21. Number Systems - Mathematics And The Liberal Arts Mathematics Teacher 74 (1967), 76268. A discussion of the base 20 Mayan numbersystem. A $2\sp{n}$number system in the arithmetic of prehistoric cultures. http://math.truman.edu/~thammond/history/NumberSystems.html

Number Systems - Mathematics and the Liberal Arts To refine search, see subtopics The Hindu-Arabic Numerals The Quipu TallySystems , and Finger Numerals . To expand search, see Arithmetic . Laterally related topics: Numerology Magic Squares Bookkeeping Modular Arithmetic ... The Negative Numbers , and Imaginary and Complex Numbers The Mathematics and the Liberal Arts pages are intended to be a resource for student research projects and for teachers interested in using the history of mathematics in their courses. Many pages focus on ethnomathematics and in the connections between mathematics and other disciplines. The notes in these pages are intended as much to evoke ideas as to indicate what the books and articles are about. They are not intended as reviews. However, some items have been reviewed in Mathematical Reviews , published by The American Mathematical Society. When the mathematical review (MR) number and reviewer are known to the author of these pages, they are given as part of the bibliographic citation. Subscribing institutions can access the more recent MR reviews online through MathSciNet Ascher, Marcia. Before the conquest.

22. Research And Documentation Online: Sciences CBE number system Though scientific publications document sources in similar ways,the details of presenting source information vary from journal to journal. http://www.dianahacker.com/resdoc/sciences/number.html

CBE number system Though scientific publications document sources in similar ways, the details of presenting source information vary from journal to journal. Often publications provide prospective authors with style sheets that outline formats for presenting sources. Before submitting an article to a scientific publication, you should request its style sheet. If one is not available, examine a copy of the publication to see how sources are listed. When writing for a science course, check with your instructor about which format to use. Biologists, zoologists, earth scientists, geneticists, and other scientists may use an author-date system of documentation (one type of author-date system is shown in the APA documentation section of this booklet). Or they may use a number system in which each source is given a number in the text. Following the text, full publication information for each numbered source is provided in a list of references. Entries in this list are given in the order in which they are mentioned in the paper. One type of number system is outlined in Scientific Style and Format , published by the Council of Biology Editors (6th ed., 1994). In the paper, the source is referenced by a superscript number:

23. Binary Number System Erik Østergaard Binary number system. Bottom of This Page. Binarynumber system. The Binary Number Base Systems. Most modern http://www.mindsec.com/files/binary.htm

Bottom of This Page Binary Number System The Binary Number Base Systems Most modern computer systems (including the IBM PC) operate using binary logic. The computer represents values using two voltage levels (usually 0V for logic and either +3.3 V or +5V for logic 1). With two levels we can represent exactly two different values. These could be any two different values, but by convention we use the values zero and one. These two values, coincidentally, correspond to the two digits used by the binary number system. Since there is a correspondence between the logic levels used by the computer and the two digits used in the binary numbering system, it should come as no surprise that computers employ the binary system. The binary number system works like the decimal number system except the Binary Number System: uses base 2 includes only the digits and 1 (any other digit would make the number an invalid binary number) The weighted values for each position is determined as follows: In the United States among other countries, every three decimal digits is separated with a comma to make larger numbers easier to read. For example, 123,456,789 is much easier to read and comprehend than 123456789. We will adopt a similar convention for binary numbers. To make binary numbers more readable, we will add a space every four digits starting from the least significant digit on the left of the decimal point. For example, the binary value 1010111110110010 will be written 1010 1111 1011 0010.

24. Intel To Drive Home Chip-numbering System In May | CNET News.com Intel is expected to launch the new number system during the week ofMay 10, sources familiar with the plans said. The introduction http://news.com.com/2100-1006-5174895.html

CNET News.com CNET tech sites: Price comparisons Product reviews Tech news Downloads ... E-mail alerts! Sign up now by company topic , or keyword Get News around the Web (beta) Intel to drive home chip-numbering system in May Last modified: March 17, 2004, 3:10 PM PST By John G. Spooner Staff Writer, CNET News.com In a move that will change how millions of consumers buy their PCs, Intel later this year will adopt a new system for differentiating its processors that de-emphasizes the widely used gigahertz, or clock speed. Sources familiar with Intel's plans said that the chipmaker in May will begin affixing each of its new processors with a number designed to help consumers decipher how the features stack up against other processors in the same family. Intel will use numbers in the ranges of 300, 500 and 700, similar to the model numbers BMW uses on its sedans. News.context What's new: Intel later this year will adopt a new system for differentiating its processors that de-emphasizes the widely used gigahertz, or clock speed. Bottom line: With more than 80 percent of the market for PC processors, any changes Intel makes to marketing its chips will affect PC makers, retailers and consumers. AMD made a similar change more than two years ago.

