41. Www.geom.uiuc.edu/docs/research/ieee94/node12.html euclidean geometry euclidean geometry. This site provides as motivational introduction to geometry in a form (Euclidean) which is more accessible than nonEuclidean geometries. http://www.geom.uiuc.edu/docs/research/ieee94/node12.html

Next: Minimal Surfaces Up: Manifolds Previous: Viewing with 4D Non-Euclidean Geometry Mathematicians in the nineteenth century showed that it was possible to create consistent geometries in which Euclid's Parallel Postulate was no longer true- Absence of parallels leads to spherical, or elliptic, geometry; abundance of parallels leads to hyperbolic geometry. By mid-century the English mathematician Arthur Cayley had constructed analytic models of these three geometries that had a common descent from projective geometry, which one may think of as the formalization of the renaissance theory of perspective. Cayley's construction is in fact ideal for programming interactive navigations of nonEuclidean geometries Many manifolds are naturally suited for hyperbolic or spherical, rather than Euclidean, geometry. Although the formulas for computing distance and angles in these geometries differ from Euclidean geometry, they can be built into mathematical visualization systems by hand. Translations, rotations, and dot-products for shaders and illumination must also be handled differently in the non-Euclidean geometries. In Figure , we see a partial tessellation of regular right-angled dodecahedra in the three built-in Geomview models of hyperbolic 3-space. In the virtual model shown in Figure

42. Math Forum - Ask Dr. Math Archives: College Non-Euclidean Geometry Browse College Noneuclidean geometry. Stars indicate particularly interesting answers or good places to begin browsing. Area of http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/sets/college_non_euclid.html

Ask Dr. Math College Archive Dr. Math Home Elementary Middle School High School ... Dr. Math FAQ TOPICS This page: non-Euclidean geometry Search Dr. Math See also the Internet Library non-Euclidean geometry COLLEGE Algorithms Analysis Algebra linear algebra ... Trigonometry Browse College Non-Euclidean Geometry Stars indicate particularly interesting answers or good places to begin browsing. Area of a Latitude-Longitude Rectangle Given the latitudes and longitudes of four points on the Earth's surface, how do you calculate the surface area enclosed by the four points? Best-fitting Line to a Number of Points I have a number of points on a plane and want to find a line that best- fits through the points, minimizing the sum of squares of the distances of each point from the line. Curvature of Non-Euclidean Space What is the difference between positive and negative curvature in non- Euclidean geometry? Distance Between Points on the Earth The problem is to solve for the distance between two latitude/ longitude points with no parallels, say 24N 70E and 65N and 30W. Distance Calculation If I have the co-ordinates of two places in Degrees Latitude and Longitude, how do I calculate the distance in nautical miles?

43. Math Forum - Ask Dr. Math Archives: High School Non-Euclidean Geometry Browse High School Noneuclidean geometry. Stars indicate Non-euclidean geometry 10/22/2001 What is non-euclidean geometry? What two http://mathforum.org/library/drmath/sets/high_non_euclid.html

Ask Dr. Math High School Archive Dr. Math Home Elementary Middle School High School ... Dr. Math FAQ TOPICS This page: non-Euclidean geometry Search Dr. Math See also the Internet Library non-Euclidean geometry HIGH SCHOOL About Math Analysis Algebra basic algebra ... Trigonometry Browse High School Non-Euclidean Geometry Stars indicate particularly interesting answers or good places to begin browsing. Non-Euclidean Geometry for 9th Graders I would to know if there is non-euclidean geometry that would be appropriate in difficulty for ninth graders to study. Curvature of Non-Euclidean Space What is the difference between positive and negative curvature in non- Euclidean geometry? Distance Between Points on the Earth The problem is to solve for the distance between two latitude/ longitude points with no parallels, say 24N 70E and 65N and 30W. Distance Calculation If I have the co-ordinates of two places in Degrees Latitude and Longitude, how do I calculate the distance in nautical miles? Drawing Triangles Is it possible to draw a triangle with more than 180 degrees?

