101. The Special Theory Of Relativity Selftutorial with short essays, questions and answers. http://astro.physics.sc.edu/selfpacedunits/Unit56.html

UNIT 56 THE SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY Written for students in the USC Self-Paced Astronomy Courses Learning Objectives and References are in the Study Guide. Sample Questions are on the web at http://spastro.physics.sc.edu/ ESSAY The Special Theory of Relativity by J. L. Safko A. Principle of Relativity Newton's theory of gravity, first studied in Unit 3, is intimately related to his concept of space and time. He considered space and time to be absolute concepts which existed independently of the material universe. Space was a stage in which the planets and stars existed. As time passed, the objects in the material universe evolved against the fixed background of space. Newton also formalized the concept of the inertial frame (or inertial coordinate system). A coordinate system (or coordinate frame) is a grid of rods and clocks at rest with respect to each other that spans a region of space. A simplified drawing of a coordinate system is shown in Fig. 56-1. Using this coordinate system we can describe events. Events are things that can be located at a particular place in space and that occur at a given time. The flashbulb firing on your camera would be an example of an event. The measurement of an event is determining the position and time of an event. We also term this measuring the coordinates of an event. An inertial frame (or an inertial coordinate frame) is a coordinate system in which Newton's first law holds. Newton's first law, as given in Unit 3, is that in the absence of outside forces any body moves with constant velocity. Any coordinate system moving with constant velocity with respect to an inertial system is also an inertial system. These inertial frames were assumed by Newton to be of infinite extent. They covered the entire universe. According to Newton, once you know any inertial frame, you know them all, since each differs from another by a constant velocity.

102. Introduction To The Theory Of Enformed Systems A universal conserved organizing principle called enformy is the basis for holistic science which explains life, consciousness and psi phenomena. http://www.enformy.com/tesintro.htm

Introduction to the Theory of Enformed Systems A Tutorial on Reductionism vs. Holism We introduce the Theory of Enformed Systems (TES) with three statements that relate it to the paradigms of what Thomas Kuhn termed "normal science." 1. TES is radically related to the prevailing scientific worldviews because it's a theory of organization per se the root of all organized systems. 2. TES can't be understood in terms of other paradigms because it's not derived from them. 3. TES is not only deep, it is broad. It's a transdisciplinary conceptual model that explains the basic behaviors and properties of all of the systems studied in physics, chemistry, biology, psychology, parapsychology, sociology, and their subdisciplines. If you doubt the validity of this extraordinary claim, please read on to see our reasons for making it. We note first that science is a human endeavora human invention that's operated by humans within human social institutions. This is so obvious, it goes without saying. And here we encounter a serious problem in normal sciencenot saying it. If we don't address the humanness of science, we can't recognize the emotional and cognitive processes that resist scientific revolutions. Nor can we appreciate how our motives, impeded by our limitations, foster our clinging to misleading mythologies. For instance, our motive to understand the natural world exposes our limitations in comprehending the whole of Nature. Our realizing these limits, in turn, induces us to create myths that help us believe we can transcend our limitations. Relying on these myths, we believe we can capture and understand Nature.

103. ABSTRACT ALGEBRA ON LINE: Groups Chapter 3. groups, in general Cyclic groups Permutation groups Other examples Cosetsand normal subgroups Factor groups group homomorphisms Let G cyclic group. http://www.math.niu.edu/~beachy/aaol/groups.html

GROUPS Excerpted from Beachy/Blair, Abstract Algebra 2nd Ed. Chapter 3 Groups, in general Cyclic groups Permutation groups Other examples ... About this document Groups, in general 3.1.3. Definition. A group (G, ) is a nonempty set G together with a binary operation on G such that the following conditions hold: (i) Closure: For all a,b G the element a b is a uniquely defined element of G. (ii) Associativity: For all a,b,c G, we have a (b c) = (a b) c. (iii) Identity: There exists an identity element e G such that e a = a and a e = a for all a G. (iv) Inverses: For each a G there exists an inverse element a G such that a a = e and a a = e. We will usually simply write ab for the product a b. 3.1.6. Proposition. (Cancellation Property for Groups) Let G be a group, and let a,b,c G. (a) If ab=ac, then b=c. (b) If ac=bc, then a=b. 3.1.8. Definition. A group G is said to be abelian if ab=ba for all a,b G. 3.1.9. Definition. A group G is said to be a finite group if the set G has a finite number of elements. In this case, the number of elements is called the order 3.2.7. Definition.

