1. Island Of Freedom - Marcus Aurelius The Meditations of marcus aurelius Antoninus. marcus aurelius Antoninus was the Emperor of Rome from difficulty on Antoninus' death. marcus aurelius was educated by the best tutors http://www.island-of-freedom.com/AURELIUS.HTM

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Marcus Aurelius Antoninus was the Emperor of Rome from 161 until his death. Born Marcus Annius Verus, he was adopted by the emperor Antoninus Pius in 138, and married his daughter Annia Galeria Faustina a few years later. He succeeded to the throne without difficulty on Antoninus' death. Marcus Aurelius was educated by the best tutors in Rome and was a devotee of Stoicism. However, he felt with more religious fervour the communion of man in the unity of the universe than most other Stoics. In his later years he wrote the Meditations as a relief from his lonely office, in which he attempts to reconcile his Stoic philosophy of virtue and self-sacrifice with his role as emperor. As a philosopher Aurelius believed that a divine providence had placed reason in man, and it was in the power of man to be one with the rational purpose of the universe. This is a duty to a man himself and to the citizens of God's State. No man can be injured by another, he can only injure himself. He attempted to be a philosopher-king, which he considered a moral rather than a political ideal. He believed that the moral life leads to tranquility, and stressed the virtues of wisdom, justice, fortitude, and moderation. References: The Concise Encyclopedia of Western Philosophy and Philosophers , J. O. Urmson and Jonathan Rée, editors. London: Unman Hyman, 1991.

2. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Article from the Catholic Encyclopedia. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02109a.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... A > Marcus Aurelius Antoninus A B C D ... Z Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Roman Emperor, A.D. 161-180, born at Rome , 26 April, 121; died 17 March, 180. HIS EARLY LIFE (121-161) His father died while Marcus was yet a boy, and he was adopted by his grandfather, Annius Verus. In the first pages of his "Meditations" (I, i-xvii) he has left us an account, unique in antiquity, of his education by near relatives and by tutors of distinction; diligence, gratitude and hardiness seem to have been its chief characteristics. From his earliest years he enjoyed the friendship and patronage on the Emperor Hadrian , who bestowed on him the honour of the equestrian order when he was only six years old, made him a member of the Salian priesthood at eight, and compelled Antoninus Pius immediately after his own adoption to adopt as sons and heirs both the young Marcus and Ceionius Commodus, known later as the Emperor Lucius Verus. In honour of his adopted father he changed his name from M. Julius Aurelius Verus to M. Aurelius Antoninus. By the will of Hadrian he espoused Faustina, the daughter of

3. The Emperor Marcus Aurelius: A brief biography. http://campus.northpark.edu/history/WebChron/Mediterranean/MAurelius.html

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4. Ancient History Sourcebook: Eutropius: The Reign Of Marcus Aurelius, 161-180 CE The Ancient History Sourcebook presents a 4th century profile written by Eutropius. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/eutropius-marcusaurelius1.html

Back to Ancient History Sourcebook Ancient History Sourcebook: Eutropius (4th Cent CE): The Reign of Marcus Aurelius, 161-180 CE [Davis Introduction] Marcus Aurelius was Emperor from 161 to 180 A.D. No ruler ever came to power with higher ideals and purposes, but the reign was not a very prosperous one. The philosopher in the purple was afflicted by the widespread pestilences in the Empire, and by the dangerous wars on the frontiers. He struggled against the difficulties manfully, and overcame most of them; but his reign marks the beginning of the long slow decline of the Empire. Eutropius: Compendium of Roman History , VIII.12-14 Marcus Aurelius was trained in philosophy by Apollonius of Chalcedon: in the Greek language by Sextus of Chaeronea, the grandson of Plutarch, while the eminent orator Fronto instructed him in Latin literature. He conducted himself towards all men at Rome, as if he had been their equal, being moved by no arrogance by his elevation to the Empire. He exercised prompt liberality, and managed the provinceswith the utmost kindness and indulgence. Under his rule affairs were successfully conducted against the Germans. He himself carried on a war with the Marcomanni, which was greater than any in the memory of man (in the way of wars with the Germans)-so that it was compared to the Punic Wars, for it was exceedingly formidable, and in it whole armies were lost; especially as in this reign, after the victory over the Parthians there occurred a great pestilence so that at Rome, and throughout Italy and the provinces a large fraction of the population, and actually the bulk of the regular troops perished from the plague.

