41. A Quantum Theory Of Internet Value | The Register A quantum theory of Internet Value. By Andrew Orlowski in San Francisco. Published Thursday 18th December 2003 1416 GMT. Although http://www.theregister.co.uk/2003/12/18/a_quantum_theory_of_internet/

Skip to content International Edition Jobs Shop ... Luxury Watches SetUpDropMenu('StoreMenuItem', 'StoreMenu'); Biting the hand that feeds IT Enterprise Software Personal Mobile ... Business Internet: Broadband eCommerce ISPs/Telcos Digital Rights/Digital Wrongs ... Wild Wild Web Search SetPromptText('q', 'Search'); Tools/Services The Register Mobile Desktop News Panel Newsletter Reader Studies ... Internet and Law A Quantum Theory of Internet Value By Andrew Orlowski in San Francisco Published Thursday 18th December 2003 14:16 GMT Although word leaked out early, Google will today press ahead with a launch of what it describes as a "print" version of the Internet. Google Print apes Amazon's "Search Inside The Book" feature, where you can sorta, kinda, give yourself the illusion that you're in a real library. A search term pops up references to the term in a number of books with which Google Inc. has made the pre-requisitite arrangments. This is a narrow selection, naturally governed by commercial imperatives, and these commercial imperatives are not to be dismissed lightly. Unlike a real library or archive, those relationships are purely commercial. So searching for say, "Kant" or "Usury" in Google Print will give you a very different set of answers to what you'd get from an authoratative archive. Quite unlike a real library.

42. Quantum Mechanics -- From Eric Weisstein's World Of Physics Basdevant, JL and Dalibard, J. The Quantum Mechanics Solver How to Apply quantum theory to Modern Physics. Bohm, D. quantum theory. New York Dover, 1989. http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/QuantumMechanics.html

Modern Physics Quantum Physics Quantum Mechanics General Quantum Mechanics Quantum Mechanics Quantum mechanics is the description of motion and interaction of particles at the small scales where the discrete nature of the physical world becomes important. Quantum mechanics represented a fundamental break with classical physics , in which energies and angular momenta were regarded as continuous quantities that could change by arbitrary amounts. The first break with classical physics was performed by Planck who, in order to explain the observed spectrum of a blackbody, was forced to postulate that the oscillators in a blackbody could attain only certain quantized energies. Niels Bohr had a large influence on the development of quantum mechanics through his so-called " Copenhagen Interpretation ," a philosophical construct which was formulated to provide a fundamental framework for understanding the implicit assumptions, limitations, and applicability of the theory of quantum mechanics. Einstein subsequently postulated that electromagnetic radiation could exist only in discrete units, called

43. Whiteheadian Process And Quantum Theory Of Mind August 4 th , 1998 Whiteheadian Process and quantum theory of Mind*. Henry P. Stapp**. This is the famous statistical element in quantum theory. http://members.aol.com/Mszlazak/WhiteheadQT.html

August 4 th Whiteheadian Process and Quantum Theory of Mind* Henry P. Stapp** * Invited paper: Silver Anniversary International Whitehead Conference, Claremont, Califonia, August 4-9, 1998. ** Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. University of California. Berkeley, California 94720 Henry Stapp's web site. Responses to this paper. Abstract There are deep similarities between Whitehead's idea of the process by which nature unfolds and the ideas of quantum theory. Whitehead says that the world is made of 'actual occasions', each of which arises from potentialities created by prior actual occasions. These actual occasions are 'happenings' modeled on experiential events, each of which comes into being and then perishes, only to be replaced by a successor. It is these experience-like 'happenings' that are the basic realities of nature, according to Whitehead, not the persisting physical particles that Newtonian physics took be the basic entities. Similarly, Heisenberg says that what is really happening in a quantum process is the emergence of an 'actual' from potentialities created by prior actualities. In the orthodox Copenhagen interpretation of quantum theory the actual things to which the theory refer are increments in 'our knowledge'. These increments are experiential events. The particles of classical physics lose their fundamental status: they dissolve into diffuse clouds of possibilities. At each stage of the unfolding of nature the complete cloud of possibilities acts like the potentiality for the occurrence of a next increment in knowledge, whose occurrence can radically change the cloud of possibilities/potentialities for the still-later increments in knowledge.

