21. Spacetime Wrinkles Glossary This is especially so in the case of general relativity. The Einstein Equations contain thousands of terms in from the emitter (in special relativity this is really the same thing http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Cyberia/NumRel/glossary.html

Back Map Information Expo Home Glossary Accretion Disk In a binary system containing a star and a compact object (white dwarf, neutron star, or black hole) gas may flow from the star to the compact object. According to the theoretical model, the gas will spiral in and fall to the surface of the compact object creating a flow of matter in the shape of a disk. It is generally believed that this model explains many features of X-ray pulsars Apparent Horizon When matter falls inward to form a black hole it is not always easy to see where the event horizon might be. It might appear at one time that a light ray is capable of escaping but infalling matter might eventually prevent it from doing so. The apparent horizon is a surface on which outgoing light rays are just trapped, and cannot expand outward. It is a stronger condition than the event horizon, and the apparent horizon always lies inside the event horizon, or coincides with it. This situation is analgous to a man running through a corridor filled with doors. He is trying to run outward, but the doors are closing in sequence from the outside in. How many doors will he be able to pass through before he is blocked by a closed door? The door that is closest to him that is currently closed is analgous to the apparent horizon. The door that he will actually reach before he cannot travel further is analogous to the event horizon. Arc Second The size of a celestial object expressed in terms of the angle that it covers (or "subtends") when viewed from Earth. For example, the moon subtends an angle of 1/2 a degree. One degree of arc is defined as equivalent to 60 minutes of arc (or "arc minutes"). Arc minutes are further divided into arc seconds, such that there 60 x 60 or 3600 arc seconds per degree. So the moon's apparent size can also be expressed as 1/2 degree x 3600 = 1800 arc seconds. If the the distance to an object is also known, then its angular size can be used to calculate its diameter in miles or kilometers.

22. Relativity On The World Wide Web The purpose of these pages is to promote the appreciation, understanding, and applications of special and general relativity. relativity on the World Wide Web. http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/relativity.html

Relativity on the World Wide Web Original by Chris Hillman; maintained by John Baez The evolving event horizon during the axisymmetric merger of two equal mass black holes (simulation by the Binary Black Hole Grand Challenge Alliance) Welcome! The purpose of these pages is to promote the appreciation and understanding of the special and general theories of relativity by providing links to on-line scientifically accurate educational resources aimed at a variety of audiences, including popular science sites (places to go if you don't want to see any scary math), visualization sites , (places to go if you just want to see some truly fabulous pictures with some genuine scientific content), web tutorials on relativity theory (just the thing if you're not yet sure you want to really buckle down and study this stuff), observational and experimental evidence bearing on relativity theory, including fantastically beautiful astronomical images, a discussion of some specific scientifically inaccurate claims about cosmology and general relativity, formal coursework, including full length lecture notes (

23. Relativity On The World Wide Web relativity on the World Wide Web This site provides a collection of links to "equationfree" explanations of Einstein's theory by expert relativists. Resources linked to include popular http://rdre1.inktomi.com/click?u=http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/relativity.html&a

24. Relativity PHYSICS & ASTRONOMY Forum devoted to discussing the Einstein's special and general theories of relativity. http://astronomyphysics.com/list.php?f=33

25. General Relativity Tutorial General relativity Tutorial. John Baez. This is bunch of interconnected web pages that serve as an informal introduction to general relativity. http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/gr/gr.html

General Relativity Tutorial John Baez This is bunch of interconnected web pages that serve as an informal introduction to general relativity. The goal is to demystify general relativity and get across the key ideas without big complicated calculations. You can begin by reading a Short Course Outline Clicking on any of the underlined key concepts will then take you to the corresponding point in a more detailed Long Course Outline In the long course outline, clicking on any underlined key concept will take you to a still more detailed exposition of that concept. Alternatively, you can begin to read some of the adventures of Oz and the Wizard However, unless you are already familiar with general relativity, to understand these adventures you will need to look at the other material from time to time. All this material originated on sci.physics. Much of it is written by Oz and me, but there are also substantial contributions by Ted Bunn, Ed Green, Keith Ramsay, Bruce Scott, Bronis Vidugiris, and Michael Weiss. General relativity is usually written with lots of superscripts and subscripts. Mitchell Charity has kindly improved these web pages so that they look nice. However, not all web browsers can handle this.

