21. Division Algebras, Lie Algebras, Lie Groups: 7 Division Algebras, lie algebras, Lie Groups and Spinors. The associated lie algebra, su(2), has a basis, q k , k = 1,2,3 (3dimensional, as is SU(2) itself). http://www.7stones.com/Homepage/AlgebraSite/algebra7.html

BACK CONTENTS NEXT OCTONION HOME ... MATHEMATICAL IDEAS IN SCIENCE Division Algebras, Lie Algebras, Lie Groups and Spinors 7. Quaternions: Lie Groups and Algebras The fact that Q acting on itself from the left and from the right gives rise to two distinct and commuting copies of Q actions suggests that it would be worth our while to distinguish the algebras of left actions, right actions, and Q itself, the algebra on which these adjoint algebras act: Q : quaternion algebra itself; basis q m , m=0,1,2,3; Q L : adjoint algebra of left actions of Q on itself; basis q Lm , m=0,1,2,3; Q R : adjoint algebra of right actions of Q on itself; basis q Rm , m=0,1,2,3. (This notation originates in my book: Division Algebras: Octonions, Quaternions, Complex Numbers and the Algebraic Design of Physics Why bother with three copies of the same algebra? Because the quaternions are noncommutative, and there really are three different copies. Using all three makes it very easy to connect the quaternions to some important Lie groups, and Clifford algebras and spinors (see the book for a detailed discussion of Clifford algebras).

22. Week5 Let me start with the prehistory, which is the sort of thing everyone should learn. Recall what a lie algebra is a vector space http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/week5.html

This Week's Finds in Mathematical Physics (Week 5) John Baez I think I'll start out this week's list of finds with an elementary introduction to Lie algebras, so that people who aren't "experts" can get the drift of what these are about. Then I'll gradually pick up speed... 1) Indecomposable restricted representations of quantum sl_2, Vyjanathi Chari and Alexander Premet, University of California at Riverside preprint. Vyjanathi is our resident expert on quantum groups, and Sasha, who's visiting, is an expert on Lie algebras in characteristic p. They have been talking endlessly across the hall from me and now I see that it has born fruit. This is a pretty technical paper and I am afraid I'll never really understand it, but I can see why it's important, so I'll try to explain that! Let me start with the prehistory, which is the sort of thing everyone should learn. Recall what a Lie algebra is... a vector space with a "bracket" operation such that the bracket [x,y] of any two vectors x and y is again a vector, and such that the following hold: a) skew-symmetry: [x,y] = -[y,x]. b) bilinearity: [x,ay] = a[x,y], [x,y+z] = [x,y] + [x,z]. (a is any number) c) Jacobi identity: [x,[y,z]] + [y,[z,x]] + [z,[x,y]] = 0.

23. Exceptional Lie Algebras The lie algebra of this isometry group is. The case of is very similar. where is the subgroup that acts trivially on . The lie algebra of this isometry group is. http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/Octonions/node13.html

Next: G Up: The Octonions Previous: OP and the Exceptional Jordan Algebra 4. Exceptional Lie Algebras On October 18th, 1887, Wilhelm Killing wrote a letter to Friedrich Engel saying that he had classified the simple Lie algebras. In the next three years, this revolutionary work was published in a series of papers [ ]. Besides what we now call the `classical' simple Lie algebras, he claimed to have found 6 `exceptional' ones new mathematical objects whose existence had never before been suspected. In fact he only gave a rigorous construction of the smallest of these. In his 1894 thesis, Cartan [ ] constructed all of them and noticed that the two 52-dimensional exceptional Lie algebras discovered by Killing were isomorphic, so that there are really only 5. The Killing-Cartan classification of simple Lie algebras introduced much of the technology that is now covered in any introductory course on the subject, such as roots and weights. In what follows we shall avoid this technology, since we wish instead to see the exceptional Lie algebras as octonionic cousins of the classical ones slightly eccentric cousins, but still having a close connection to geometry , in particular the Riemannian geometry of projective planes. It is also for this reason that we shall focus on the compact real forms of the simple Lie algebras.