104. NUMBER THEORY CENTRES Listed in the Number theory Web. http://www.maths.uq.edu.au/~krm/N2.html

Number theory centres A B C E ... U Australia The University of Sydney number theory seminar Macquarie University Austria Number theory at the University of Vienna Number Theory Group, University For Natural Resources, Vienna Kommutative Algebra und Zahlentheorie Belarus Department of Number Theory , Institute of Mathematics of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus Belgium Number Theory and Algebraic Geometry Seminar, KUL-RUG UCL Crypto Group Brazil Canada The Canadian Number Theory Association The Number Theory Research Group at the University of British Columbia Algebra, Number Theory and Cryptography research group, University of Calgary Centre for Information Security and Cryptography (CISaC), University of Calgary Number Theory Research Group at CICMA Algebra and Number Theory Group at Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada Number Theory Research Group at McGill Algebra/Number Theory Seminar , McMaster University Pacific Institute for the Mathematical Sciences (PIMS) Centre for Applied Cryptographic Research , University of Waterloo The University of Toronto Number Theory/Representation Theory Seminar 2003/2004 China Number Theory in Shandong University Croatia Seminar on Number Theory and Algebra , University of Zagreb European Community Arithmetical Algebraic Geometry Galois Theory and Explicit Methods in Arithmetic (GTEM) Finland Number Theory Group , Oulu Number Theory Group , University of Turku France Bordeaux Caen: SDAD Clermont-Ferrand : Grenoble: Members Lille: Limoges: Luminy: Lyon: Nancy: Montpellier Paris Paris VI/VII:

105. Category Theory JeanPierre Marquis of the University of Montreal introduces the general mathematical theory of structures and systems of structures. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/category-theory/

version history HOW TO CITE THIS ENTRY Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy A B C D ... Z This document uses XHTML-1/Unicode to format the display. Older browsers and/or operating systems may not display the formatting correctly. last substantive content change FEB Category Theory 1. General Definitions, Examples and Applications 2. Brief Historical Sketch 3. Philosophical Significance Bibliography ... Related Entries 1. General Definitions, Examples and Applications defined as sets, category theory cannot provide a philosophically enlightening foundation for mathematics. In terms of collections, a category C can be described as a collection Ob , the objects of C , which satisfy the following conditions: For every pair a b of objects, there is a collection Mor a b ), namely, the morphisms from a to b in C (when f is a morphism from a to b , we write f a b For every triple a b and c of objects, there is a partial operation from pairs of morphisms in Mor a b ) X Mor b c ) to morphisms in Mor a c ), called the composition of morphisms in C (when f a b and g b c g o f a c is their composition);

106. Quantum Information Theory A presentation at the undergraduate level by Michael Gibbs. http://members.aol.com/jmtsgibbs/infothry.htm

Quantum Information Theory This web site is intended to present Quantum Information Theory at an undergraduate level. It is assumed that the reader has a basic understanding of quantum mechanics. The basics of classical information theory are presented, but for greater depth please see the references. Here are a list of topics in quantum information theory, presented in the order in which you will probably need to read them. Examples are provided for almost every concept. Quantum Density Matrix Entropy Mutual Information and Conditional Entropy Galois Fields ... Quantum Coding Theory Notation used in these pages: a prime following a complex number indicates the complex conjugate, a prime following a matrix or operator indicates the Hermitian conjugate. All logarithms in the text are to the base 2, so that information is measured in units of bits

107. Unsolved Problems In Function Theory Notes by Alexandre Eremenko. http://www.math.purdue.edu/~eremenko/uns.html

My favorite unsolved problems GEOMETRIC FUNCTION THEORY AND POTENTIAL THEORY: ps pdf Some constants studied by Littlewood (Updated Oct 2002). ps pdf Exceptional set in Gross' Theorem. ps pdf "Hawaii Conjecture" (attributed to Gauss). ps pdf Does every universe contain a place where you can stay at rest? (Lee Rubel) ps pdf Erdos' problem on the length of lemniscates (at least $200 prize). DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS AND ITERATION IN THE COMPLEX DOMAIN: ps pdf Wandering domains of entire functions. TRANSCENDENTAL HOLOMORPHIC CURVES: ps pdf Modified Cartan's Conjecture. ps pdf Holomorphic curves with few inflection points. RATIONAL FUNCTIONS AND RATIONAL CURVES: ps pdf Rational curves with real inflection points (B. and M. Shapiro, for more info, see F. Sottile's page Other interesting items in this site: Progress report on some problems from Hayman's Collection When function theory became an obsolete subject? (Excerpt from a letter of Mittag-Leffler to Kowalevski.) What is mathematics? Some expert's opinions. jokes related to complex analysis some problems, whose solutions I do know (level: undergraduate+) stories about ODE, calculus and history