5. The Internet Classics Archive | The Meditations By Marcus Aurelius The Meditations by marcus aurelius, part of the Internet Classics Archive The Meditations. By marcus aurelius. Written 167 A.C.E http://classics.mit.edu/Antoninus/meditations.html

Home Browse and Comment Search ... Help The Meditations By Marcus Aurelius Written 167 A.C.E. Translated by George Long The Meditations has been divided into the following sections: Book One Book Two Book Three Book Four ... Book Twelve Commentary: Quite a few comments have been posted about The Meditations Read them or add your own Reader Recommendations: Recommend a Web site you feel is appropriate to this work, list recommended Web sites , or visit a random recommended Web site Download: A 238k text-only version is available for download

6. Roman Emperors - DIR Marcus Aurelius An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors. DIR Atlas. marcus aurelius (A.D. 161180) Herbert W. Benario. Emory University. Introduction and Sources The famous equestrian statue of marcus aurelius http://www.roman-emperors.org/marcaur.htm

Virtual Catalog of Roman Coins An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors DIR Atlas Marcus Aurelius (A.D. 161-180) Herbert W. Benario Emory University Introduction and Sources The Vita of the emperor in the collection known as the Historia Augusta identifies him in its heading as Marcus Antoninus Philosophus , "Marcus Antoninus the Philosopher." Toward the end of the work, the following is reported about him, sententia Platonis semper in ore illius fuit, florere civitates si aut philosophi imperarent aut imperantes philosopharentur (27.7), "Plato's judgment was always on his lips, that states flourished if philosophers ruled or rulers were philosophers." It is this quality of Marcus' character which has made him a unique figure in Roman history, since he was the only emperor whose life was molded by, and devoted to, philosophy (Julian was the second and last). His reign was long and troubled, and in some ways showed the weaknesses of empire which ultimately led to the "Decline and Fall," yet his personal reputation, indeed his sanctity, have never failed of admirers. Contributing to his fame and reputation is a slender volume of Stoic philosophy which served as a kind of diary while he was involved in military campaigns, the Meditations , a book which can be described as an aureus libellus , a little golden book.

7. Great Books Index - Marcus Aurelius marcus aurelius Great Books Index. GREAT BOOKS INDEX. marcus aurelius Antoninus (121180) Baltzly provides an overview of the philosophical system within which marcus aurelius wrote. Western Canon Mailing List http://books.mirror.org/gb.aurelius.html

GREAT BOOKS INDEX Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (121180) An Index to Online Great Books in English Translation AUTHORS/HOME TITLES ABOUT GB INDEX BOOK LINKS The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius Meditations Articles The Meditations (ca 167) HTML edition organized into twelve books (Classics Archive, 2040KB each book) Translated by George Long. HTML edition divided into books (Evansville) Translated by George Long. [Back to Top of Page] Links to Information About Marcus Aurelius Brief Biography of Marcus Aurelius (Ecole) Article on Stoicism (Stanford) This article by Dirk Baltzly provides an overview of the philosophical system within which Marcus Aurelius wrote. Western Canon Mailing List (P.J. Barnette, Jr) The "Meditations" is the October 1997 selection for discussion on the Western Canon mailing list. An excellent opportunity. Not online, but recommended: The Penguin Classics edition of the "Meditations", translated by Maxwell Staniforth. See particularly the introduction, also by Staniforth. Other translations than Long's and Staniforth's: Staniforth mentions several. Some of these are public domain and suitable for scanning for Project Gutenberg. In 1898, by G.H. Rendall, "the most lively, scholarly and idiomatic of all English versions." In 1634, by Meric Casaubon, "archaic, cumbrous and involved" [and one is reminded of Middlemarch]. And in 1701, by Jeremy Collier, "strays so far from the original that it is scarcely more than a paraphrase." Of Long's translation of 1862, Staniforth says it is "admirably correct, as literal as a school crib, and ... utterly unreadable." At least in the case of Long, you may judge for yourself.

8. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Marcus Aurelius Probus Home Catholic Encyclopedia P marcus aurelius Probus. marcus aurelius Probus. Roman Emperor, 27682, raised to the throne by http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12446a.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... P > Marcus Aurelius Probus A B C D ... Z Marcus Aurelius Probus Roman Emperor, 276-82, raised to the throne by the army in Syria to succeed Tacitus. Of humble origin, he was born at Sirmium in Illyria; by courage and ability he won the confidence of the soldiers, and during the reign of Marcus Aurelius [should read "Lucius Domitius Aurelianus" Ed. ] he subdued Palmyra and Egypt. As emperor, he ordained that the imperial edicts must be ratified by the senate, and he returned to the senate the right of appointing the governors of the former senatorial provinces. His reign was passed in wars with the Germans. He personally drove the Alamanni across the Rhine and forced them as far as the fortifications, extending from Ratisbon to Mainz. He made nine German kings tributary to Rome, and distributed sixteen thousand German warriors among the Roman legions. In 278 the emperor re-established peace in Rhaetia, Illyria, and Moesia by campaigns against the Burgundians and Vandals MOMMSEN, Rom. Gesch., V (Berlin, 1885); SCHILLER, Gesch. der rom. Kaiserzeit, II (Gotha, 1887); VON DOMASZEWSKI, Gesch. der rom. Kaiser (2 vols., Leipzig, 1909). KARL HOEBER Transcribed by Herman F. Holbrook

9. Marcus Aurelius: The Meditations marcus aurelius The Meditations ( 167 CE) The emperor Marcus Aelius Aurelius Antoninus who reigned from 161160 was the only Roman emperor besides Julius Caesar whose writings were to become part of http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~wldciv/world_civ_reader/world_civ_reader_1/aurelius.htm

Marcus Aurelius: The Meditations (167 CE) The emperor Marcus Aelius Aurelius Antoninus who reigned from 161-160 was the only Roman emperor besides Julius Caesar whose writings were to become part of the canon of Western classics. His Meditations are a loosely-organized set of thoughts relating to the stoic philosophy which had been popular among the better-educated citizens of Rome for some centuries. It stressed self-discipline, virtue, and inner tranquillity. Aurelius was also a social reformer who worked for the improvement of the lot of the poor, slaves, and convicted criminals. Non-Christians in the Western World have often looked to him as a role model. He was also a fierce persecutor of Christianity, doubtless because he felt that the religion threatened the values that had made Rome great. Aurelius was not an original or brilliant thinker, but his Meditations reflect well the stoic strain in Greco-Roman civilization. The emphasis on morality combined with emotional detachment is strongly reminiscent of Buddhist thought, with which Stoicism has often been compared. What arguments does Aurelius offer to help people accept death? How persuasive do you find them? How does this philosophy emphasize the independence of the individual? Does this emphasis on the individual result in selfishness? What theme does Aurelius share with the poem by Horace in this volume?

10. The Emperor Marcus Aurelius: http://campus.northpark.edu/history/webchron/Mediterranean/MAurelius.html

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11. Stoicism: Marcus Aurelius. The Stoic Emperor by Paul Harrison. marcus aurelius thought the Universe was divine marcus aurelius. The Roman emperor marcus aurelius was perhaps the only true philosopher king in the history of the http://members.aol.com/Heraklit1/marcus.htm

Member of GSAnet Banner Swap Marcus Aurelius - the philosopher-emperor by Paul Harrison. Marcus Aurelius thought the Universe was divine. He was a Pantheist. Are you? Find out now at the Natural Pantheism site. CONTENTS Life of Marcus Marcus' thoughts Commodus about Marcus Aurelius and Commodus Everything harmonizes with me, which is harmonious to thee, o Universe. Nothing for me is too early or too late, which is in due time for thee. Marcus, Ephesus Museum Marcus Aurelius The Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius was perhaps the only true philosopher- king in the history of the world. He was not an original nor a systematic philosopher, but in his meditations, a series of notes to himself, he formulated his pantheist Stoic beliefs with a passionate religious conviction. He shared the basic Stoic belief in the divinity of the cosmos as an intelligent being with a soul, and stressed (perhaps too fatalistically) the harmony of all things and the importance of resigning oneself to whatever happened. Marcus Aurelius reigned from 161 AD to 180 AD. He seems to have been a good and conscientious ruler who was magnanimous towards his enemies. He banned informers, stamped down hard on corruption, and freed slaves at every opportunity. Although he tolerated the circus, he ordered gladiators to fight with blunted points. Needing extra funds for his wars in Eastern Europe, he refused to raise taxes but instead held a public auction of his own golden tableware and of his wife's silk and gold embroidered dresses.