44. Euclidean & Non Euclidean Geometry EUCLIDEAN NONeuclidean geometry. Before I address the topic of euclidean geometry, I d like to try to clarify exactly what euclidean geometry is. http://dsdk12.net/project/euclid/GEOEUC~1.HTM

Most of us are familiar with the term geometry. The only real difference between one high-schooler and another's opinion on geometry is the connotation of the word. It may be interesting to know for someone whose knowledge on geometery comes only fro m the course they took in high school that what they learned to be a straight line is curved in other types of geometry. These types of geometry are called non-Euclidean because they do not follow the rules that were concretely established in Euclid's El ements. Before I address the topic of Euclidean geometry, I'd like to try to clarify exactly what Euclidean geometry is. Euclidean geometry consists of all the known rules, definitions, propositions, and thereoms before and up to the time of the Greek scholar Euclid. Euclid compiled all of this information into a thirteen-volume set of books entitled Euclid's Elements. The books start with those studies of Pythagoras. Of course, Pythagoras' most known contribution to geometry is the Pythagoram Thereom - a2 + b2 = c2. Other mathematicians whose studies are found in the Elements are Apollonius, who contributed to conics, and Archimedes, who gave his knowledge of mechanics and the areas of circles. I think the best way to describe Euclidean geometry is to say that it is all based on the daily human perception of the world, and with the relationship between objects. For example, if I am standing on a floor in school, it is a given that the floor is level. If I am looking at a desktop parallel to the floor then one can only draw the assumption that the desktop is also level. I drew all of these assumptions based on the location and relativity of the objects near me. If I take a ruler and lay it on its side on a desktop, and they align, the desktop is straight. Straight is known also as a 180 degree angle.

45. Euclidean Geometry euclidean geometry. Modern Concept of euclidean geometry. Today euclidean geometry is usually constructed rather than axiomatized, by means of analytic geometry. http://www.fact-index.com/e/eu/euclidean_geometry.html

Main Page See live article Alphabetical index Euclidean geometry Euclidean geometry , also called " flat " or " parabolic " geometry, is named after the Greek mathematician Euclid . Euclid's text Elements is an early systematic treatment of this kind of geometry , based on axioms (or postulates ). This is the kind of geometry familiar to most people, since it is the kind usually taught in high school This system is an axiomatic system , which hoped to prove all the "true statements" as theorems in geometry from a set of finite number of axioms The five postulates/axioms of the Euclidean system are: Any two points can be joined by a straight line Any straight line segment can be extended indefinitely in a straight line. Given any straight line segment, a circle can be drawn having the segment as radius and one endpoint as center. All right angles are congruent If two lines are drawn which intersect a third in such a way that the sum of the inner angles on one side is less than two right angles, then the two lines inevitably must intersect each other on that side if extended far enough. This postulate is equivalent to what is known as the parallel postulate Euclidean geometry is distinguished from other geometries by the parallel postulate , which is more easily phrased as follows Through a point not on a given straight line, one and only one line can be drawn that never meets the given line.

46. Non-Euclidean Geometry Noneuclidean geometry. The term non-euclidean geometry describes both hyperbolic and elliptic geometry, which are contrasted with euclidean geometry. http://www.fact-index.com/n/no/non_euclidean_geometry_1.html

Main Page See live article Alphabetical index Non-Euclidean geometry Table of contents 1 Description 2 History 3 Reference 4 External link ... 5 See also Description The term non-Euclidean geometry describes both hyperbolic and elliptic geometry , which are contrasted with Euclidean geometry . The essential difference between Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry is the nature of parallel lines. In Euclidean geometry, if we start with a point A and a line l , then we can only draw one line through A that is parallel to l . In hyperbolic geometry, by contrast, there are infinitely many lines through A parallel to l , and in elliptic geometry, parallel lines do not exist. (See the entries on hyperbolic geometry and elliptic geometry for more information.) Another way to describe the differences between these geometries is as follows: consider two lines in a plane that are both perpendicular to a third line. In Euclidean and hyperbolic geometry, the two lines are then parallel. In Euclidean geometry, however, the lines remain at a constant distance , while in hyperbolic geometry they "curve away" from each other, increasing their distance as one moves farther from the point of intersection with the common perpendicular. In elliptic geometry, the lines "curve toward" each other, and eventually intersect; therefore no parallel lines exist in elliptic geometry.