25. Intel Chips Take A New Number | CNET News.com Under the model number system, processors will be given numbers to describe theirperformance, in addition to being described as running at 2GHz or another http://news.com.com/2100-1006-5172938.html

CNET News.com CNET tech sites: Price comparisons Product reviews Tech news Downloads ... E-mail alerts! Sign up now by company topic , or keyword Get News around the Web (beta) Intel chips take a new number Last modified: March 12, 2004, 12:32 PM PST By John G. Spooner Staff Writer, CNET News.com Intel plans to assign a new numbering system to its Pentium and Celeron processors in order to better illustrate their performance to consumers, according to a source familiar with the company's plans. The chip giant is expected to begin the practice with the launch of its latest Pentium M processor, dubbed Dothan , which is due in the second quarter. Pentium 4 and Celeron chips will also get model numbers, as Intel aims to get the system in place by summer, the source said. Under the model number system, processors will be given numbers to describe their performance, in addition to being described as running at 2GHz or another speed. The planned system, which would focus on the chips' overall performance and de-emphasize how fast its chips run, is a huge change for Intel's marketing machine. The company has spent years and millions of dollars marketing clock speed as its processors' main measure of performance and their main point of differentiation from competing Advanced Micro Devices products.

26. National Emergency Number Assn. (NENA) NENA's mission is to foster the technological advancement, availability, and implementation of a universal emergency telephone number system. http://www.nena9-1-1.org/

Home About/Contact NENA Initiatives 911 Facts ... Online Store Current News in 9-1-1 Other News NENA Public Education Committee's consumer education packages available: The NENA public education committee has worked in recent months with telecom industry participants to create two consumer education packages, for dissemination by service providers to their customers via various media. The first package concerns wireless 9-1-1 and includes 9-1-1 marketing messages and FAQs for those making 9-1-1 calls from wireless phones. The second package concerns number portability and includes 9-1-1 information to provide porting customers (primarily wireless, however, can also be used by wireline) and for marketing/sales associate training. All providers are encouraged to utilize the applicable information in these packages, as a service to their customers and 9-1-1. NENA Wireless Checklist and Modules Operational Information Document 57-502: The NENA Wireless Checklist and Modules Operational Information Document (OID) was approved by the NENA Operations Committee leadership, May 24, 2004. It is intended to serve as a best practice for deployment of wireless E9-1-1 phase I and phase II.

27. A Fibonacci Number System A Fibonacci number system. Ken Levasseur Mathematical Sciences UMassLowell Kenneth_Levasseur@uml.edu. The Fibonacci sequence is defined http://www.hostsrv.com/webmaa/app1/MSP/webm1010/fibonaccinumbersystem.msp

A Fibonacci Number System Ken Levasseur Mathematical Sciences UMass Lowell Kenneth_Levasseur@uml.edu The Fibonacci sequence is defined recursively by f n = f n-1 + f n-2 , with f = f A problem posed by Elias Lapakis in the December 2002 issue of Mathematics Magazine is to prove that every positive integer n can be expressed in the form where k is a posive integer and integers a a a k all equal 1 or 2. ,..., a k Enter a positive integer: UML WebMathematica Script Index

28. The Phi Number System The Phi number system. Ken Levasseur Mathematical Sciences UMass Lowell Kenneth_Levasseur@uml.edu.One of the many fascinating properties of the golden ratio,, http://www.hostsrv.com/webmaa/app1/MSP/webm1010/PhiNumberSystem/PhiNumberSystem.