44. Heisenberg's Physics And Philosophy 2 The History of quantum theory. By this application of quantum theory to the atomic model, Bohr could not only explain the stability of the atom but also. http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/ge/heisenb2.htm

Werner Heisenberg (1958) Physics and Philosophy Source Physics and Philosophy , 1958; Chapters 2 (History), 3 (Copenhagen interpretation) and 5 (HPS), reproduced here; Published : by George Allen and Unwin Edition, 1959. The History of Quantum Theory The idea that energy could be emitted or absorbed only in discrete energy quanta was so new that it could not be fitted into the traditional framework of physics. An attempt by Planck to reconcile his new hypothesis with the older laws of radiation failed in the essential points. It took five years until the next step could be made in the new direction. This time it was the young Albert Einstein, a revolutionary genius among the physicists, who was not afraid to go further away from the old concepts. There were two problems in which he could make use of the new ideas. One was the so-called photoelectric effect, the emission of electrons from metals under the influence of light. The experiments, especially those of Lenard, had shown that the energy of the emitted electrons did not depend on the intensity of the light, but only on its colour or, more precisely, on its frequency. This could not be understood on the basis of the traditional theory of radiation. Einstein could explain the observations by interpreting Planck's hypothesis as saying that light consists of quanta of energy travelling through space. The energy of one light quantum should, in agreement with Planck's assumptions, be equal to the frequency of the light multiplied by Planck's constant.

45. Heisenberg's Physics And Philosophy 3 The Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum theory. THE Copenhagen interpretation of quantum theory starts from a paradox. Any experiment http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/ge/heisenb3.htm

Werner Heisenberg (1958) Physics and Philosophy Source Physics and Philosophy , 1958; Chapters 2 (History), 3 (Copenhagen interpretation) and 5 (HPS), reproduced here; Published : by George Allen and Unwin Edition, 1959. The Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Theory THE Copenhagen interpretation of quantum theory starts from a paradox. Any experiment in physics, whether it refers to the phenomena of daily life or to atomic events, is to be described in the terms of classical physics. The concepts of classical physics form the language by which we describe the arrangements of our experiments and state the results. We cannot and should not replace these concepts by any others. Still the application of these concepts is limited by the relations of uncertainty. We must keep in mind this limited range of applicability of the classical concepts while using them, but we cannot and should not try to improve them. For a better understanding of this paradox it is useful to compare the procedure for the theoretical interpretation of an experiment in classical physics and in quantum theory. In Newton's mechanics, for instance, we may start by measuring the position and the velocity of the planet whose motion we are going to study. The result of the observation is translated into mathematics by deriving numbers for the co-ordinates and the momenta of the planet from the observation. Then the equations of motion are used to derive from these values of the co-ordinates and momenta at a given time the values of these co-ordinates or any other properties of the system at a later time, and in this way the astronomer can predict the properties of the system at a later time. He can, for instance, predict the exact time for an eclipse of the moon.

46. Quantum Foundations By D Hemmick: The Mt. Rushmore Of Quantum The Mt. Rushmore of foundations of quantum theory. Albert Einstein, and Erwin Schrödinger, two of the founding fathers. Einstein on quantum theory http://www.intercom.net/~tarababe/MtRush.html

The "Mt. Rushmore" of foundations of quantum theory. , two of the founding fathers. These men were bold enough to call for an alternative theoretical construction which would empirically agree with quantum theory, yet which would restore completeness and objectivity to our description of nature. "You are the only person with whom I am actually willing to come to terms. Almost all the other fellows do not look from the facts to the theory but from the theory to the facts; they cannot extricate themselves from a once accepted conceptual net, but only flop about in it in a grotesque way." Einstein on quantum theory: (From his answer to Heisenberg's defense of orthodoxy "...every theory in fact contains unobservable quantities. The principle of employing only observable quantities simply cannot be consistently carried out." "What does not satisfy me, from the standpoint of principle, is (quantum theory's) attitude toward that which appears to be the programmatic aim of all physics: the complete description of any (individual) real situation (as it supposedly exists irrespective of any act of observation or substantiation)" "If we have to go on with these damned quantum jumps, then I'm sorry that I ever got involved."