12. Welcome To Cochise Museum A private collection of Roman coins of Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Aelius, Antoninus Pius, marcus aurelius, Lucius Verus, Commodus and Clodius Albinus. http://www.ifrance.com/antonines/

The last version of this site was created on April 11, 2004. As you will notice, this site contains only coins of following Roman emperors: Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Aelius, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius, Lucius Verus, Commodus and Clodius Albinus. I started to collect the coins of these Emperors as from August 2001. The purpose of this site is to make you share my beautiful collection of bronze and silver coins. Click here to begin the visit! My email ! Comme vous le remarquerez, ce site ne contient que des monnaies des empereurs romains suivants: Le but de ce site est de vous faire partager ma belle collection de monnaies en argent et en bronze. Cliquez ici pour commencer la visite! Ecrivez-moi !

13. The Internet Classics Archive | Works By Marcus Aurelius Help. Works by marcus aurelius. The Meditations Written 167 ACE Translated by George Long Read discussion 93 comments © 19942000. http://classics.mit.edu/Browse/browse-Antoninus.html

Home Search Buy Books and CD-ROMs ... Help Works by Marcus Aurelius The Meditations Written 167 A.C.E. Translated by George Long Read discussion : 93 comments

14. Bryn Mawr Classical Review 1998.11.35 Book review containing comparison/contrasts between Stoicism and other philosophies. http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/1998/1998-11-35.html

Bryn Mawr Classical Review 1998.11.35 Pierre Hadot, The Inner Citadel: The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius. Translated by Michael Chase . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998. Pp. x, 351. ISBN 0-674-46171-1. $45.00. Reviewed by Rachana Kamtekar, Institute for Research in the Humanities, University of Wisconsin-Madison (rkamtekar@facstaff.wisc.edu) Word count: 4302 words English-language readers of Hadot's Philosophy as a Way of Life (Blackwell, 1995) and students of Stoicism will welcome Michael Chase's translation of Hadot's 1992 . In The Inner Citadel , Hadot applies to Marcus Aurelius' Meditations his characteristic interpretative approach: treating ancient philosophy as a "way of life," in particular one which provides its students with "spiritual exercises" to enable them to make progress towards wisdom, and treating ancient philosophical texts with attention to the "forms of discourse," or constraints of genre, tradition, and audience that affected their production. Hadot's extended application of this approach to Marcus gives readers an opportunity to evaluate its fruitfulness. Below, I give a brief chapter-by-chapter summary of Hadot's interpretation of Marcus' Meditations , commenting along the way on some general issues in The Inner Citadel : (1) the treatment of Marcus' eclecticism vs. Stoic orthodoxy, (2) the value of indifferents, (3) the Stoics' account of the relationship between the disciplines of logic, physics, and ethics, especially in their theoretical and practical dimensions.

15. Marcus Aurelius Press: Tarot, Kabbalah, Mysticism, Theology, Jungian Psychology, Publisher of Qabalistic writings and the Jungian and other tarot decks. http://www.marcusaureliuspress.com/

Marcus Aurelius Press is a new publishing company specializing in Mysticism, Kabbalah, Theology, Tarot, and Jungian Psychology. Its first offerings, over a period of time, will be books by Robert Wang, to be followed by works by other distinguished authors. Readers are encouraged to submit questions to Dr. Wang: Submit Question or Comment . As many readers as possible will be answered on our new Forum page. Visit The Marcus Aurelius Press Forum The Jungian Tarot Deck Robert Wang Unavailable for almost a decade, Marcus Aurelius Press is pleased to announce the reissue of this important work. The Jungian Tarot Deck created as a visual introduction to Jungian Psychology in consultation with international Jungian scholars and analysts, may be used for meditation or for divination following any traditional system. Each of the twenty-two trumps represents one of the "archetypes of the collective unconscious" described by Jung and includes a unique mandala, a circular form which the psychologist found to be profoundly useful in the process he called "individuation" and which the Western mystery tradition has termed "enlightenment." $19.95 Announcing the republication of The Qabalistic Tarot by Robert Wang Although the classic Qabalistic Tarot (1983) is out of print, a new updated edition is in preparation with an expected release in late 2004. The first edition has been hailed as

