secret Books of the Egyptian Gnostics . Inner Traditions International, 1986. Hbk. ISBN: 0892811072. pp.446. Amazon.com Gnosis: A Selection of Gnostic Texts , 2 Vols. Oxford: Clarendon, 1972-1974. Hbk. ISBN: 0198264348. pp.368. Amazon.com Bentley Layton, The Gnostic Scriptures: A New Translation With Annotations and Introductions . The Anchor Bible Reference Library. Garden City: Doubleday, 1995. ISBN: 0385478437. CBD Amazon.com James M. Robinson, editor, The Coptic Gnostic Library ... Amazon.com The Nag Hammadi Library in English . HarperSanFrancisco, 1990. Pbk. ISBN: 0060669357. pp.576.

106. Gnosticism encyclopediaEncyclopedia gnosticism, nos tisizum Pronunciation Key. gnosticism Related content from HighBeam Research on gnosticism. Christian http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/society/A0821080.html

HOTWORDS CITE PRINT EMAIL in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Home Almanacs Atlas Dictionary ... D-Day Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map Also from Infoplease Search Infoplease Info search tips Search Biographies Bio search tips Encyclopedia Gnosticism u m] Pronunciation Key Gnosticism , dualistic religious and philosophical movement of the late Hellenistic and early Christian eras. The term designates a wide assortment of sects, numerous by the 2d cent. A.D. ; they all promised salvation through an occult knowledge that they claimed was revealed to them alone. Scholars trace these salvation religions back to such diverse sources as Jewish mysticism, Hellenistic mystery cults, Iranian religious dualism (see Zoroastrianism ), and Babylonian and Egyptian mythology. The definition of gnosis [knowledge] as concern with the Eternal was already present in earlier Greek philosophy, although its connection with the later Gnostic movement is distant at best. Christian ideas were quickly incorporated into these syncretistic systems, and by the 2d cent. the largest of them, organized by Valentinus and Basilides , were a significant rival to Christianity. Much of early Christian doctrine was formulated in reaction to this movement.

107. Gnosticism gnosticism. Internet Directory, Home Submit your Site About Privacy Contact Help. gnosticism. Information and summaries about Gnosis and gnosticism. http://www.sightquest.com/regional/gnosticism-3868.htm

Gnosticism Home Submit your Site About Privacy ... Help Gnosticism Information and summaries about Gnosis and Gnosticism. Home Regional Religion Gnosticism PREMIUM LISTINGS Early Christian Writings Early Christian Writings: the New Testament, the Apocrypha, the Gnostics, the Church Fathers: information and translations of Gospels, Epistles, and documents of early Christianity. Buy Gnosticism Products We link to merchants which offer Gnosticism products for sale. ... Find Gnosticism and anything you are looking for on Ebay. Opening an account is free. Bidding is free. Try it today. GNOSTICISM SITES The Gnostic World View - A brief information summary of Gnosticism. Gnosticism Site Listings Submit Your Site to This Category Sponsored Links Featured Partners PharmacyHealth.net - Pharmacy news, resources, and online prescriptions About Us Partners Site Map ... Help

108. Chthonios Books : Esotericism In Early Christianity And Gnosticism uk. An approach to Early Christianity and gnosticism. Chthonios Early Christianity, gnosticism Religion in Late Antiquity. A large http://www.esotericism.co.uk/earlychr.htm

Chthonios Books Welcome to the Chthonios website. A comprehensive resource for Scholarly Esotericism I The Chthonios Homepage I Secondhand and Antiquarian Books I I The New Books and Sale Catalogue I Online Translations and Research I I Reprints of Classic Esoteric Works I Booklinks I Ordering and Contact Details I I Privacy Policy I service@esotericism.co.uk An approach to Early Christianity and Gnosticism Chthonios Books focuses on scholarly research in western esoteric traditions. You might want to go directly to our Homepage Ancient Philosophy and Neoplatonism I Ancient Religion and Paganism I Theurgy I Kabbalah and Jewish Mysticism I Hermetica and Alchemy I Magic I I Esoteric Traditions Esotericism I) In a general way they can be defined as special teachings or experiences reserved for an inner circle of initiates. II) Another important perspective sees esoteric traditions as undercurrents in western thought and religion. Historically, the most important early streams here are the teachings of Pythagoras and Plato and their followers. Once dominant in Greco-Roman thought, they were pushed to the margins by the rise of Christian orthodoxy. III) A third way of seeing western esotericism looks at the heterodox, unorthodox and heretical streams which flourished beneath the domination of Christian orthodoxy and normative Judaism.