47. Quantum Theory quantum theory evolved as a new branch of theoretical physics during the first few decades of the 20th century in an endeavor to understand the fundamental http://www.thebigview.com/spacetime/quantumtheory.html

Quantum theory evolved as a new branch of theoretical physics during the first few decades of the 20th century in an endeavor to understand the fundamental properties of matter. It began with the study of the interactions of matter and radiation. Certain radiation effects could neither be explained satisfactorily by classical mechanics, nor by the theory of electromagnetism. In particular, physicists were puzzled by the nature of light. Peculiar lines in the spectrum of sunlight had been discovered earlier by Joseph von Fraunhofer (1787-1826). These spectral lines were then systematically catalogued for various substances, yet nobody could explain why the spectral lines are there and why they would differ for each substance. It took about one hundred years, until a plausible explanation was supplied by quantum theory. Quantum theory is about the nature of matter. In contrast to Einstein's Relativity, which is about the largest things in the universe, quantum theory deals with the tiniest things we know, the particles that atoms are made of, which are called "subatomic" particles. In contrast to relativity, quantum theory was not the work of one individual, but the collaborative effort of some of the most brilliant physicists of the 20th century, among them Niels Bohr, Erwin Schrödinger, Wolfgang Pauli, and Max Born. Two names clearly stand out: Max Planck (1858-1947) and Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976). Planck is recognized as the originator of the quantum theory, while Heisenberg formulated one of the most eminent laws of quantum theory, the uncertainty principle, which is occasionally also referred to as the principle of indeterminacy.

48. [hep-ph/0101119] A Status Review Of Inflationary Cosmology The aim of this lecture is to highlight two areas of recent progress in inflationary cosmology, namely reheating and the quantum theory of cosmological perturbations. http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0101119

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, abstract hep-ph/0101119 From: Robert H. Brandenberger [ view email ] Date: Thu, 11 Jan 2001 18:39:36 GMT (27kb) A Status Review of Inflationary Cosmology Authors: Robert H. Brandenberger Comments: 20 pages invited lecture at JGRG10, Osaka, Japan, Sept. 11 - 14, 2000, to appear in the proceedings Journal-ref: BROWN-HET-1256 The first aim of this lecture is to highlight two areas of recent progress in inflationary cosmology, namely reheating and the quantum theory of cosmological perturbations. The second aim is to discuss important conceptual problems for the current realizations of inflation based on fundamental scalar matter fields, and to present some new approaches at solving these problems. Full-text: PostScript PDF , or Other formats References and citations for this submission: SLAC-SPIRES HEP (refers to , cited by , arXiv reformatted); CiteBase (autonomous citation navigation and analysis) Which authors of this paper are endorsers? Links to: arXiv hep-ph find abs

49. Relativity And Quantum Theory Combining Relativity and quantum theory. Overview. A third use of this numerical approach to relativistic quantum field theory is more speculative in nature. http://phys.columbia.edu/~cqft/physics.htm

Combining Relativity and Quantum Theory Overview The two major physics discoveries of the first part of this century, quantum mechanics and Einstein's theory of special relativity present new challenges when treated together. The energy "uncertainty" introduced in quantum theory combines with the mass-energy equivalence of special relativity to allow the creation of particle/anti-particle pairs by quantum fluctuations when the theories are merged. As a result there is no self-consistent theory which generalizes the simple, one-particle Schrödinger equation into a relativistic quantum wave equation. The most successful approach to this problem, developed in the early 30's, begins not with a single relativistic particle, but with a relativistic classical field theory, such as Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism. This classical field theory is then "quantized" in the usual way and the resulting quantum field theory realizes a consistent combination of quantum mechanics and relativity. However, this theory is inherently a many-body theory with the quanta of the normal modes of the classical field having all the properties of physical particles. The resulting many-particle theory can be relatively easily handled if the particles are heavy on the energy scale of interest or if the underlying field theory is essentially linear. Such is the case for atomic physics where the electron-volt energy scale for atomic binding is about a million times smaller than the energy required to create an electron positron pair and where the Maxwell theory of the photon field is essentially linear.