24. International Mathematics Research Notices of its maximal metabelian quotient G / G ? . The direct sum of the Chen groups is a graded lie algebra, with bracket induced by the group commutator. http://imrn.hindawi.com/volume-2004/S1073792804132017.html

Home About this Journal Sample Copy Request Author Index ... Contents IMRN 2004:21 (2004) 1057-1086. DOI: 10.1155/S1073792804132017 CHEN LIE ALGEBRAS STEFAN PAPADIMA and ALEXANDER I. SUCIU Received 10 July 2003. Revision received 5 November 2003. The Chen groups of a finitely presented group G are the lower central series quotients of its maximal metabelian quotient G G . The direct sum of the Chen groups is a graded Lie algebra, with bracket induced by the group commutator. If G is the fundamental group of a formal space, we give an analog of a basic result of Sullivan by showing that the rational Chen Lie algebra of G is isomorphic to the rational holonomy Lie algebra of G modulo the second derived subalgebra. Following an idea of Massey, we point out a connection between the Alexander invariant of a group G defined by commutator-relators and its integral holonomy Lie algebra. As an application, we determine the Chen Lie algebras of several classes of geometrically defined groups, including surface-like groups, fundamental groups of certain link complements in S , and fundamental groups of complements of hyperplane arrangements in . For link groups, we sharpen Massey and Traldi's solution of the Murasugi conjecture. For arrangement groups, we prove that the rational Chen Lie algebra is combinatorially determined.

25. International Mathematics Research Notices In particular, if the hyperplane arrangement is fibertype, then, apart from grading, the lie algebra obtained from the descending central series for the http://imrn.hindawi.com/volume-2003/S1073792803208102.html

Home About this Journal Sample Copy Request Author Index ... Contents IMRN 2003:29 (2003) 1591-1621. DOI: 10.1155/S1073792803208102 LIE ALGEBRAS ASSOCIATED TO FIBER-TYPE ARRANGEMENTS Received 20 August 2002. Revision received 10 January 2003. Given a hyperplane arrangement in a complex vector space of dimension k subspaces in a complex vector space of dimension k This page contains MathML. Click here for more information. The following files are available for this article: Full-Text PDF for institutional subscribers References with review and full-text links Pay-per-View: Purchase this article full-text in PDF format Hindawi Publishing Corporation Comments: webmaster@hindawi.com

26. Lie Algebra - Encyclopedia Article About Lie Algebra. Free Access, No Registrati encyclopedia article about lie algebra. lie algebra in Free online English dictionary, thesaurus and encyclopedia. Provides lie algebra. Word http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Lie algebra

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia Lie Algebra Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition In mathematics Mathematics is commonly defined as the study of patterns of structure, change, and space; more informally, one might say it is the study of 'figures and numbers'. In the formalist view, it is the investigation of axiomatically defined abstract structures using logic and mathematical notation; other views are described in Philosophy of mathematics. Mathematics might be seen as a simple extension of spoken and written languages, with an extremely precisely defined vocabulary and grammar, for the purpose of describing and exploring physical and conceptual relationships. Click the link for more information. , a Lie algebra (named after Sophus Lie Marius Sophus Lie (December 17, 1842 - February 18, 1899) was a Norwegian-born mathematician who largely created the theory of continuous symmetry, and applied it to the study of geometric structures and differential equations. Lie's principal tool, and one of his greatest achievements was the discovery that continuous transformation groups (now called Lie groups) could be better understood by "linearizing" them, and studying the corresponding generating vector fields (the so-called infinitesimal generators). The generators obey a linearized version of the group law called the commutator bracket, and have the structure of what we today, in honour of Lie, call a Lie algebra. Click the link for more information.

27. Representation Of A Lie Algebra - Encyclopedia Article About Representation Of A encyclopedia article about Representation of a lie algebra. Representation of a lie algebra in Free online English dictionary, thesaurus and encyclopedia. http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Representation of a Lie algebra

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia Representation of a Lie algebra Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition In mathematics Mathematics is commonly defined as the study of patterns of structure, change, and space; more informally, one might say it is the study of 'figures and numbers'. In the formalist view, it is the investigation of axiomatically defined abstract structures using logic and mathematical notation; other views are described in Philosophy of mathematics. Mathematics might be seen as a simple extension of spoken and written languages, with an extremely precisely defined vocabulary and grammar, for the purpose of describing and exploring physical and conceptual relationships. Click the link for more information. G H is a homomorphism This word must not be confused with homeomorphism. A homomorphism , (or sometimes simply morphism ) from one mathematical object to another of the same kind, is a mapping that is compatible with all relevant structure. The notion of homomorphism is studied abstractly in universal algebra, and that is the viewpoint taken in this article. A more general notion of morphism is studied abstractly in category theory. Click the link for more information.