109. Gnosticism Vs. Agnosticism gnosticism vs. Agnosticism. This file was originally posted on the KeelyNet BBS on 08/30/89 as GNOSTIC.ASC. From Dashed Against http://www.keelynet.com/keely/gnostic.htm

110. Blogcritics.org: Evangelicals And Nano-Gnosticism Evangelicals and Nanognosticism. Posted by Howard Lovy on February 21, 2004 1022 PM (See all posts by Howard Lovy) Filed under Et http://blogcritics.org/archives/2004/02/21/222253.php

Jump to: main content Blogcritics Home hosting by blog ... reliable hosting from just $3 A sinister cabal of superior bloggers on music, books, film, popular culture, and technology - updated continuously. Search Blog : contraction of "web log," i.e., personal journalism web site. + Critics : those who discuss and evaluate cultural artifacts. = Blogcritics.org : News and reviews of popular culture by over 400 superior bloggers. Editor Eric Olsen contact Administrator Phillip Winn contact Top Posters Most prolific Blogcritics for May Marty Dodge Jan Herman Eric Olsen RJ Elliott ... Leaderboard Top Blog Referrers Glenn Reynolds Jan Herman Slashdot Cursor ... Bill Sherman Special Super Cool Pals Eric Olsen's Cleve-Blog Cleveland.com Blogs MSNBC.com Corinna's Hebrew Blog ... Show your love: Link to Blogcritics! Home Evangelicals and Nano-Gnosticism Posted by Howard Lovy on February 21, 2004 10:22 PM (See all posts by Howard Lovy Filed under: Et Cetera Et Cetera: Media Et Cetera: Politics Luddites to the left of me, the religious to the right; and here I am, stuck in the middle with nano. This Christianity Today article: " The Techno Sapiens Are Coming ," is subtitled, "When God fashioned man and woman, he called his creation very good. Transhumanists say that, by manipulating our bodies with microscopic tools, we can do better. Are we ready for the great debate?"

111. Gnosticism And Traditional Orthodoxy gnosticism AND TRADITIONAL ORTHODOXY. Beware of knowledge gnosis falsely socalled (I Tim 520). A. gnosticism is A System of redemption/salvation. http://www.mindspring.com/~anthonybuzzard/gnosis.htm

GNOSTICISM AND TRADITIONAL ORTHODOXY "Beware of knowledge [gnosis] falsely so-called" (I Tim 5:20). A. Gnosticism is: A System of redemption/salvation l. Created world is evil. 2. God could not have created it. 3. Second God created it. B. How can you be saved? 1. If you have the divine spark (spirit-pneuma) you can escape your body at death. 2. You need spiritual enlightenment to prepare for this. 3. A redeemer figure who comes down from heaven provides the enlightenment. 4. He descends from heaven and appears as a human person. 5. At death the soul escapes this world and lives on. C. Jesus is the name given to this Savior. 2. You can live a "free" life without discipline. 3. The Resurrection is past: it was invisible and "spiritual." D. Gnosticism is a Greek philosophical system with some parallels with biblical Christianity and can easily be confused with it. E .The Greek "Church Fathers" (Greeks with a philosophical background) rejected the blatant form of gnosticism, but did they embrace a subtle form of gnosticism and then read it back into the Bible, thus replacing parts of the biblical scheme with a crypto-gnostic one? Ponder all this.