50. Quantum Theory quantum theory is the theoretical basis of modern physics that explains the nature and behavior of matter and energy on the atomic and subatomic level. http://www.whatis.com/definition/0,,sid9_gci332247,00.html

Search our IT-specific encyclopedia for: or jump to a topic: Choose a topic... CIO CRM Databases Domino Enterprise Linux Exchange IBM S/390 IBM AS/400 Mobile Computing Networking Oracle SAP Security Storage Visual Basic Web Services Windows 2000 Advanced Search Browse alphabetically: A B C D ... General Computing Terms quantum theory Quantum theory is the theoretical basis of modern physics that explains the nature and behavior of matter and energy on the atomic and subatomic level. In 1900, physicist Max Planck presented his quantum theory to the German Physical Society. Planck had sought to discover the reason that radiation from a glowing body changes in color from red, to orange, and, finally, to blue as its temperature rises. He found that by making the assumption that energy existed in individual units in the same way that matter does, rather than just as a constant electromagnetic wave - as had been formerly assumed - and was therefore quantifiable , he could find the answer to his question. The existence of these units became the first assumption of quantum theory. Planck wrote a mathematical equation involving a figure to represent these individual units of energy, which he called

51. Student Years, 1920 - 1927: The Old Quantum Theory The BohrSommerfeld quantum theory of the atom proved remarkably successful for the simplest case, a hydrogen atom (one electron orbiting a nucleus). http://www.aip.org/history/heisenberg/p05c.htm

Some of the most beautifully drawn diagrams of the quantum orbits of electrons in the Bohr-Sommerfeld theory of various atoms. In the more modern view, the positions of electrons would be shown as a fuzzy cloud. From H. A. Kramers and Helge Holst, The Atom and the Bohr Theory of its Structure (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1926) H ow are atoms structured? A n electron in an atom could jump up from one fixed orbit to an orbit of higher energy, but only if it absorbed energy precisely equal to the difference of energy between the orbits. Likewise, an electron could jump down to an open lower-energy orbit by giving off energy precisely equal to the energy drop. These two events are the origins of the so-called absorption and emission spectra of the elementstheir characteristic colors. T he quantum behavior of electrons in atoms contradicted not only the "classical" mechanics of Sir Isaac Newton, but also the classical electromagnetic theory, which was developed in the nineteenth century and was spectacularly successful for describing light and radio waves. Even worse, while an electron orbited in a quantum energy state, it did not radiate away its energy as the electromagnetic theory required. Instead, as Bohr postulated but could not explain, each quantum orbit could be considered a "stationary state," with energy losses or gains occurring only when the electrons jumped between the stationary states. I n 1916, Sommerfeld enhanced

52. Arthur Holly Compton 1892-1962 strong opposition. But his work quickly triumphed and had a powerful effect on the development of quantum theory. Compton s work http://www.aip.org/history/gap/Compton/Compton.html

Selected Papers HOME PREFACE AFTERWORD PDF ... MILLIKAN COMPTON A RTHUR H OLLY C OMPTON When Arthur Compton graduated from college he considered taking up a religious career. But his father advised him that he ought to go into science: "Your work in this field may become a more valuable Christian service than if you were to enter the ministry or become a missionary." Such thoughts helped Compton reconcile the two chief influences of his upbringing, devout religion and intellectual work. His father was Professor of Philosophy and later Dean of the College of Wooster, where Arthur was educated; his older brother and good friend Karl, later a noted physicist and president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, communicated his own love of science. At an early point Karl introduced Arthur to the study of X-rays, which was to be the younger brother's main line of work for many years. In 1913 he followed Karl to Princeton, and for his Ph.D. thesis studied the angular distribution of X-rays reflected from crystals. On graduation in 1916 he married a classmate from Wooster College, Betty McCloskey, who became an intelligent and enthusiastic partner in his later activities. Compton was named instructor in physics at the University of Minnesota, one of a number of state-supported schools that were working hard to teach science and to introduce the spirit of pure research. The experiments begun here eventually led Compton to state that magnetization of a material depends not on the orbits of the electrons in it, but on the electron's own elementary characteristics; he was the first to suggest the existence of quantized electron spin.