108. A Mathematical Theory Of Communication Claude Shannon's seminal paper, made available by Bell Labs in PostScript and PDF. http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/ms/what/shannonday/paper.html

A Mathematical Theory of Communication by Claude E. Shannon A Note on the Edition Claude Shannon's ``A mathematical theory of communication'' was first published in two parts in the July and October 1948 editions of the Bell System Technical Journal [1]. The paper has appeared in a number of republications since: The original 1948 version was reproduced in the collection Key Papers in the Development of Information Theory [2]. The paper also appears in Claude Elwood Shannon: Collected Papers [3]. The text of the latter is a reproduction from the Bell Telephone System Technical Publications , a series of monographs by engineers and scientists of the Bell System published in the BSTJ and elsewhere. This version has correct section numbering (the BSTJ version has two sections numbered 21), and as far as we can tell, this is the only difference from the BSTJ version. Prefaced by Warren Weaver's introduction, ``Recent contributions to the mathematical theory of communication,'' the paper was included in The Mathematical Theory of Communication

109. Teoría - Music Theory Web - Espacio Dedicado A La Teoría Musical Includes software, books, exercises, and links. http://www.teoria.com/

teoría Music Theory web printDate(0); Versión en castellano Either your browser does not support JavaScript or it is currently disabled. JavaScript is needed to navigate our site. If you would like to enable JavaScript, click here Music theory reference questions and articles Interactive exercises New: Jazz related interactive exercises: Chords, scales and modes Modes and related scales Pulling Up The Slack: Mining Your Potential by J. Andreas Guestbook teoría software Search ... Write to us teoría is part of the World Wide Web since January 1997 - © 2003 José Rodríguez Alvira No portion of this web site may be copied, reproduced or reused in any form without written permission. Visit On Classical: the biggest Site of free Classical Music in MIDI

110. Graphs: Theory - Algorithms - Complexity Resource collection maintained by Thomas EmdenWeinert. http://people.freenet.de/Emden-Weinert/graphs.html

Graphs Theory - Algorithms - Complexity This page collects information about graphs (here is a definition ) and pointers to corresponding web resources. Supplementing, comments and suggestions are most welcome! Please inform me about expired links. Many thanks to Laurence Pelletier, P. Ossona de Mendez, Victor Jimenez, and Pablo Moscato for contributions. Contents: Related Link Collections Online Forums Open Problems Topics ... People Related Link Collections Graph Theory Resources [D.P. Sanders] Graph Theory [Rob Pratt, University of North Carolina] Michael Trick's Operations Research Page Dictionary of Algorithms, Data Structures, and Problems Online Forums GRAPHNET a mailing list distributing conference announcements, problems etc. ORCS-L : the Operations Research - Computer Science Interface Open Problems Problem session of the International Colloquium on Extremal Graph Theory (Balatonlelle, Hungary, July 27 - August 2, 1997) , by Fan Chung Douglas West 's Open Problem Columns Problems in Topological graph theory , compiled by Dan Archdeacon (Vermont) (local copy as of August 1995

111. Redirects For Victorian Web, Postcolonial Web, And Cyberspace, Hypertext, & Crit An overview of interrelations between cyberspace i.e., computer technology and networking, and hypertext, and critical theory. http://landow.stg.brown.edu/cpace/cspaceov.html

George Landows' sites are now hosted at the following places: Victorian Web: http://www.victorianweb.org/ Postcolonial Web: http://www.postcolonialweb.org/ http://www.cyberartsweb.org/cpace/

112. William Weiss And Cherie D'Mello, Fundamentals Of Model Theory Introductory textbook by William Weiss and Cherie D'Mello. PostScript, DVI, GIF. http://at.yorku.ca/i/a/a/i/10.htm