The Phi Number System Ken Levasseur Mathematical Sciences UMass Lowell Kenneth_Levasseur@uml.edu One of the many fascinating properties of the golden ratio, is that for every positive integer n , there is a unique set of nonconsecutive integer powers of that add up to n . For example, and Interested in knowing how your favorite positive integer is represented in the "phi number system?" Just type it in below and click on the "Evaluate" button. Enter a positive integer: List of powers used in the sum: The Mathematica code that this script in based on was developed by Sue Robinson in 1995 for a course at UMass Lowell. UML WebMathematica Script Index

29. Number System Conversion Tool http://www.cstc.org/data/resources/60/convtop.html

RESIZE> Viewing this page requires a browser capable of displaying frames.

30. Indexdni of the D'ni number system and fan fiction journal of another Age....... http://www.geocities.com/marsquo/indexdni.html

The Guild of the Mechanists Shorah This is the home of the Mechanists Guild, overseen by Guildmaster K’lon. The Guild here is devoted to the reinvention, adaptation, and advancement of the great technology of D’ni. Our Guild is small, so people may join on as apprentices, or submit information for review. Any help would be appreciated. To submit material or to contact Guildmaster K’lon for information, E-mail him at Marsquo@deseretmail.com . Thank you for your submissions. Mars Quo: Home The Number System of the D'ni My Ages

31. Karl's Calculus Tutor: 1.0 Number Systems Section 1 number systems. Addition, subtraction, multiplication, and divisionextend easily to be applicable to the expanded number system. http://www.karlscalculus.org/calc1.html

Section 1: Number Systems 1.0 Preliminaries Number Systems Calculus deals with properties of the real numbers. In order to understand calculus you must first understand what it is about the real numbers that separates them from other kinds of numbers we use from day to day. 1.1 The Counting Numbers These are the first numbers we learn. When we count, we start from one and list off the names of numbers in sequence. And this simple description clues us in on what the crucial properties of the counting numbers are: There is a first counting number, and for each counting number, there is a next next counting number, or in other words, a successor. No counting number is its own successor. No counting number has more than one successor. No counting number is the successor of more than one other counting number. Only the number 1 is not the successor of any counting number. And there is one more important property. That is, the counting numbers are like a ladder. If you know how to step onto the first rung of the ladder, and from any rung you know how to step to the next rung, then you can get to every rung. You probably remember learning about proof by induction back when you took algebra in highschool. This is the principle on which it is based. The way textbooks usually state it is that if you have a collection of counting numbers, and 1 is in that collection, and the successor of each counting number in the collection is also in the collection, then the collection contains all the counting numbers there are. But if you remember only the ladder analogy, you will still have the basic idea.

32. Number Systems Placevalue and the decimal system. Our decimal or base ten number system is a place-valuesystem. 1. Place values (in decimal) for the decimal number system. http://www.dotlessbraille.org/numbersystems.htm

Introduction to the Binary and Other Number Systems Note to persons reading this in Braille. This section contains some mathematical notation which may not display correctly when transcribed to Braille 2. We would appreciate feedback on any problems. Place-value and the decimal system. Our decimal or base ten number system is a place-value system. This means that the place or location where you put a numeral determines its corresponding numerical value. (This is analogous to braille codes in that the place you put a cell sometimes determines its meaning.) A two in the one's place means two times one or two. A two in the one-thousand's place means two times one thousand or two thousand. Figure 1 shows the place values for the first six whole number places in the decimal system. Whole number places: Place values: 100000 10000 1000 100 10 1 Fig. 1. Place values (in decimal) for the decimal number system. The place-value of the place immediately to the left of the "decimal" point is one in all place-value number systems. (The point itself should have different names in different number systems but this distinction isn't usually made.)