47. Non-Euclidean Geometry -- From Eric Weisstein's Encyclopedia Of Scientific Books Noneuclidean geometry. see also Non-euclidean geometry. Anderson, James W. Hyperbolic Geometry. Non-euclidean geometry, 6th ed. Washington, DC Math. Assoc. http://www.ericweisstein.com/encyclopedias/books/Non-EuclideanGeometry.html

Non-Euclidean Geometry see also Non-Euclidean Geometry Anderson, James W. Hyperbolic Geometry. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1999. 230 p. $?. Bonola, Roberto. Non-Euclidean Geometry, and The Theory of Parallels by Nikolas Lobachevski, with a Supplement Containing The Science of Absolute Space by John Bolyai. New York: Dover, 1955. 268 p., 50 p., and 71 p. Borsuk, Karol. Foundations of Geometry: Euclidean and Bolyai-Lobachevskian Geometry. Projective Geometry. Amsterdam, Netherlands: North-Holland, 1960. 444 p. Carslaw, H.S. The Elements of Non-Euclidean Plane Geometry and Trigonometry. London: Longmans, 1916. Coxeter, Harold Scott Macdonald. Non-Euclidean Geometry, 6th ed. Washington, DC: Math. Assoc. Amer., 1988. 320 p. $30.95. Greenberg, Marvin J. Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometries: Development and History, 3rd ed. San Francisco, CA: W.H. Freeman, 1994. $?. Iversen, Birger. Hyperbolic Geometry. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1992. 298 p. $?. Manning, Henry Parker. Introductory Non-Euclidean Geometry.

48. Introduction euclidean geometry. Euclid (~ 325 to five basic axioms. The rest of euclidean geometry is based upon these basic building blocks. http://math.youngzones.org/Non-Egeometry/

Euclidean Geometry Euclid (~ 325 to ~265 BC) is called the Father of Geometry, not because he invented it, but because his book Elements is the oldest geometry text we have in the western world today. Euclid believed each part of geometry should be based on previously proven parts. However, something has to be the starting point, and he proposed four undefined terms and five basic axioms. The rest of Euclidean geometry is based upon these basic building blocks. The fifth axiom, called the parallel postulate , has been very controversial. More complex than the other four, many mathematicians tried to prove it using the other axioms. Failure to do so developed into the existence of non-Euclidean geometries. (These pages best viewed in Internet Explorer)

49. The Cornell Library Historical Mathematics Monographs Document name The elements of noneuclidean geometry, Go to page NA Production Note. http://historical.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/cul.math/docviewer?did=04800001&se

50. Fourth International Conference "Non-Euclidean Geometry In Modern Physics And Ma Nizhny Novgorod Lobachevsky State University (UNN) Nizhny Novgorod Mathematical Society Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics (BITP) of the National http://www.unn.ru/bgl4/

Nizhny Novgorod Lobachevsky State University (UNN) Nizhny Novgorod Mathematical Society Bogolyubov Institute for Theoretical Physics (BITP) of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Hungarian Academy of Sciences About the conference Participants Other information General Information Registration Accommodation, Conference Fee, Currency Topics ... 2 d Announcement

51. Non-Euclidean Geometry Ideas Ask A Scientist. Mathematics Archive. Noneuclidean geometry ideas. Author reilly a etc. on non-euclidean geometry. Response 1 http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/newton/askasci/1995/math/MATH092.HTM

Ask A Scientist Mathematics Archive Non-Euclidean geometry ideas Author: reilly a conway If anyone is up to helping me, I would like your insight, ideas, etc. on non-Euclidean geometry. Response #: 1 of 1 Author: hawley Here is something to get you started: draw a triangle on the surface of a sphere. Show that the sum of the interior angles is now NEVER equal to 180 but is, in fact, 180 < sum <= 540 depending on the relative sizes of the sphere and the triangle. The surface of a sphere is a simple example of a non-Euclidean, two-dimensional space, that is easy to visualize. Things get more difficult with higher-dimensional spaces! Back to Mathematics Ask A Scientist Index NEWTON Homepage Ask A Question ... NEWTON is an electronic community for Science, Math, and Computer Science K-12 Educators. Argonne National Laboratory, Division of Educational Programs, Harold Myron, Ph.D., Division Director.

52. Non-Euclidean Geometry References Ask A Scientist. Mathematics Archive. Noneuclidean geometry references. Author jennifer m butler I was wondering if someone could http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/newton/askasci/1995/math/MATH091.HTM

Ask A Scientist Mathematics Archive Non-Euclidean geometry references Back to Mathematics Ask A Scientist Index NEWTON Homepage Ask A Question ... NEWTON is an electronic community for Science, Math, and Computer Science K-12 Educators. Argonne National Laboratory, Division of Educational Programs, Harold Myron, Ph.D., Division Director.