28. Lie Algebra Definition Meaning Information Explanation lie algebra. definition z. Examples. Every vector space becomes a lie algebra if we define the Lie bracket to be identically zero. http://www.free-definition.com/Lie-algebra.html

A B C D ... Contact Beta 0.71 powered by: akademie.de PHP PostgreSQL Google News about your search term Lie algebra In mathematics , a Lie algebra (named after Sophus Lie , pronounced "lee") is an algebraic structure whose main use lies in studying geometric objects such as Lie groups and differentiable manifolds Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Definition 2 Examples 3 Homomorphisms, Subalgebras and Ideals 4 Classification of Lie Algebras ... 5 Related topics Definition A Lie algebra is a vector space g over some field F (typically the real or complex numbers) together with a binary operation g g g , called the Lie bracket , which satisfies the following properties: it is bilinear , i.e., [ a x b y z a x z b y z ] and [ z a x b y a z x b z y ] for all a b in F and all x y z in g it satisfies the Jacobi identity , i.e., [[ x y z z x y y z x ] = for all x y z in g x x ] = for all x in g Note that the first and third properties together imply [ x y y x ] for all x y in g ("anti-symmetry") if the characteristic of F is not 2. Note also that the multiplication represented by the Lie bracket is not in general associative, that is, [[ x y z ] need not equal [ x y z Examples Every vector space becomes a Lie algebra if we define the Lie bracket to be identically zero.

29. Finite Dimensional Representations Of Lie Algebras Let L denote a semisimple lie algebra over the complex numbers with a fixed Cartan subalgebra H. We may assume that L is generated (as a lie algebra) by a http://web.usna.navy.mil/~wdj/crystal2.htm

Finite dimensional representations of Lie algebras - a brief introduction using using crystal graphs a -a a are the corresponding root vectors. Let (s,V) denote an irreducible finite dimensional representation of L, s : L > End(V). The restriction of (s,V) to the Cartan subalgebra H decomposes into a direct sum of 1-dimensional representations of H. These are the weight spaces of (s,V). We shall need to assume that this decomposition is multiplicity free. This representation is uniquely determined by the action of the simple root vectors on the lowest weight vector of V. For example, the first several highest weight vectors of the Lie algebra A and the dimensions of the corresponding irreducible representations looks like: weight system of A We associate to (s,V) a digraph G as follows: the vertices of G are indexed by the weight spaces of (s,V) and we draw an edge from vertex W to vertex W' labeled with X a (a in D) if X a (W)=W'. This is the crystal graph of (s,V). Example: Let L= B and let (s,V) denote the standard 11-dimensional fundamental representation associated to the weight e5 (in the notation of Stembridge 's coxeter package). The crystal graph looks like:

30. Group Algebras, Lie Algebras, And Clifford Algebras Group Algebras, lie algebras, and Clifford Algebras. Slides of colloquium on birdtracks and algebras given at Moscow State University in 1997. http://www.ph.ed.ac.uk/~adk/algebra-slides/

Group Algebras, Lie Algebras, and Clifford Algebras Slides of colloquium on birdtracks and algebras given at Moscow State University in 1997. Click on the thumbnail of the slide to see the full page version. About this HTML document Mozilla Last modified on 5 June, 1998. adk@scri.fsu.edu [ Please note that the University of Edinburgh is not responsible for the content of these WWW pages. For queries please contact user @ph.ed.ac.uk where user appears after the and before the in the URL for this page ]

31. The Lie Algebras Su(N) Publications An Introduction to the Interacting Boson Model of the Atomic Nucleus, An Introduction to the lie algebras su(N), Walter Pfeifer, Switzerland. http://www.walterpfeifer.ch/liealgebra/liealgebras.htm