112. Gnosticism: The Mystical Empire Strikes Back Back to Stump the Elder. gnosticism. The Mystical Empire Strikes Back. gnosticism A Quick Course. The Greek word Gnostic derives from a verb meaning to know. http://www.ynca.com/mar-apr1.htm

Gnosticism The Mystical Empire Strikes Back They call it New Age, but there is nothing new about it. It is as old as Babylon, even older. This heresy that says we humans are really "gods" reaches all the way back to the Garden of Eden, when Eve was told by the Adversary that she could be "divine" if she did what he told her. Although New Age mystery worship is back with a vengeance in our culture, few realize that one of its daughters - Gnosticism - began to permeate the early New Testament movement and pollute true teachings from the start. So insidious were its diabolical dogmas that they were to dramatically influence the next 2,000 years of church doctrine and worship, all the way down to today. It is time we learned where many popular doctrines really came from and how you can come out from under the spell of this age-old scourge that Paul calls "damnable heresies" and their "pernicious ways that many would follow." Apostles Were Concerned As he traveled from town to town teaching the truths he learned from the Savior, the Apostle Paul was a witness to many successes. At the same time, though, he began to be increasingly concerned with what he was hearing from various quarters.

113. THOMAS AND GNOSTICISM I initially thought I could prove it is not by showing that none of the definitive traits of gnosticism is present in Thomas. To http://www.misericordia.edu/users/davies/thomas/two.htm

Is the Gospel of Thomas Gnostic? The Gospel of Thomas' original compilation is usually dated ca. A.D. 140 and located in Edessa in Syria. These convenient tags are, in my judgment, unproven hypotheses. Robert McL. Wilson hints at the inadequacy of this date: "It is worth nothing that Grenfell and Hunt were inclined to put the Oxyrhynchus papyri, or rather the sayings contained therein, *not later* than 140, and that Evelyn White agreed. The point here is the comparative absence of Johannine allusions, which must be held to indicate either an early date or an area in which Johannine ideas were in the air, but the Fourth Gospel itself was not yet known. If Sanders is correct in his assessment of the influence of this Gospel in the early Church, the nucleus of Thomas should probably be placed nearer to the time of Ignatius than to that of Justin Martyr." (Wilson's emphasis) [Wilson, *Studies,* p. 146.] Ignatius wrote his letters ca. A.D. 113 and hence the date 140 should be seen as a *terminus ad quem* rather than as a date for Thomas' origin. The reason usually, if not always, given for dating Thomas in the second century is once more the supposition that Thomas is a gnostic document. Before examining this let us look at the evidence for Thomas' origin in Edessa. Three arguments in favor of this theory are summarized by Koester. [Koester and Robinson, *Trajectories,* pp. 127128.]

114. Dennis's History Of Christianity / Heresies: Gnosticism Heresies gnosticism. The most important heresy that the early Church faced, was gnosticism. The Problem of Understanding gnosticism. http://webpages.charter.net/djhalnon/gnostic.html

Heresies: Gnosticism The most important "heresy" that the early Church faced, was Gnosticism. It was all but unknown in the western half of the Roman Empire, but quite common in the major urban centers of the east. As such it was a threat to the "orthodox" or literalist Christians, and they resolved to put an end to it by the beginning of the 4th century. It was all but dead by the end of the 5th century, in spite of the contributions it made to the growth of Christianity. The Problem of Understanding Gnosticism A source for knowledge of Gnosticism, aside from the Church Fathers, was found in the 1940's at Nag Hammadi in Egypt. In a buried jar, were found a number of rolled-up manuscripts. Scholars have determined them to have been at least partially Gnostic in nature, dated to about the turn of the 5th century. The jar may have been left behind by a small, secluded Gnostic community, trying to avoid persecution; they may have had to bury their texts to keep them from prying eyes, but for some reason, never got back to them. At any rate, while the Nag Hammadi discovery is helpful, it does not tell us much about the "secret" doctrines of the Gnostics. The best that can be done, is to collect clues from many sources, and like the pieces of an incomplete jigsaw puzzle, put them together, reconstructing, as best can be arranged, those pieces which are missing.