53. The Crop Circular: Crop Circles, Gerald Hawkins Hawkins found that he could use the principles of euclidean geometry to prove four theorems derived from the relationships among the areas depicted in crop http://www.lovely.clara.net/hawkins.html

crop circles, Gerald Hawkins, diatonic ratios, Euclid, crop circles Several years ago, astronomer Gerald S. Hawkins, former Chairman of the astronomy department at Boston University, noticed that some of the most visually striking of the crop-circle patterns embodied geometric theorems that express specific numerical relationships among the areas of various circles, triangles, and other shapes making up the patterns (Science News: 2/1/92, p. 76). In one case, for example, an equilateral triangle fitted snugly between an outer and an inner circle. It turns out that the area of the outer circle is precisely four times that of the inner circle. Three other patterns also displayed exact numerical relationships, all of them involving a diatonic ratio , the simple whole-number ratios that determine a scale of musical notes. "These designs demonstrate the remarkable mathematical ability of their creators," Hawkins comments. Hawkins found that he could use the principles of Euclidean geometry to prove four theorems derived from the relationships among the areas depicted in crop circles. He also discovered a fifth, more general theorem, from which he could derive the other four ( see diagram, left

54. Non-Euclidean Geometry Noneuclidean geometry. Article Nor is Bolyai s work diminished because Lobachevsky published a work on non-euclidean geometry in 1829. Neither http://www.meta-religion.com/Mathematics/Articles/non-euclidean_geometry.htm

to promote a multidisciplinary view of the religious, spiritual and esoteric phenomena. About Us Links Search Contact ... Science home YY Religion sections World Religions New R. Groups Ancient Religions Spirituality ... Extremism Science sections Archaeology Astronomy Linguistics Mathematics ... Contact The Web Metareligion More sections: Subscribe to the Metareligion Newsletter Submit your site Banners Index ... Polls Please, help us sustain this free site online. Make a donation using Paypal: Non-Euclidean geometry Article by: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson From: http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Non-Euclidean_geometry.html In about 300 BC Euclid wrote The Elements, a book which was to become one of the most famous books ever written. Euclid stated five postulates on which he based all his theorems: To draw a straight line from any point to any other.

55. Euclidean Geometry And Informal Geometry You are here GLC Home Projects and Programs Mathematics Courses in Mathematics euclidean geometry and Informal Geometry . http://www.glc.k12.ga.us/pandp/math/infgeo.htm

Home QCC Standards and Resources Search GLC Teacher Resource Center ... Site Tour You are here: GLC Home Projects and Programs Mathematics Courses in Mathematics Introduction and Description for Courses in Mathematics Quality Core Curriculum 9-12 Euclidean Geometry and Informal Geometry Geometry provides students with a way to link their perceptions of the world with the mathematics that allow them to solve a variety of problems they will encounter not only in other disciplines but also in their lives. Geometry gives students a visual way to conceptualize or organize certain aspects of their environment, whereas algebra provides the tools for dealing with the quantitative aspects of their environment. Geometry should provide students with visual and concrete representations that help them gain insight into important areas of mathematics and their applications. The use of such tools as compass, straightedge, tracing and dot paper, mira, geoboard, calculator and computer is strongly recommended and encouraged for all geometry courses. High school geometry must extend beyond the traditional treatment of geometry as a deductive system and provide students with a broad view of geometry and its applications, including algebraic techniques associated with coordinates and transformations that reinforce important geometric concepts such as congruence, similarity, parallelism, symmetry, and perpendicularity. Thus, the integration of algebraic skills and concepts to solve geometric problems should be stressed throughout the course.

56. Applications Of Non-Euclidean Geometry The Applications Of Noneuclidean geometry. Table of Contents. 1.Where euclidean geometry Is Wrong. 5.Celestial Mechanics. Where euclidean geometry Is Wrong. http://members.tripod.com/~noneuclidean/applications.html

var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "tripod.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" The Applications Of Non-Euclidean Geometry Table of Contents Where Euclidean Geometry Is Wrong The Theory of General Relativity Spherical Geometry Celestial Mechanics Where Euclidean Geometry Is Wrong Since Euclid first published his book Elements in 300 B.C. it has remained remarkably correct and accurate to real world situations faced on Earth. The one problem that some find with it is that it is not accurate enough to represent the three dimensional universe that we live in. It has been argued that Euclidean Geometry, while good for architecture and to survey land, when it is moved into the third dimension, the postulates do not hold up as well as those of hyperbolical and spherical geometry. Both of those geometries hold up to a two dimensional world, as well as the third dimension. Back To Top Cosmology - Cosmology is the study of the origin, constitution, structure, and evolution of the universe. Back To Top The Theory of General Relativity Einstein's Theory Of General Relativity is based on a theory that space is curved. The cause is explained by the theory itself.