16. Stoicism: Marcus Aurelius. The Stoic Emperor marcus aurelius the philosopher-emperor. by Paul Harrison. Marcus Commodus. Movies Books about marcus aurelius and Commodus. Everything http://members.aol.com/heraklit1/marcus.htm

Member of GSAnet Banner Swap Marcus Aurelius - the philosopher-emperor by Paul Harrison. Marcus Aurelius thought the Universe was divine. He was a Pantheist. Are you? Find out now at the Natural Pantheism site. CONTENTS Life of Marcus Marcus' thoughts Commodus about Marcus Aurelius and Commodus Everything harmonizes with me, which is harmonious to thee, o Universe. Nothing for me is too early or too late, which is in due time for thee. Marcus, Ephesus Museum Marcus Aurelius The Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius was perhaps the only true philosopher- king in the history of the world. He was not an original nor a systematic philosopher, but in his meditations, a series of notes to himself, he formulated his pantheist Stoic beliefs with a passionate religious conviction. He shared the basic Stoic belief in the divinity of the cosmos as an intelligent being with a soul, and stressed (perhaps too fatalistically) the harmony of all things and the importance of resigning oneself to whatever happened. Marcus Aurelius reigned from 161 AD to 180 AD. He seems to have been a good and conscientious ruler who was magnanimous towards his enemies. He banned informers, stamped down hard on corruption, and freed slaves at every opportunity. Although he tolerated the circus, he ordered gladiators to fight with blunted points. Needing extra funds for his wars in Eastern Europe, he refused to raise taxes but instead held a public auction of his own golden tableware and of his wife's silk and gold embroidered dresses.

17. TEMPLE OF MARCUS AURELIUS TEMPLE OF marcus aurelius. About marcus aurelius. Links. Images. Books. marcus aurelius, full name Marcus Aelius Aurelius Antoninus (121180), Roman emperor (161-180) and Stoic philosopher. marcus aurelius, whose original name was Marcus Annius Verus, was born in Rome on April 20, 121, the him to his daughter (145). marcus aurelius became emperor in 161, and http://sangha.net/messengers/avrelius.htm

TEMPLE OF MARCUS AURELIUS About Marcus Aurelius Links Images Books Marcus Aurelius , full name Marcus Aelius Aurelius Antoninus (121-180), Roman emperor (161-180) and Stoic philosopher. l a (Vistula) river. He died of the plague in Vindobona (now Vienna) on March 17, 180, before he could begin the invasion. His plan was abandoned by his son and successor, Commodus. In his domestic policy Marcus Aurelius was a champion of the poor, for whom he founded schools, orphanages, and hospitals and alleviated the burden of taxes. He also tried to humanize criminal laws and the treatment of slaves by their masters. As a philosopher he is remembered for his Meditations, a compendium of 12 books of moral precepts written in Greek. The work, an important formulation of the philosophy of Stoicism, reveals his belief that the moral life leads to tranquillity, and stresses the virtues of wisdom, justice, fortitude, and moderation. (Microsoft Encarta) Another source adds: The Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius was perhaps the only true philosopher- king in the history of the world. He was not an original nor a systematic philosopher, but in his meditations, a series of notes to himself, he formulated the Stoic beliefs with a passionate religious conviction. He shared the basic Stoic belief in the divinity of the cosmos as an intelligent being with a soul, and stressed (perhaps too fatalistically) the harmony of all things and the importance of resigning oneself to whatever happened.