26. Cambridge Relativity Cambridge relativity The University of Cambridge's relativity site provides users with a glimpse at the major issues within theoretical physics and cosmology. Sections cover such diverse issues as http://rdre1.inktomi.com/click?u=http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/user/gr/public/&

27. Living Reviews - Portal Peerrefereed, solely online physics journals publishing invited reviews covering all areas of relativity research, resp. solar and heliospheric physics. http://www.livingreviews.org/

Online-only refereed review journals. An open access service. Max Planck Society more about this project (FAQ) own Living Reviews journal software LIVING REVIEWS in Relativity and LIVING REVIEWS in Solar Physics are published by institutes of the the Max Planck Society of Germany FAQs

28. Lanczos Collection Site announces the availability of the Cornelius Lanczos Collected Published Papers with commentaries. Lanczos (18931974) was one of the twentieth century's most versatile and innovative physicists and mathematicians. His papers cover an array of disciplines including general relativity, quantum mechanics, scientific computation, applied mathematics and numerical analysis. http://www.physics.ncsu.edu/lanczos

Announcing the CORNELIUS LANCZOS COLLECTED PUBLISHED PAPERS WITH COMMENTARIES Published by North Carolina State University College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences and Department of Physics Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8202 USA [1998] Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 98-67928 ISBN (for the Collection of Volumes I-VI): 0-929493-01-X [See Web: www.physics.ncsu.edu/lanczos (View the Order Form Ordering Instructions Collection 24 September 2002) (All orders are now being shipped from Raleigh, North Carolina) Cornelius Lanczos (1893-1974) was a physicist and mathematician who had a profound impact on the foundations of twentieth century science. His papers cover a vast array of disciplines, including general relativity, quantum mechanics, scientific computation, applied mathematics and numerical analysis. This Collection provides documentation (a) that Lanczos was indeed one of the twentieth century's most versatile and innovative scientific minds, and (b) that many of Lanczos's ideas are still of interest to present-day research in physics and applied mathematics. This Collection will be of special interest to theoretical physicists, numerical analysts and science historians. The Cornelius Lanczos Collected Published Papers with Commentaries (Lanczos Collection or CLCPPC herein-after referred to as the Collection) represents the second phase of a two-part celebration of the life and work of Cornelius Lanczos. The first phase of this celebration occurred in December 1993 when North Carolina State University's College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences hosted the Cornelius Lanczos International Centenary Conference. [See the

29. Reflections On Relativity Reflections on relativity. ContentsPreface 1 1. 1.2 Systems of Reference 9 1.3 Inertia and relativity 14 1.4 The Dilemma of Light 20 1.5 Corresponding Geometers 476 8.4 Refractions On relativity 479 8.5 Scholium 489 8.6 On http://www.mathpages.com/rr/rrtoc.htm

Reflections on Relativity Contents Preface 1. First Principles Experience and Spacetime Systems of Reference Inertia and Relativity The Dilemma of Light ... Null Coordinates 2. A Complex of Phenomena The Spacetime Interval Force Laws and Maxwell's Equations The Inertia of Energy Doppler Shift for Sound and Light ... Thomas Precession 3. Several Valuable Suggestions Postulates and Principles Natural and Violent Motions De Mora Luminis Stationary Paths ... Constructing the Principles 4. Weighty Arguments Immovable Spacetime Inertial and Gravitational Separations Free-Fall Equations Force, Curvature, and Uncertainty ... The Breakdown of Simultaneity 5. Extending the Principle Absorbing Acceleration Tensors, Contravariant and Covariant Curvature, Intrinsic and Extrinsic Relatively Straight ... The Field Equations 6. Ist Das Wirklich So? An Exact Solution Anomalous Precession Bending Light Radial Paths in a Spherically Symmetrical Field ... Sources in Motion 7. Cosmology Is the Universe Closed? The Formation and Growth of Black Holes Falling Into and Hovering Near A Black Hole Curled-Up Dimensions ... Global Interpretations of Local Experience 8. The Secret Confidence of Nature Kepler, Napier, and the Third Law