Topology Atlas Document # iaai-10 Fundamentals of Model Theory William Weiss and Cherie D'Mello Department of Mathematics University of Toronto The textbook is available in several formats. PostScript format, 65 pages, 567 KB gzip'ed PostScript file, 197 KB dvi format, 261 KB gzip'ed dvi file, 90 KB AtlasImage format. Introduction Model Theory is the part of mathematics which shows how to apply logic to the study of structures in pure mathematics. On the one hand it is the ultimate abstraction; on the other, it has immediate applications to every-day mathematics. The fundamental tenet of Model Theory is that mathematical truth, like all truth, is relative. A statement may be true or false, depending on how and where it is interpreted. This isn't necessarily due to mathematics itself, but is a consequence of the language that we use to express mathematical ideas. What at first seems like a deficiency in our language, can actually be shaped into a powerful tool for understanding mathematics. This book provides an introduction to Model Theory which can be used as a text for a reading course or a summer project at the senior undergraduate or graduate level. It is also a primer which will give someone a self contained overview of the subject, before diving into one of the more encyclopedic standard graduate texts. Any reader who is familiar with the cardinality of a set and the algebraic closure of a field can proceed without worry. Many readers will have some acquaintance with elementary logic, but this is not absolutely required, since all necessary concepts from logic are reviewed in Chapter 0. Chapter 1 gives the motivating examples and we recommend that you read it first, before diving into the more technical aspects of Chapter 0. Chapters 2 and 3 are selections of some of the most important techniques in Model Theory. The remaining chapters investigate the relationship between Model Theory and the algebra of the real and complex numbers. Thirty exercises develop familiarity with the definitions and consolidate understanding of the main proof techniques.

113. Educational Theory New Home Quarterly journal of philosophy of education and related disciplines. http://www.ed.uiuc.edu/EPS/Educational-Theory/

EDUCATIONAL THEORY (ISSN 0013-2004) publishes articles in the philosophy of education and theoretical work in other educational disciplines. The journal is published quarterly and is owned by the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Publication, subscriptions, and distribution are now handled by Blackwell Publishing: see http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/edth . The journal is co-sponsored by the John Dewey Society , the Philosophy of Education Society , the College of Education at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and the College of Education at the University of Illinois at Chicago From the Editor SEARCH ENGINE Reviewer Evaluation Form (For Manuscript Reviewers Only) This site is best viewed with Number of visitors since October 1, 2001: Department of Educational Policy Studies College of Education University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

114. Theoretical Computer Science On The Web A directory of resources related to theoretical computer science from Stanford University. http://robotics.stanford.edu/~suresh/theory/theory-home.html

Theoretical Computer Science On The Web accesses since Jan 1, 1999 This page contains some pointers to papers and pages of general interest to the theory community, theory related software available on the net, upcoming conferences and attendees of previous conferences, the genealogy of theoretical computer scientists, and some other assorted stuff. Please let me ( suresh@cs.stanford.edu ) know if something should be added to this page, if something doesn't work, or if you have a conference attendees list that I am missing. Many thanks to Dennis Grinberg , the previous owner of this site, and to the best of my knowledge, the creator. Organizations ACM SIGACT IEEE Computer Society Full list Journals, Conferences and Bibliographies Theory related journals and bibliographies CFPs and programs for theory conferences and journals. Lecture Notes Software Special interest areas Repositories. Newsgroups/Mailing Lists comp.theory and the FAQ sci.math info.theorynt DMANET mailing list. Conference and other information.

115. Set Theory Homepages Directory of set theorists, maintained by Jean A. Larson. http://www.math.ufl.edu/~jal/set_theory.html

Set Theory This list of homepages of set theorists was inspired by Computability Theory , maintained by Peter Cholak with encouragement from Ted Slaman. It is complemented by Andrzej Roslanowski's sleek list , and by Herb Enderton's ASL-web , links to ASL members. See also some special topics and a few links to history of set theory . Also consider Bonn's Logic around the world Note: Institutional links point to departments and/or institutes. Send comments, corrections, additions to jal@math.ufl.edu. Select the first letter of the last name: AB CD EFG HIJK ... XYZ AB Abraham, Uri Ben Gurion University and visiting 2003-2004 at Carnegie Mellon Set theory, model theory, concurrency Hungarian Mathematics Institute Andretta, Alessandro University of Torino Apter, Arthur ... CUNY Baruch Mathematical Logic, specifically Set Theory: Large Cardinals and Forcing Aharoni, Ron Technion Combinatorics, both finite and infinite Set theory, logic, computability, especially logic programming, automatic theorem proving, artificial intelligence U Vienna Bankston, Paul

116. 20th WCP: Theory Of Knowledge Archive of contributed papers in the subject area of theory of Knowledge from the Proceedings of the 20th World Congress of Philosophy (The Paideia Project). http://www.bu.edu/wcp/MainTKno.htm