18. Island Of Freedom - Marcus Aurelius Quotes from MEDITATIONS Begin the morning by saying to thyself, I shall meet with the busybody, the ungrateful, arrogant, deceitful, envious, unsocial. http://www.island-of-freedom.com/AUQUOTES.HTM

from MEDITATIONS "Begin the morning by saying to thyself, I shall meet with the busy-body, the ungrateful, arrogant, deceitful, envious, unsocial. All these things happen to them by reason of their ignorance of what is good and evil. But I who have seen the nature of the good that it is beautiful, and of the bad that it is ugly, and the nature of him who does wrong, that it is akin to me, not only of the same blood or seed, but that it participates in the same intelligence and the same portion of the divinity, I can neither be injured by any of them, for no one can fix on me what is ugly, nor can I be angry with my kinsman, nor hate him, For we are made for co-operation, like feet, like hands, like eyelids, like the rows of the upper and lower teeth. To act against one another then is contrary to nature; and it is acting against one another to be vexed and to turn away." "Remember how long thou hast been putting off these things, and how often thou hast received an opportunity from the gods, and yet dost not use it. Thou must now at last perceive of what universe thou art a part, and of what administrator of the universe thy existence is an efflux, and that a limit of time is fixed for thee, which if thou dost not use for clearing away the clouds from thy mind, it will go and thou wilt go, and it will never return." "...why should a man have any apprehension about the change and dissolution of all the elements? For it is according to nature, and nothing is evil which is according to nature."

19. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Blandina Belongs to the band of martyrs of Lyons who, after some of their number had endured the most frightful tortures, suffered a glorious martyrdom in the reign of marcus aurelius. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02594a.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... B > St. Blandina A B C D ... Z St. Blandina Virgin and martyr. She belongs to the band of martyrs of Lyons who, after some of their number had endured the most frightful tortures, suffered a glorious martyrdom in the reign of Marcus Aurelius (177) and concerning whose death we have the touching report sent by the Church of Lyons to the Churches of Asia Minor (Eusebius, Hist. eccl., V, 2). The fanaticism of the heathen populace in Lyons had been excited against the Christians so that the latter, when they ventured to show themselves publicly, were harassed and ill-treated. While the imperial legate was away the chiliarch, a military commander, and the duumvir, a civil magistrate, threw a number of Christians , who confessed their faith, into prison. When the legate returned, the imprisoned believers were brought to trial. Among these Christians was Blandina, a slave, who had been taken into custody along with her master, also a Christian . Her companions greatly feared that on account of her bodily frailty she might not remain steadfast under torture. But although the legate caused her to be tortured in a horrible manner, so that even the executioners became exhausted "as they did not know what more they could do to her", still she remained faithful and repeated to every question "I am a Christian and we commit no wrongdoing." Through fear of torture heathen slaves had testified against their masters that the

20. Marcus Aurelius During the reign of marcus aurelius the celebrated Pax Romana collapsed perhaps this made the emperor the most believable of all Stoics. http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/aurelius.htm

Choose another writer in this calendar: by name: A B C D ... Z by birthday from the calendar Credits and feedback Marcus Aurelius (121-180 AD) - full name Marcus Aurelius Antoninius Roman Emperor and Stoic, the author of Meditations in twelve books. Its first printing appeared in English in 1634. During the reign of Marcus Aurelius the celebrated Pax Romana collapsed - perhaps this made the emperor the most believable of all Stoics. An important feature of the philosophy was that everything will recur: the whole universe becomes fire and then repeats itself. Constantly regard the universe as one living being, having one substance and one soul; and observe how all things have reference to one perception, the perception of this one living being; and how all things act with one movement; and how all things are the cooperating causes of all things which exist; observe too the continuous spinning of the thread and the contexture of the web. (from The Meditations Marcus Aurelius was born in Rome. He came from an aristocratic family long established in Spain. His father was Annius Verus. When only a small child, he attracted the attention of the Emperor Hadrian (r. 117-138) - a pedophile and his fellow-countryman. He was appointed by the Emperor to a priesthood in 129, and Hadrian also supervised his education, which was entrusted to the best professors of literature, rhetoric and philosophy of the time. From his early twenties he deserted his other studies for philosophy. The Emperor Antoninus, who succeeded Hadrian, adopted Marcus Aurelius as his son in 138. He treated Aurelius as a confidant and helper throughout his reign. Aurelius was admitted to the Senate, and then twice the consulship. In 147 he shared tribunician power with Antoninus. During this time he began composition of his

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