30. GEOMETRY AND PHYSICS OF BRANES The SIGRAV Graduate School in Contemporary relativity and Gravitational Physics is held annually at the Centre for Scientific Culture Alessandro Volta , Villa Olmo, Como. It is primarily addressed to PhD students and young researchers in Physics and Mathematics who are interested in general relativity, astrophysics, experimental gravity and the quantum theories of gravitation. http://www.sissa.it/~bruzzo/sagp2001/sagp2001.html

4th SIGRAV GRADUATE SCHOOL ON CONTEMPORARY RELATIVITY AND GRAVITATIONAL PHYSICS and 2001 SCHOOL ON ALGEBRAIC GEOMETRY AND PHYSICS (SAGP2001) VILLA OLMO (COMO), 7-11 MAY 2001 GEOMETRY AND PHYSICS OF BRANES Supported by: SIGRAV (Italian Society for Gravitational Physics), National Research Project "Singularities, Integrability, Symmetries", SISSA (Trieste), University of Insubria (Como-Varese), Departmente of Chemistry, Physics and Mathematics of the University of Insubria at Como, Physics Department of the University of Milan, Physics Department of the University of Turin, Physics Department of the University of Rome "La Sapienza", Physics Department of the University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Physics Department of the University of Pavia. Download the first circular (Latex file) See the programme (PDF) The SIGRAV Graduate School in Contemporary Relativity and Gravitational Physics is held annually at the Centre for Scientific Culture "Alessandro Volta", Villa Olmo, Como. It is primarily addressed to PhD students and young researchers in Physics and Mathematics who are interested in general relativity, astrophysics, experimental gravity and the quantum theories of gravitation. In 2001 the School will be a joint venture with the School on Algebraic Geometry and Physics organized by the Mathematical Physics Group of the International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA) in Trieste. The School on Algebraic Geometry and Physics is part of a series of events that SISSA is organizing since 1996 aiming at fostering the interaction between mathematicians working in pure algebraic geometry and researchers who are interested in applications of algebraic geometry to physics, especially string theory and integrable systems. Information on the "Algebraic Geometry and Physics'' series is available from the web page

31. The Light Cone - An Illuminating Introduction To Relativity (by Rob Salgado) What s new For a new visualization of the Twin Paradox, visit Visualizing Proper Time in Special relativity with LightClocks. http://physics.syr.edu/courses/modules/LIGHTCONE/

Module Content Updated: 4 Dec 2001 Module Content Updated: 2 Jun 1997 Homepage Last modified: Thu Jan 29 08:17:53 2004 click to see this Light Cone rendered in VRML The Light Cone an illuminating introduction to relativity Rob Salgado (salgado@physics.syr.edu) What's new For a new visualization of the Twin Paradox, visit Visualizing Proper Time in Special Relativity [with LightClocks] Older, but still useful: Twin Paradox java applet Animations are available in MPEG and animated-GIF formats. Since March 13, 1996, you are visitor number PREFACE Introduction Unfamiliar Quotations English-Spacetime-Geometry Dictionary PRIMEVAL RELATIVITY EVENTS and SPACETIME Aristotle's Spacetime Introducing the PRINCIPLE OF RELATIVITY: Galileo's Spacetime ... Newton and His Mechanical Laws of Motion SPECIAL RELATIVITY Maxwell and The Electrodynamic Theory of Light Introducing the LIGHT CONE: The Einstein-Minkowski Spacetime Soap Box Seminar Series: The Twin Non-Paradox ... A more illuminating look at the LIGHT CONE GENERAL RELATIVITY Newton, Galileo, and The Laws of Gravitation

32. Mukul's Cosmos Graduate student at Stanford University. Includes research interests and publications, articles on relativity, quantum mechanics, and string theory http://uk.geocities.com/mukulagrawal78/index.html

WELCOME TO MY COSMOS Kindly Sign My Guestbook View Guestbook Hide Advertisements Suggestion for improving the site

33. Linguistic Relativity Resource Center Collected quotes from critics of the SapirWhorf hypothesis. Includes an outline of the argument for students and offers full citations. http://www.baylor.edu/~Erin_Greenawalt/relativity.html