33. Tutorials - Number Systems - [Free2Code.net] The base of number systems is detemined by how many numerical digits the numbersystem uses Firstly let s look at binary. The Binary number system. http://www.free2code.net/tutorials/other/20/ns.php

Currently 16 users online. Software is like entropy. It is difficult to grasp, weighs nothing, and obeys the second law of thermodynamics; i.e. it always increases. Home Learning - Tutorials - Code ... Login You are not logged in, Login We have members: contribute regularly None are online now guests are visiting people have visited in the last 24 hours Reseller Hosting (doesn't validate? please tell us Tutorials Number Systems Author: Jester printer friendly version Number Systems In this tutorial I will explain to you the different number systems, converting a number which is represented in a specific number system to its value in another number system and number systems arithmetic. The "base" of number systems is detemined by how many numerical digits the number system uses: Binary (base 2) Octal (base 8) Hexadecimal (base 16) Decimal (base 10) Study the table below: Decimal Hexadecimal Octal Binary A B C D E F Decimal uses 0-9 (base 10), hexadecimal uses 0-F (base 16) octal uses 0-7 (base 8) and binary uses only or 1 (base 2) This tutorial covers 3 number systems: Binary Hexadecimal Octal Well, 4 if you include decimal, but we all know decimal arithmetic, hopefully. Firstly let's look at binary.

34. Writing Numbers answers. They can write their answers using conventional numbers, orusing the numbers from that particular number system. You might http://www.teachingideas.co.uk/maths/numbersys.htm

Visit dhtml-menu.com for more info. Welcome to Teaching Ideas Today is Start Internet Banking with Nationwide! Writing Numbers Teaching Ideas Numeracy Ideas Subject: Numeracy (Maths) Age Range: 7 to 11 The table below shows nine different number systems that have been used throughout history. Each picture shows the equivalent of the numbers from 1 to 10, and the last four systems in the table also show the number zero (which is placed after ten in each picture). Babylonian Egyptian Greek Roman Ancient Chinese Maya Hindu Arabic / European 15th Century Modern Arabic / European There is a worksheet based on the above resources. It contains 64 sums (eight from each of the different number systems). Children should work out which numbers are used in each sum and then calculate the answers. They can write their answers using conventional numbers, or using the numbers from that particular number system. You might also want them to write the question in conventional numbers to check their working. The worksheet is available in PDF format only and can be found here The questions and answers to the worksheet are as follows: Babylonian Egyptian Greek Roman Chinese Maya Hindu Arabic Other Possible Activities related to this...

35. Guild Of Linguists Homepage An indepth study of the D'ni language, with lessons on phonetics, grammar, vocabulary, and the number system, as well as the D'ni font for download. Also available in French and German. http://linguists.riedl.org/old/main.htm

36. Egypt: The Ancient Egyptian Number System (Math), A Feature Tour Egypt Story The Ancient Egyptian number system By Caroline Seawright. In ancientEgypt mathematics was used for measuring time, straight lines http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/numbers.htm

The Ancient Egyptian Number System By Caroline Seawright In ancient Egypt mathematics was used for measuring time, straight lines, the level of the Nile floodings, calculating areas of land, counting money, working out taxes and cooking. Maths was even used in mythology - the Egyptians figured out the numbers of days in the year with their calendar . They were one of the ancient peoples who got it closest to the 'true year', though their mathematical skills. Maths was also used with fantastic results for building tombs, pyramids and other architectural marvels. A part of the largest surviving mathematical scroll, the Rhind Papyrus (written in hieratic script), asks questions about the geometry of triangles. It is, in essence, a mathematical text book. The surviving parts of the papyrus show how the Egyptian engineers calculated the proportions of pyramids as well as other structures. Originally, this papyrus was five meters long and thirty three centimeters high. It is again to the Nile Valley that we must look for evidence of the early influence on Greek mathematics. With respect to geometry, the commentators are unanimous: the mathematician-priests of the Nile Valley knew no peer. The geometry of Pythagoras, Eudoxus, Plato, and Euclid was learned in Nile Valley temples. Four mathematical papyri still survive, most importantly the Rhind mathematical papyrus dating to 1832 B.C. Not only do these papyri show that the priests had mastered all the processes of arithmetic, including a theory of number, but had developed formulas enabling them to find solutions of problems with one and two unknowns, along with "think of a number problems." With all of this plus the arithmetic and geometric progressions they discovered, it is evident that by 1832 B.C., algebra was in place in the Nile Valley.