53. Dr. Mendel Sachs On compatibility of the quantum theory and theory of general relativity by Dr. Mendel Sachs http://www.compukol.com/mendel/

The Future of Physics? My name is Mendel Sachs. My subject is theoretical physics. I have recently become aware of this excellent means of communicating ideas to my fellow physicists. I would like to ask your indulgence in some of my thoughts about physics today. I have discovered during my professional career that in order to increase our comprehension of the material world, it is necessary to ask significant questions and then try to answer them, as completely and rigorously as possible no matter how hard this may seem to be at the outset. A "significant question" to me is one whose answer could possibly increase our understanding. Of course, there is no guarantee at the outset that the question would turn out to be significant in the final analysis. On the other hand, it is often clear when a question (that a great deal of attention may be given to) is not significant! Let me start out, then, with some questions that I believe are significant, and then try to answer them, in my view. 1) What do we presently believe are the most fundamental assertions of the laws of nature? My answer is: The bases of the quantum theory and the theory of relativity. I am not referring here to mathematical expressions of these theories; I refer to the basic concepts that underlie these expressions. If you do not agree with this answer, or those to the questions below, please respond with your own views.

54. Physics Department, Trinity College Dublin - Quantum Theory Physics Department, Trinity College Dublin. WHAT IS quantum theory ABOUT? quantum theory. tells us about the nature of the microscopic http://www.tcd.ie/Physics/Schools/what/atoms/quantum/intro.html

Physics Department, Trinity College Dublin. WHAT IS QUANTUM THEORY ABOUT? Energy Quantisation The Uncertainty Principle Particle-Wave Duality Indeterminacy Quantum Theory tells us about the nature of the microscopic constituents of matter, from atoms and molecules to atomic nuclei and quarks. These tiny particles behave in a totally different way from objects in our ordinary everyday experience. What we have learnt about matter on atomic and subatomic scales has produced new ideas about how the universe evolved and led to technological advances in nuclear physics and materials science which have changed the way we live. On the other hand Quantum Theory has shown that light is not just an electromagnetic wave behaves in some ways like a particle - the photon. This insight has produced the field of Quantum Optics, which has spawned the laser and optoelectronics. Applications to cryptography and computing are still in an experimental stage. Planck's great idea was the quantisation of energy .....

55. Quantum Theory Without Observers II Translate this page http://www.qtwo-symposium.de/

56. Erik's Chemistry: Basic Knowledge To Build The Quantum Theory Basic Knowledge to Build the quantum theory. Back To Erik s Chemistry Main Page. I. Scientists have accepted the notion of atoms http://members.tripod.com/~EppE/quantumt.htm

var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "tripod.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" Basic Knowledge to Build the Quantum Theory Back To Erik's Chemistry: Main Page I. Scientists have accepted the notion of atoms even prior to the time of Dalton who developed a crude atomic theory based upon the work of Lavosier, Proust and himself. Lavosier: Law of Conservation of Mass Proust: Law of Definite Proportions Dalton: Law of Multiple proportions From that time, scientists (chemists and physicists) have been concerned with the nature of the atom. Dalton: "billiard ball" or "bb" model Thompson: "plumb pudding" or "raisin bun" model Rutherford: "nucleus model" with electrons orbiting the nucleus The development in physics during the first thirty years of the 20th century led to a greater understanding of the nature of the atom, particularly the organization of the electron cloud (the mostly empty space around the nucleus from Rutherford). The tool that was used to "dissect" or probe the atom was electromagnetic radiation (EMR), form of energy thought (remember our time frame in history) to consist entirely of waves oscillating in electric and magnetic force fields positioned at right angles with respect to each other.