34. Alignment Theory: New Quantum Relativity Theory Of Everything Preliminary look at a new approach to relativity, Cosmology and the Quantum nature of the universe. http://www.becomereal.com/quantum_relativity.htm

Quantum Relativity "Theory of Everything" Alignment Theory Abstract: (Fuller explanation below) Alignment Theory is the mechanism of zero point energy, quantum mechanics, relativity, mass and gravity, cosmology, cosmic inflation, dark energy and the cosmological constant, the nature and speed of light and quantum entanglement, quantum chaos and the lumpiness of the universe. This mechanism unifies relativity and quantum mechanics. The following is a preliminary look at a new, very simple approach to Relativity, Cosmology and the Quantum nature of the universe that explains the proposed mechanism. (This approach is based on a mixture of existing mainstream ideas and some new ones, put together in a new way. Relativity and Quantum theory describe the effects, Alignment theory is the actual mechanism.) There are three main elements that underlie this approach: 1. Gravity and Mass are the outcome of a two-polarity "Alignment" / "Anti-alignment" energy fluctuation Field. (Momentary alignments of quantum foam fluctuations, explained below.)

35. Usenet Articles By Mukesh Prasad (aka Bhanwara@my-deja.com) Alternate viewpoint on the Double Slit Experiment which is the experiment that started the moderen QM thought. http://www.mukesh.ws/

List of selected Usenet Articles by bhanwara Here is a list of some usenet articles on Physics (specifically QM SR GR and light ) by Mukesh Prasad (aka bhanwara@my-deja.com , and ) collected here so these discussions are not lost as they roll off the news-server archives. All articles here require open-minded, non-authoritarian thinking. Summary A mechanism is clarified whereby light can propagate in vacuum without requiring mystical properties. Quantum Mechanics interpretations are shown to be incorrect. The actual interpretation involves the fields generated by the electron sources. QM is still a valid line of research, but it is a lot less mystical and therefore potentially more useful than previously assumed. Special Relativity and constancy of light are demonstrated to be incorrect. Despite its mathematical complexity, General Relativity is shown to be trivial and useless in terms of its actual meaning, and slightly incorrect. Some of its incorrectness arises from the fact that it incorporates constancy and Special Relativity. It is also incorrect because of its attempt to use a symmetrical albeit elegant model for an underlying asymmetrical reality (which fact makes the elegance of the model or lack thereof, totally irrelevant. Appropriateness of the model is more important in mathematical models of physical reality, than elegance.) Light On the propagation of light in empty space A theoretical framework for wave-particle duality Explanation of the photo-electric effect Quantum Physics

36. Modern Relativity Modernrelativity Special General Black Hole Mass Energy Einste ã 2000. By David Waite. Modern relativity. David Waite s Special relativity Lecture Tape (2 hours). Message Board. Chat Room. General relativity Preface. Unit II. http://www.geocities.com/zcphysicsms/

By David Waite Modern Relativity David Waite's Special Relativity Lecture Tape (2 hours) Message Board Chat Room These units explain general relativity only. We assume that the reader already has a full understanding of special relativity . For info on special relativity try our special relativity unit - Unit I - Special Relativity General Relativity Preface Unit II Foundations For General Relativity Chapter 4 Starting GR 4.1 - The Conceptual Premises For GR 4.2 - Tensors in GR 4.3 - The Metric and Invariants of GR ... 6.3 - Stress Energy of Matter and Einstein's Field Equations Unit III Using General Relativity Chapter 7 Electromagnetism in GR 7.1 - Maxwell's Equations 7.2 - Larmor Radiation and the Abraham-Lorentz Formulae Chapter 8 Robertson-Walker and the Big Bang ... 9.2 - Newtonian Limit Vs Gravitomagnetism Unit IV Black Holes Chapter 10 The Schwarzschild Black Hole 10.1 - The Schwarzschild Solution 10.2 - Hovering over a Schwarzschild Black Hole 10.3 - "Apparently" Lighter With Speed ... 11.2 - Hawking Radiation Unit V Fringe Physics in General Relativity Chapter 12 The New Frontiers 12.1 - Metric Engineering