37. The First Place-Value Number System The Babylonian s sexagesimal (base60) number system, which first appeared around1900 to 1800 BC, is also credited as being the first known place-value number http://www.maxmon.com/1900bc.htm

1900 BC The First Place-Value Number System The decimal system with which we are fated is a place-value system, which means that the value of a particular digit depends both on the digit itself and on its position within the number. For example, a four in the right-hand column simply means four ...... in the next column it means forty ...... one more column over means four-hundred ...... then four thousand, and so on. For many arithmetic operations, the use of a number system whose base is wholly divisible by many numbers, especially the smaller values, conveys certain advantages. And so we come to the Babylonians, who were famous for their astrological observations and calculations, and who used a sexagesimal (base-60) numbering system (see also The invention of the abacus a Although sixty may appear to be a large value to have as a base, it does convey certain advantages. Sixty is the smallest number that can be wholly divided by two, three, four, five, and six ...... and of course it can also be divided by ten, fifteen, twenty, and thirty. In addition to using base sixty, the Babylonians also made use six and ten as sub-bases. a The Babylonian's sexagesimal system, which first appeared around 1900 to 1800 BC, is also credited as being

38. Sequence Identifiers: GI Number And Accession.Version In February 1999, GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ implemented a new accession.version systemof sequence identifiers that runs parallel to the gi number system. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Sitemap/sequenceIDs.html

Sequence Identifiers: A Historical Note PubMed Entrez BLAST OMIM ... brief and complete versions About NCBI general and contact information GenBank submit your sequence, general information ... download data and software Question Why are there two types of sequence identification numbers (GI and VERSION), and what is the difference between them? Answer The two types of sequence identification numbers, GI and VERSION , have different formats and were implemented at different points in time. GI number (sometimes written in lower case, " gi ") is simply a series of digits that are assigned consecutively to each sequence record processed by NCBI. The GI number bears no resemblance to the Accession number of the sequence record. nucleotide sequence GI number is shown in the VERSION field of the database record protein sequence GI number is shown in the CDS/db_xref field of a nucleotide database record, and the VERSION field of a protein database record VERSION is made of the accession number of the database record followed by a dot and a version number (and is therefore sometimes referred to as the " accession.version

39. Chinese Numbers of the Chinese number system. 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000000. Traditional, Simplfied, Formal Trad. (Daxie),Formal Simp....... A Brief http://www.mandarintools.com/numbers.html

Chinese Numbers Number: Output as: Picture Traditional Simplified Pinyin Formal (checks) This page converts a number into Chinese. It works for numbers up to 1 billion. Just type in a number like "8890" (no decimal points please) and click "Show Chinese". Number: Output as: Arabic Numbers This page can also show the value of a Chinese number. Just type or paste in a number in Big5 Chinese (no decimal points please) and click "Show English". I've written a Perl module to convert between Chinese character numbers and Arabic numbers that you are welcome to download and use. A Brief Description of the Chinese Number System Traditional Simplfied Formal Trad. (Daxie) Formal Simp. (Daxie) Pinyin While China has for many uses adopted the Arabic numeral system familiar around the world, it also still uses its native Chinese character number system. The Chinese system is also a base-10 system, but has important differences in the way the numbers are represented. Chinese has characters for numbers through 9, as seen above. In addition to the character shown above for zero, a simple circle is also used. Pronunciation for the characters uses the standard Romanization scheme in China called "pinyin" . The number at the end of the pinyin indicates the tone. Eleven in Chinese is "ten one". Twelve is "ten two", and so on. Twenty is "Two ten", twenty-one is "two ten one" (2*10 + 1), and so on up to 99. One-hundred is "one hundred". One-hundred and one is "one hundred zero one". One hundred and eleven is "one hundred one ten one". Notice that for eleven alone, you only need "ten one" and not "one ten one", but when used in a larger number (such as 111), you must add the extra "one". One thousand and above is done in a similar fashion, where you say how many thousands you have, then how many hundreds, tens, and ones. An exception to this is for zeroes. When a zero occurs in the number (except at the end), you need to say "zero", but only once for two or more consecutive zeroes. So one-thousand and one would be "one thousand zero one", where zero stands in for the hundreds and tens places. Try different numbers in the converter above to practice and check on other numbers.

40. The Factorial Number System The Factorial number system. Our traditional radix way. This placessome restrictions on our possible number systems. With column http://www.mathpages.com/home/kmath165.htm

The Factorial Number System Return to MathPages Main Menu

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