115. Gnosticism --  Britannica Student Encyclopedia gnosticism Britannica Student Encyclopedia. To cite this page MLA style gnosticism. Britannica Student Encyclopedia. 2004. Encyclopædia http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article?eu=296481&query=a posteriori knowledge&ct=

116. Gnosticism: An Introduction Too often gnosticism is related to the Christian origins period when a variety of sects seeking wisdom existed. While these groups http://pages.zoom.co.uk/thuban/html/intro.htm

Within this paradigm, divinity is understood through a specific metaphysic, this is known as Divine Algebra and is found historically in Platonism, sacred mathematics and geometry and other related traditions. It is important within this metaphysics to understand the true nature of the Gods (The Gods-Divine Algebra) and the dangers of both Monotheism and personalism (The errors of Monotheism and Personalism). What is a Contemporary Esoteric Metaphysic ? The Institute for Gnostic studies offers teachings that are esoteric, that is, they are inner teachings, those for the initiated. While they are many differing exoteric (outer) mythologies, symbol systems or religions we aim for the core or perennial wisdom that exists behind or beyond them. It could be seen as a wheel where the hub is the “eternal wisdom” and the wheels and rim are symbols, mythologies and religions that lead to it. While these outer forms are representations of the eternal wisdom which is at the hub of the wheel they are not the wisdom itself. To confuse the rim or spokes of the wheel with the hub will destroy the carriage and the journey. It could also be framed in the terms of science, no self respecting scientist would confuse a formula with what it represents, while the letter E might represent energy it is not energy itself, it is much the same with mythology, religion and symbolism. At the same time this is not to demote the significance of mythology and tradition, it is these that lead to the eternal wisdom. It through the use of the imaginal function that we may enter through the myth to reach the “hub”. Every culture and race has their own mythologies and symbol systems and these are attuned to assist members of that culture or race to reach the hub, the uniqueness of each symbol system is its attunement to the natural characteristics of each group or people. This is why mythology, religion and tradition vary so much from community to community since each has evolved its own language or formula which assists the members of that community reach the “hub” of wisdom through using the natural abilities of that race or community, keeping in mind that there are great variations between such groups and hence great variations in the symbol systems (folk souls).

117. GNOSTICISM gnosticism. gnosticism When writing about gnosticism it is very difficult to present an objective view of this system of belief. http://www.cultbuster.faithweb.com/gnostic.htm

Free Web site hosting - Freeservers.com Web Hosting - GlobalServers.com Choose an ISP NetZero High Speed Internet ... Dial up $14.95 or NetZero Internet Service $9.95 GNOSTICISM A Survey of Gnostic Beliefs and Gnostic-Christian ties - A great article (read) Gnosticism When writing about Gnosticism it is very difficult to present an objective view of this system of belief. THE GNOSTIC WAY The word " gnosis " is derived from the Greek language, and means "knowledge. GNOSTIC FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS What is Gnosis?,Gnostic Teachings consist of? The Gnostic World View:A Brief Summary of Gnosticism - Gnosticism is the teaching based on Gnosis.....

118. The Lost Christianity Of The Original Sects It has even been suggested (by the early scholar of gnosticism W. Baur and his Tubingen school) that Simon Magus is but a disguise for the apostle Paul. http://www.essene.com/Church/Conspiracy/TheLostChristianityOfTheOriginalSects.ht

Chapter V The Lost Christianity of the Original Sects 30 A. D. - 120 A. D. Christian Sects in Samaria The Seth Connection The School of Simon Menander and Satornilos ... Carpocrates and the Secret Gospel of Mark As we have earlier stated, it is generally agreed upon by scholars that the oldest Christian community was located at Jerusalem, established some time after Jesus' resurrection. We have examined the Nazorean community and have concluded that the doctrines taught by this earliest group of Christians would today be termed heretical. Likewise, the communities founded by Paul are considered very ancient. Pauline Christianity, as we have seen, promulgated doctrines that would later be termed "gnostic." As far back as we go, we find a gnostic, heterodox Christianity, characterized by the following world view: 1. The whole world "lieth in wickedness" (1 John) and has come under the dominion of evil. This state of affairs is the direct result of a fall in the realm of the Aeons, angels, Watchers, and/ or Nephilim. 2. Humanity have been seduced by evil powers and have themselves fallen from a higher to a lower estate. The "elect" were predestined for glory, but due to the fall (allegorically explained as the fall of Adam and Eve), they have been corrupted by ignorance and sin.