Publications on a nuclear model and some Lie algebras by Walter Pfeifer Home Interacting Boson Model Lie Algebras su(N) Contact The Lie Algebras su(N), an Introduction Description Table of contents 116 pages, 46 line figures, 2003, by Walter Pfeifer Price € 38.-, Birkhäuser Verlag Basel, ISBN 3-7643-2418-X The su(N) Lie algebras very frequently appear and "there is hardly any student of physics or mathematics who will never come across symbols like su(2) and su(3)" (Fuchs, Schweigert, 1997, p. XV). For instance, the algebra su(2) describes angular momenta, su(3) is related to harmonic oscillator properties or to rotation properties of systems and su(4) represents states of elementary particles in the quark model. This book is mainly directed to undergraduate students of physics or to interested physicists. It is conceived to give directly a concrete idea of the su(N) algebras and of their laws. The detailed developments, the numerous references to preceding places, the figures and many explicit calculations of matrices should enable the beginner to follow. Laws which are given without proof are marked clearly and mostly checked with numerical tests. Knowledge of basic linear algebra is a prerequisite. Many results are obtained, which hold generally for (simple) Lie algebras. Therefore, the text on hand can make the lead-in to this field easier.

32. Works weight systems derived from algebras. On weight systems derived from Heisenberg lie algebras published. ( Journal of Knot Theory and http://homepage3.nifty.com/Nis/works.html

Past works I, NISHIHARA Hideaki, am interested in quantum invariants of tangles, and weight systems derived from algebras. On weight systems derived from Heisenberg Lie algebras published. ( Journal of Knot Theory and Its Ramifications 12(2003), 589604 On invariant symmetric 2-tensors of nilpotent Lie algebras of maximal rank It is an experiment to construct a weight system from nilpotent Lie algebras. The properties of symmetric ad-invariant 2-tensors of nilpotent Lie algebras of maximal rank are discussed from the viewpoint of root systems. 2-tensors are calculated explicitly in the cases that the algebras come from the generalized Cartan matrices of finite type. The loop-degrees of Jacobi diagrams and Lie algebras It is a generalization of the papers above. Nilpotent Lie algebras induce weight systems which vanish all Jacobi diagrams except for trees. Certain extensions of nilpotent ones do weight systems which vanish except for trees and wheels. For weight systems derived from algebras of the other types, there exist Jacobi diagrams having sufficiently many loops and not being vanished by the weight systems. An invariant of 3-manifolds with value in F (For the proceeding of the workshop "Art of Low Dimensional Topology IV") A modification of the algebra of web diagrams, the coefficients of which are in a field of characteresitic 5, and whose defining relations are IHX, STU, AS, L

33. MOTIVIC TRANSFORMATIOMS & LIE ALGEBRAS which are the elements of the Lie group SO(2), adding, set theoretically, to the pt inversion operator, to the rotation generator gives the lie algebra of O(2 http://graham.main.nc.us/~bhammel/MUSIC/Liemotiv.html

Through second hand information on work by Guerino Mazzola (GM) I understand that GM has done motivic analysis of many pieces which range over many styles using his analytic software RUBATO In his book "The Geometry of Tone", (1986), to my knowledge, still only available in German, and which I have not had the oppotunity to read, his general interest in the geometrical aspects of music. One of the influences of this idea can be seen in Chantal Buteau MS thesis: "Motivic Topologies and Their Meaning in the Motivic Analysis of Music" [Caution: last I looked, this file has a wrong suffix; it is really a PostScript File.] This is a further extension since topology is an extension or generalization of geometry, that is based on a concept of "nearness" without the use of a metric. Ever since now seemingly simple welding together of algebra and geometry that every high school student learns, mathematics has evolved to expand and illucidate this connection, creating areas of "Algebraic Geometry", "Algebraic Topology", "K-Theory" and "Geometric Algebra". This and more can be explored at Dave Rusin's Mathematical Atlas: A Gateway to Mathematics Felix Klein understood a geometry as a space where a set of "geometric invariants" are preserved under the action of a group of transformations that act on the space. Ultimately, the essence of the geometry is absorbed into the group itself. I've written a very small

34. Lie Algebras And Quantum Groups Overview. This course will be an introduction to the classical theory of lie algebras, one of the central fields of midtwentieth-century algebra. http://www.maths.unsw.edu.au/amsiss04/liealg.html