57. Quantum Theory Timeline quantum theory timeline. At the time. 1913, Niels Bohr succeeds in constructing a theory of atomic structure based on quantum ideas. 1919, http://members.tripod.com/l_asproni/Atom/quantumtheroy.htm

var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "tripod.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" Main timeline Next Quantum Theory timeline At the start of the twentieth century, scientists believed that they understood the most fundamental principles of nature. Atoms were solid building blocks of nature; people trusted Newtonian laws of motion; most of the problems of physics seemed to be solved. However, starting with Einstein's theory of relativity which replaced Newtonian mechanics, scientists gradually realized that their knowledge was far from complete. Of particular interest was the growing field of quantum mechanics, which completely altered the fundamental precepts of physics. Particles discovered 1898 - 1964: Max Planck suggests that radiation is quantized (it comes in discrete amounts.) Albert Einstein , one of the few scientists to take Planck's ideas seriously, proposes a quantum of light (the photon) which behaves like a particle. Einstein's other theories explained the equivalence of mass and energy, the particle-wave duality of photons, the equivalence principle, and special relativity. Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden , under the supervision of Ernest Rutherford , scatter alpha particles off a gold foil and observe large angles of scattering, suggesting that atoms have a small, dense, positively charged nucleus.

58. Quantum Theory Timeline quantum theory timeline. Main Timeline 1913. Niels Bohr succeeds in constructing a theory of atomic structure based on quantum ideas. 1919. http://particleadventure.org/particleadventure/other/history/quantumt.html

Quantum Theory timeline At the start of the twentieth century, scientists believed that they understood the most fundamental principles of nature. Atoms were solid building blocks of nature; people trusted Newtonian laws of motion; most of the problems of physics seemed to be solved. However, starting with Einstein's theory of relativity which replaced Newtonian mechanics, scientists gradually realized that their knowledge was far from complete. Of particular interest was the growing field of quantum mechanics, which completely altered the fundamental precepts of physics. Particles discovered 1898 - 1964: Max Planck suggests that radiation is quantized (it comes in discrete amounts.) Albert Einstein , one of the few scientists to take Planck's ideas seriously, proposes a quantum of light (the photon) which behaves like a particle. Einstein's other theories explained the equivalence of mass and energy, the particle-wave duality of photons, the equivalence principle, and special relativity. Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden , under the supervision of Ernest Rutherford , scatter alpha particles off a gold foil and observe large angles of scattering, suggesting that atoms have a small, dense, positively charged nucleus.

59. Welcome To Prof. Dr. Rati Ram Sharma's Web Site Site rectifies errors of Relativity,quantum theory,Uncertainty Principle,theories of Quarks,Expanding Universe,Darwin theory.Opposes existence of Higgs Boson,weak charge.Gives scientific bases of Homeopathy,spirituality. http://www.geocities.com/drratiram_sharma/index.html

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60. Foundation Of Quantum Theory Foundation of quantum theory. The following wellknown experiments serve as a motivation for studying quantum theory. The experimental http://physics.berea.edu/~king/Teaching/ModPhys/QM/QM1.htm

Foundation of Quantum Theory The following well-known experiments serve as a motivation for studying quantum theory. The experimental results cannot be explained using ideas from classical physics. Blackbody Radiation Photoelectric Effect Compton Effect Blackbody Radiation: It is well-known that when a body is heated it emits electromagnetic radiation. For example, if a piece of iron is heated to a few hundred degrees, it gives off e.m. radiation which is predominantly in the infra-red region. When the temperature is raised to 1000C it will begin to glow with reddish color which means that the radiation emitted by it is in the visible red region having wavelengths shorter than in the previous case. If heated further it will become white-hot and the radiation emitted is shifted towards the still shorter wave-length blue color in the visible spectrum. Thus the nature of the radiation depends on the temperature of the emitter. A heated body not only emits radiation but it also absorbs a part of radiation falling on it. If a body absorbs all the radiant energy falling on it, then its absorptive power is unity. Such a body is called a black body An ideal blackbody is realized in practice by heating to any desired temperature a hollow enclosure (cavity) and with a very small orifice. The inner surface is coated with lamp-black. Thus radiation entering the cavity through the orifice is incident on its blackened inner surface and is partly absorbed and partly reflected. The reflected component is again incident at another point on the inner surface and gets partly absorbed and partly reflected. This process of absorption and reflection continues until the incident beam is totally absorbed by the body.

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