37. Chomsky UD Review by US political dissident Noam Chomsky of the United States' own appalling record on human rights not in the distant past, but in the last 50 years and continuing right up to this day. http://www.zmag.org/chomsky/articles/9708-UD-relativity.html

The United States and the "Challenge of Relativity" By Noam Chomsky This essay will appear in a collection assembled by Tony Evans, dealing with the 50th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of the Rights of Man. The adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on December 10, 1948 constituted a step forward in the slow progress towards protection of human rights. The overarching principle of the UD is universality. Its provisions have equal standing. There are no moral grounds for self-serving "relativism," which selects for convenience; still less for the particularly ugly form of relativism that converts the UD into a weapon to wield selectively against designated enemies. The 50th anniversary of the UD provides a welcome occasion for reflection on such matters, and for steps to advance the principles that have been endorsed, at least rhetorically, by the nations of the world. The chasm that separates words from actions requires no comment; the annual reports of the major human rights organizations provide more than ample testimony. And there is no shortage of impressive rhetoric. One would have to search far to find a place where leadership and intellectuals do not issue ringing endorsements of the principles and bitter condemnation of those who violate them notably excluding themselves and their associates and clients.

38. Sr Modern Relativity Modernrelativity Special Relativity Black Hole Mass Energy Special relativity. David Waite s Special relativity Lecture Tape (2 hours). This Unit focuses on special relativity only. Special relativity Preface. Unit I. http://www.geocities.com/zcphysicsms/sr.htm

Special Relativity David Waite's Special Relativity Lecture Tape (2 hours) This Unit focuses on special relativity only. Special relativity is a special case of a more general physics. We use only Cartesian coordinate systems. In special relativity we do not consider gravitation, and it is also not a quantum theory. Thus many of the implications of special relativity that are often quoted as if they were general laws do not hold true in more general physics scenarios. Once special relativity is understood, one may move on to a more general case of physics known as general relativity For those that are ready for this step we have created a section on general relativity - Modern Relativity Special Relativity Preface Unit I Special Relativity Chapter 1 SR Made Simple 1.1 - Lorentz Coordinate Transformation 1.2 - Relative Space and Time 1.3 - Paradoxes ... 3.3 - Rotations, Rockets, and Frequency Shifts

39. SIMULATING GENERAL RELATIVITY Some examples of the phenomena of general relativity are simulated. This provides a graphical sight on the main general relativity concepts. The simulations include solutions in 3D (XY +time) and 4D (XYZ+time) spaces. http://www.raczynski.com/pn/genrel.htm

SIMULATING GENERAL RELATIVITY Stanislaw Raczynski stanracz@prodigy.net.mx ABSTRACT Some examples of the phenomena of general relativity are simulated. This provides a graphical and quite illustrative sight on the main general relativity concepts. The simulations include solutions in 3D (XY +time) and 4D (XYZ+time) spaces. The solutions are more general than those which can be obtained analytically. For example, the approach to the black hole is simulated not only as a radial particle movement, but as an arbitrary trajectory in the 3D space. The distortion of images of far objects seen through a neighborhood of a black hole is simulated using photon trajectories in 4D space. Also the entrance of an arbitrary trajectory into the horizon of the black hole is simulated both with the coordinate time (seen by the static observer) and with the proper time (clock) of the moving body. Time distortion at the neighborhood of the black hole is shown as a 3D “space-distortion” plot. Interesting simulation experiments are also shown for the rotating black hole. Click here to download the complete article Consult also: http://www.raczynski.com/pn/pn.htm

40. Jean-Luc Movies: Virtual reality and informational movies on black holes. This site is associated with the National Center for Supercomputing Applications(NCSA), and is for students in middle school and above. http://jean-luc.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Movies/

Jean-Luc Movie: Access from Germany Others Gravitationswellen, die bei einer streifenden Kollision schwarzer Loecher entstehen Bilder Animationen Verschmelzung umkreisender Neutronensterne Bilder Animationen Back Last modified July 2001, Werner Benger These pages have been generated automatically. In case of problems, please mail jean-luc@aei.mpg.de

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