Theory of Knowledge The papers indexed below were given at the Twentieth World Congress of Philosophy, in Boston, Massachusetts from August 10-15, 1998. Additional papers may be added to this section as electronic versions are aquired and formatted for the archive. These papers will be listed for a period of time at the What's New? page. Regarding browser support: The papers published in The Paideia Archive webmaster and provide details of the difficulty. In addition to browsing the numerous subject indexes, you may also enter a name or subject keyword in the space below and hit the search button. Theory of Knowledge Author's Name Affiliation Paper Title Elena B. Agoshkova St. Petersburg State Electrotechnical University Systems Thinking in the Twenty-First Century E.V. Altekar University of Pune Arrow of Time: Towards a New Epistemology of Science Edward J. Bartek A Global Theory of Knowledge for the Future Janos Boros Representationalism and Antirepresentationalism - Kant, Davidson and Rorty Michael Bradie Bowling Green State University Normalizing Naturalized Epistemology Andrew Brook and Jennifer McRobert Carleton University and Acadia University Kant's Attack on the Amphiboly of the Concepts of Reflection Andrew N. Carpenter

117. Dictionary Of Philosophy Of Mind A comprehensive and upto-date collection of terms, definitions, and scholarly works on the topic of Philosophy of Mind that provides useful background material for the study of artificial intelligence theory. http://www.artsci.wustl.edu/~philos/MindDict/

Dictionary of our and save up to 40% off books we reference. We have begun to compile a list of contributors We hope you find this resource useful and make it even more so. thanks to our sponsor: The Philosophy - Neuroscience - Psychology Program at Washington University in St. Louis A B C ... Bios Search: We've changed search engines for efficiency, reliability, and support. Any comments submission information page. - C.E. You are philosopher number since last time the counter was (randomly)reset. We have had over 100,000 visitors in the last year.

118. INI Programme MRT Isaac Newton Institute, Cambridge, UK; 227 August 2004. http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/programs/MRT/mrt.html

@import url("/css/prog-non_n4.css"); Institute Home Page Programmes Web-Seminars Programme Home Seminars Workshops Participants Long Stay Short Stay Additional Links Contacts Mailing List Background Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences Magnetic Reconnection Theory 2 Aug - 27 Aug 2004 Organisers Professor J Birn ( Los Alamos ), Professor T Forbes ( Durham ), Professor ER Priest ( St Andrews Programme theme Magnetic reconnection is a fundamental process in a magnetized plasma or fluid at high magnetic Reynolds number, whereby magnetic field lines are broken and reconnected in an electric current singularity that is resolved by magnetic diffusion. It has the effect of converting inflowing magnetic energy into bulk kinetic energy, heat and fast particle energy. Reconnection is responsible for many dynamic processes in the Sun, the Magnetosphere, the laboratory and many astrophysical bodies, but in this Programme we shall be focusing on the fundamentals of the process and on the first two fields. In the Sun, solar flares represent an explosive conversion of stored magnetic energy by reconnection into other forms. In addition, reconnection is likely to be heating the solar corona in many small current sheets to several million degrees by comparison with the solar surface temperature of only 6000 degrees. In the Magnetosphere, the solar wind sweeps back the Earth's magnetic field to form a tail. Occasionally, the field in the tail can reconnect in an explosive manner, producing a geomagnetic substorm. Reconnection can also occur sporadically over the front face of the magnetopause bounding the geomagnetic and interplanetary magnetic field to produce so-called 'flux-transfer events'.

119. Society For Gestalt Theory And Its Applications (GTA) Comprehensive Gestalt psychology and Gestalt theory website. Gestalt theory, Gestalt psychology, Gestalt therapy resources, including online documents and links to Gestalt related webresources http://www.enabling.org/ia/gestalt/gerhards/

120. The Talk.Origins Archive: Evolution FAQs A very informative site about biology and evolutionary theory. http://www.talkorigins.org/origins/faqs-evolution.html

Biology and Evolutionary Theory "When the views entertained in this volume ... are generally admitted, we can dimly foresee that there will be a considerable revolution in natural history." - Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species Introduction to Evolutionary Biology This essay is a must-read for anyone who wants to participate in talk.origins. It lays out the land for evolutionists and creationists alike, presenting the ideas behind and the evidence for biological evolution. What is Evolution? All too often creationists spend their time arguing with a straw-man caricature of evolution. This brief essay presents a definition of evolution that is acceptable to evolutionists. Evolution is a Fact and a Theory Biologists consider evolution to be a fact in much the same way that physicists do so for gravity. However, the mechanisms of evolution are less well understood, and it is these mechanisms that are described by several theories of evolution. The Modern Synthesis of Genetics and Evolution Darwin developed his theory of natural selection without any knowledge of genetics. Since Darwin, genetics and evolution have been synthesized, and natural selection is no longer considered to be the only evolutionary mechanism. The Origin of Species Read the book by Charles Darwin that started it all. The full text of the book is online.

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