57. Non-Euclidean Geometry Welcome to the Noneuclidean geometry Homepage. http://members.tripod.com/~noneuclidean/

58. Euclidean Geometry - Encyclopedia Article About Euclidean Geometry. Free Access, encyclopedia article about euclidean geometry. euclidean geometry in Free online English dictionary, thesaurus and encyclopedia. euclidean geometry. http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Euclidean geometry

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia Euclidean geometry Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition In mathematics Mathematics is commonly defined as the study of patterns of structure, change, and space; more informally, one might say it is the study of 'figures and numbers'. In the formalist view, it is the investigation of axiomatically defined abstract structures using logic and mathematical notation; other views are described in Philosophy of mathematics. Mathematics might be seen as a simple extension of spoken and written languages, with an extremely precisely defined vocabulary and grammar, for the purpose of describing and exploring physical and conceptual relationships. Click the link for more information. Euclidean geometry is the familiar kind of geometry on the plane or in three dimensions. Mathematicians sometimes use the term to encompass higher dimensional geometries with similar properties. Euclidean geometry usually refers to geometry in the plane In mathematics, a plane is the fundamental two-dimensional object. Intuitively, it may be visualized as a flat infinite piece of paper. Most of the fundamental work in geometry, trigonometry, and graphing is performed in two dimensions, or in other words, in a plane. Given a plane, one can introduce a Cartesian coordinate system on it in order to label every point on the plane uniquely with two numbers, its coordinates.

59. Non-euclidean Geometry - Encyclopedia Article About Non-euclidean Geometry. Free encyclopedia article about Noneuclidean geometry. Non-euclidean geometry in Free online English dictionary, thesaurus and encyclopedia. Non-euclidean geometry. http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Non-euclidean geometry

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia Non-euclidean geometry Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition Description The term non-Euclidean geometry describes both hyperbolic Hyperbolic geometry , also called saddle geometry or Lobachevskian geometry , is the non-Euclidean geometry obtained by replacing the parallel postulate with the hyperbolic postulate , which states: "Given a line L and any point A not on L , at least two distinct lines exist which pass through A and are parallel to L ." In this case parallel means that the lines do not intersect L , even when extended, rather than that they are a constant distance from L Click the link for more information. and elliptic Elliptic geometry (sometimes known as Riemannian geometry ) is a non-Euclidean geometry, in which, given a line L and a point p outside L , there exists no line parallel to L passing through p Elliptic geometry, like hyperbolic geometry, violates Euclid's parallel postulate, which asserts that there is exactly one line parallel to L passing through p Click the link for more information.

60. Euclidean Geometry Resources euclidean geometry resources. Recommended References. see index for total category for your convenience Best Retirement Spots http://futuresedge.org/mathematics/Euclidean_Geometry_.html

Euclidean Geometry resources. Recommended References. [see index for total category] for your convenience: Best Retirement Spots Web Hosting ULTRAToolBox Resources on Diet and Nutrition Pain Relief Allergies Tech Refresh , and finally - a must check - Mediterranean diet Discovery. Euclidean Geometry applications, theory, research, exams, history, handbooks and much more Introduction: Introduction to Hyperbolic Geometry (Universitext) by Arlan Ramsay Introduction to Non-Euclidean Geometry by Harold E. Wolfe Compact Riemann Surfaces: An Introduction to Contemporary Mathematics (Universitext) by Jurgen Jost Introduction to Non-Euclidean Geometry by Harold Eichholtz Wolfe Introduction to Non-Euclidean Geometry by David. Gans Applications: Theory: Hardy Spaces on the Euclidean Space (Sprringer Monographs in Mathematics) by Akihito Uchiyama Probability Theory of Classical Euclidean Optimization Problems (Lecture Notes in Mathematics (Springer-Verlag), 1675) by Joseph Yukich Shadows of the Circle: Conic Sections, Optimal Figures and Non-Euclidean Geometry by Vagn Lundsgaard Hansen Spectral Asymptotics on Degenerating Hyperbolic 3-Manifolds (Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society, 643)

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