Australian Mathematical Sciences Institute Summer School 2004 Lie algebras and quantum groups Courses Costs Venue Accommodation ... Applications 13 November 2003 Lecturers: Dr Anthony Henderson (University of Sydney) Email: anthonyh@maths.usyd.edu.au Course structure: 28 hours, some of which will be tutorials. Overview This course will be an introduction to the classical theory of Lie algebras, one of the central fields of mid-twentieth-century algebra. As well as being intrinsically fascinating, Lie algebras have plentiful connections with such fields as differential geometry, representation theory, harmonic analysis, and mathematical physics, and the course should be a useful grounding for students wishing to explore any of these areas. We will also briefly examine the most important recent development in Lie algebras, the idea of quantization, which came from physics but has proved a powerful tool in answering purely algebraic questions. Content Basic notions of Lie algebras and their representations Structure theory of complex semisimple Lie algebras Classification of simple Lie algebras Classification of finite-dimensional irreducible representations Quantized enveloping algebras and crystal bases Prerequisites Familiarity with the basic algebraic notions of groups, rings and modules, and linear algebra. Some knowledge of group representation theory would be very helpful, although not logically required.

35. The Free Lie Algebra The Free lie algebra. A good reference for the material in this section is 14. A lie algebra is a vector space L over k which is equipped with a bilinear map. http://www.bangor.ac.uk/~mas019/symb/node2.html

Next: Data Structures and Algorithms Up: Notes on Symbolic Computation Previous: Introduction The Free Lie Algebra A good reference for the material in this section is [ ]. For simplicity, it is assumed that k is a field of characteristic not equal to in this section. A Lie algebra is a vector space L over k which is equipped with a bilinear map L L L which satisfies the following two axioms x y y x ] (skew-symmetry) and x y z y z x z x y ]] = (Jacobi identity) There is a free Lie algebra generated by a given set of symbols X . Roughly, it is the Lie algebra which satisfies the axioms above and no other relations. It is known that the free Lie algebra generated by a set X has a graded basis (every element in the basis has a non-negative integer called the degree associated to it) in a well defined way. If the cardinality of X is the finite number g , the number of basis elements of degree exactly c , for c is given by the recursive formula: l g l g g l g c m l g m where m c means that m divides c P. Hall (see [ ]) gave an algorithm which can be used to construct a graded basis H H c for the free Lie algebra F g generated by any set X x x g and any choice of a total order on X (which is assumed to be the obvious one indicated here). The construction is by recursion and an ordering on the basis is also constructed along the way. This is done in a way that not only are all the

36. Associated Lie Algebra next up previous Next Bialgebras, Primitives Up The BakerCambell-Hausdoff Formula Previous The Baker-Cambell-Hausdoff Formula Associated lie algebra. http://www.bangor.ac.uk/~mas019/symb/node25.html

Next: Bialgebras, Primitives Up: The Baker-Cambell-Hausdoff Formula Previous: The Baker-Cambell-Hausdoff Formula Associated Lie Algebra To prepare for the next subsection, recall that for any associative algebra A , there is an associated Lie algebra L A which has the same underlying vector space structure as A and bracket given by x y xy yx Larry A. Lambe 2003-03-08

37. Lie Algebra -- From Eric Weisstein's Encyclopedia Of Scientific Books lie algebra. see also lie algebra , Lie Groups. Jacobson, Nathan. lie algebras. New York Dover, 1979. 331 p. $7.95. Mikhalev, Alexander http://www.ericweisstein.com/encyclopedias/books/LieAlgebra.html

Lie Algebra see also Lie Algebra Lie Groups Jacobson, Nathan. Lie Algebras. New York: Dover, 1979. 331 p. $7.95. Mikhalev, Alexander A. and Zolotykh, Anrej A. Combinatorial Aspects of Lie Superalgebras. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1955. 272 p. $115. Eric W. Weisstein http://www.ericweisstein.com/encyclopedias/books/LieAlgebra.html

38. Modular Lie Algebras Roughly speaking, many features from the classical structure and representation theory can be salvaged as long as the lie algebra to be studied comes from a http://www.mathematik.uni-bielefeld.de/~rolf/ModLie.html