119. Noli Irritare Leones: Gnosticism, Catholicism, And Gender gnosticism, Catholicism, and Gender gnosticism and Catholicism differ in attitudes toward creation, the body, gender, and sexuality. http://www.notfrisco2.com/webzine/Lynn/004300.html

Noli Irritare Leones Main February 16, 2004 Gnosticism, Catholicism, and Gender For as many of you are were baptized into Christ have put on Christ. There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor free, there is neither male nor female; for you are all one in Christ Jesus. And if you are Christ's, then you are Abraham's offspring, heirs according to promise. Galatians, 3:27-29 Our earliest written Christian documents are the epistles of Paul. In this epistle, one of the earliest documents of the New Testament, Paul alludes to an early Christian baptismal formula, one in which union in Christ transcends the social division of male and female (along with other social divisions). Jesus himself seems to have treated women with more respect than many in his time, Jew or Gentile. The gospels record his easy conversation with women like Mary and Martha, or the Samaritan woman at the well, and the prominence of women like Mary Magdalene among his followers. In the early years of the Christian Church, women such as Priscilla and Lydia acted as leaders, women were probably deacons, and some even find evidence in the New Testament that women may have been apostles (though not among the Twelve, a group which was probably selected to represent the tribes of Israel). By the time of the second century, though, when the struggle takes place between Gnosticism and Catholicism, women are clearly subordinate in the Church, as in the society at large. As far as I can tell, both Gnostics and Catholics partake of this bias toward men over women, but in different ways. Gnosticism and Catholicism differ in attitudes toward creation, the body, gender, and sexuality. The result is, on the one hand, a Catholicism in which women's natural place is constrained and subordinate, and, on the other hand, a Gnosticism in which women's sexuality and connection to birth is suspect.

120. GNOSTICISM gnosticism (Gr. yv ~cnc, knowledge), the name generall) applied side witi genuine.Christianity, as it gra. gnosticism. gnosticism (Gr. http://64.1911encyclopedia.org/G/GN/GNOSTICISM.htm

GNOSTICISM GNOSTICISM On the whole, then, for an exposition of Gnosticism we arc thrown back upon the polemical writings of the Fathers in their controversy with heresy. The most ancient of these is Justin who according to his Apol. i. 26 wrote a Syntagma against al heresies (c. A.D. 150), and also, probably, a special polemic against lichen Literatur, Teil I. V. 171; ib. Teil II. Chronologie der altchrfstl Literatur~ i. 533 seq.; also Liechtenhahn, Die Offenbarung in Gnosticismus (1901). 2 For the text see A. Merx, Bardesanes von Edessa (1863), and A Hilgenfeld, Bardesanes der letzte Gnostiker (I864). Ed. Petermacin-Schwartze; newly translated by C. Schmidt Koptisch-gnostische Schriften, i. (1905), in the series Die gniechische~ - christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten drei Jahrhunderte; see alsi A. Harnack, Texte und Untersuchungen, Bd. vii. Heft 2 (1891), ani Chronologie der altchristlichen Literatur, ii. 193-195. possessed a secret and mysterious knowledge, in no way accessible to those outside, which was not to be proved or propagated, but believed in by the initiated, and anxiously guarded as a secret. This knowledge of theirs was not based on reflection, on scientific inquiry and proof, but on revelation. It was derived directly from the times of primitive Christianity; from the Saviour himself and his disciples and friends, with whom they claimed to be connected by a secret t?adition, or else from later prophets, of whom many sects boasted. It was laid down in wonderful mystic writings, which were in the possession of the various circles (Liechtenbahn, Die Off enbarung im Gnosticismus, 1901).

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