Modular Lie Algebras The theory of Lie groups and Lie algebras was initiated by the Norwegian mathematician Marius Sophus Lie (1842-1899), who studied systems of differential equations by means of their transformation groups. In this context Lie algebras occurred as "infinitesimal transformations" and were called "infinitesimal groups" until H. Weyl introduced the current terminology in 1934. The general structure theory complex Lie algebras was developed by E. Cartan, F. Engel, and W. Killing between 1888 and 1894. Many of the classical results, such as H. Weyl's theorem on the complete reducibility of representations of complex semi-simple Lie algebras, were based on analytic techniques. Later, purely algebraic proofs were found. In his paper "Rational methods in the theory of Lie algebras", Ann. of Math. (1936), 875-881, N. Jacobson showed that most of the results for real and complex Lie algebras retain their validity for arbitrary fields of characteristic 0. For fields of positive characteristic, however, new phenomena arise. Not only do the classical methods no longer work, also most of the aforementioned fundamental results cannot be transferred to this "modular" setting. The above facts notwithstanding, there are interesting classes of modular Lie algebras that behave better than others. Roughly speaking, many features from the classical structure and representation theory can be salvaged as long as the Lie algebra to be studied comes from a smooth algebraic group scheme. Such Lie algebras have an additional structure, a so-called p-mapping, which, along with the adjoint representation of the underlying algebraic group, affords a good structure theory. In fact, the representation theory of reductive Lie algebras (i.e., those associated to reductive algebraic groups) is currently a rather active field of research.

39. Cohomology Of Lie Algebras was the computation of the real cohomology of the underlying topological space of a compact connected Lie group in terms of its associated lie algebra. http://www.mathematik.uni-bielefeld.de/~rolf/Liecohom.html

Cohomology of Lie Algebras The cohomology theory of Lie algebras was initiated by C. Chevalley and S. Eilenberg in their article "Cohomology theory of Lie groups and Lie algebras", Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. (1948), 85-124. Their main motivation was the computation of the real cohomology of the underlying topological space of a compact connected Lie group in terms of its associated Lie algebra. From the very beginning it was realized, however, that cohomology groups could also be used to provide elegant algebraic proofs for structural results on complex Lie algebras such as Whitehead's Lemmas, Weyl's Theorem and the Theorem of Levi-Malcev. Since then many more applications have emerged, and the theory nowadays is a discipline in its own right. For restricted Lie algebras of characteristic p, a second theory is available, which is more suitable for the study of the "restricted" modules of such an algebra. These so-called restricted cohomology groups were introduced by Hochschild (Cohomology of restricted Lie algebras, Amer. J. Math. (1954), 555-580), who established interpretations for groups of low degree as well as a connection with the Chevalley-Eilenberg cohomology. Being extension groups of Frobenius algebras, restricted cohomology groups behave much like their precursors for finite groups. In particular, Friedlander and Parshall proved an analogue of the Evens-Venkov Theorem, and thus laid the foundation for support varieties of restricted Lie algebras.

40. Lie Algebra - InformationBlast lie algebra Information Blast. lie algebra. Every vector space becomes an abelian lie algebra trivially if we define the Lie bracket to be identically zero. http://www.informationblast.com/Lie_algebra.html

Lie algebra Categories: Differential geometry Geometry Algebra Abstract algebra In mathematics , a Lie algebra (named after Sophus Lie , pronounced "lee") is an algebraic structure whose main use lies in studying geometric objects such as Lie groups and differentiable manifolds A Lie algebra is a vector space g over some field F (typically the real or complex numbers) together with a binary operation g g g , called the Lie bracket , which satisfies the following properties: it is bilinear , i.e., [ a x b y z a x z b y z ] and [ z a x b y a z x b z y ] for all a b in F and all x y z in g it satisfies the Jacobi identity , i.e., [[ x y z z x y y z x ] = for all x y z in g x x ] = for all x in g Note that the first and third properties together imply [ x y y x ] for all x y in g ("anti-symmetry"). Conversely, the antisymmetry property implies property 3 above as long as F is not of characteristic 2. Note also that the multiplication represented by the Lie bracket is not in general associative , that is, [[ x y z ] need not equal [ x y z Every vector space becomes an abelian Lie algebra trivially if we define the Lie bracket to be identically zero. Euclidean space R becomes a Lie algebra with the Lie bracket given by the cross-product of vectors If an associative algebra A with multiplication * is given, it can be turned into a Lie algebra by defining [

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