61. Right susumu tonegawa. . http://www.nobelchannel.com/theatre/archiveright.sps?vid=622

62. American Pain Society Glenview, IL 60025 847375-4715 fax 877-734-8758 Toll Free info@ampainsoc.orgSite Guide, susumu tonegawa, PhD. Facility Mass. Inst. Tech Cambridge, 02139. http://www.ampainsoc.org/cgi-bin/abstract2001/author.pl/434/susumutonegawa

Give us feedback about our web site Contact the Editor: Michael E. Clark, PhD webeditor@ampainsoc.org Contact APS: American Pain Society 4700 W. Lake Ave. Glenview, IL 60025 fax: 877-734-8758 [Toll Free] info@ampainsoc.org Site Guide Susumu Tonegawa, PhD Facility: Mass. Inst. Tech Cambridge, 02139 Email: N/A Read Abstract: A conditional knockout of the NMDAR1 subunit in spinal cord Perform a new search About APS Membership ... International and Regional Societies 1996-2004 American Pain Society. http://www.ampainsoc.org

63. 20th Century Year By Year 1987 Physiology or Medicine tonegawa, susumu, Japan, Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA, b. 1939 for his discovery of the genetic http://www.multied.com/20th/1987.html

Major Event/ Sports Nobel Prizes Pulitzer Prizes ... Popular Book s / Popular Television Shows Popular Music/ Grammy Awards/ Tony Awards Major Events of 1987 Rioting breaks out during Haj Intifada begins Tamil guerillas ambush convoy ... Gorbachev campaigns for Glasnost and Perostroi ka Libyan troops driven out of Chad India invades Pakistan Sports NBA: Los Angeles Lakers vs. Boston Celtics Series: 4-2 NCAA Football: Miami-Fl Record: 12-0-0 Heisman Trophy: Tim Brown, notre dame, WR points: 1,442 Stanley Cup: Edmunton Oilers vs. Philadelphia Flyers Series: 4-3 Super Bowl XXI: New York Giants vs. Denver Broncos Score: 39-20 US Open Golf: Scott Simpson Score: 277 Course: Olympic Club Location: San Francisco, CA World Series: Minnesota Twins vs. St. Louis Cardinals Series: 4-3 Popular Music 1."Open Your Heart" ... Madonna 2."Livin' on a Prayer" ... Bon Jovi 3 ."Jacob's Ladder" ... Huey Lewis and the News 4."Lean on Me" ... Club Nouveau 5."Nothing's Going to Stop Us Now" ... Starship

64. TBASE Person TBASE. Person tonegawa, susumu. Name tonegawa, susumu Accession IDCONTACT99696. Salutation Dr. First Name susumu. Last Name tonegawa. http://tbase.jax.org/tbase-cgi/tbase_getreg.pl?acc=99696

65. Roche - Nasa Istorija: 1978. - 2001. polju. 1987. Nobelova nagrada susumu tonegawa. susumu tonegawa, kojije radio na bazelskom Institutu za imunologiju od 1972. do 1981. http://www.roche.ba/onama/istorija/1978-2001.asp

Širok spektar farmaceutskih proizvoda je uveden u godinama koje slijede, a neki su predstavljali istinske medicinske novine. Roche namjerava da nastavi razvijati inovativna, napredna rješenja u terapiji lijekovima, dijagnostici, prevenciji i biomedicinskim istraživanjima u krajnju korist pacijenata. Era Fritza Gerbera Lansiran je Rocaltrol, lijek za osteodistrofiju, posebno kod zakazivanja bubrega i kod pacijenata na hemodijalizi. Lansirani su Pretuval, lijek za prehladu i gripu, kao i Benical, sirup za kašljanje. Lansiran je jedan enszim-imunoesej, zasnovan na monoklonalnim antitijelima, za monitoring terapije nekih vrsta raka. Prix Galien za Tigason Roche je dobio Prix Galien za Tigason, prvi istinski djelotvoran lijek za terapiju teških oblika psorijaze. Aktivni sastojak Tigasona je retinoid. Nobelova nagrada - Niels Kaj Jerne and Georges Köhler (Basel Institut za imunologiju) Niels Kaj Jerne, prvi direktor bazelskog Instituta za imunologiju dobio je Nobelovu nagradu za medicinu za njegov rad u polju imunologije. S njim su podijelili nagradu César Milstein i Georges Köhler, koji su otkrili monoklonska antitijela.

66. The Scientist - Same Labmates, Different Projects By Eugene Russo. In 1990 susumu tonegawa, winner of the 1987 Nobel Prize in physiologyor medicine, decided that he d like to make something of a career change. http://www.the-scientist.com/yr2000/jan/russo_p16_000124.html

The Scientist 14[2]:16, Jan. 24, 2000 NEWS Same Labmates, Different Projects Nobel laureate leads a rare transition between disciplines By Eugene Russo In 1990 Susumu Tonegawa , winner of the 1987 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine, decided that he'd like to make something of a career change. Tonegawa, who won for his findings on the mechanism of antibody diversity and antigen recognition, chose to move away from his vocation as an immunologist and pursue a longtime fascination with neuroscience. He sought, in effect, to shift the focus of his entire lab. The research team includes, clockwise from left, Arvind Govindarajan, Tom McHugh, Susumu Tonegawa, and Chanel Lovett. The real key was the manufacture of a commodity that other neuroscientists wanted: an invaluable strain of genetically engineered mice. In 1992, inspired by their immunology background, Tonegawa's lab created the first-ever line of knockout mice for use in neuroscience research. Intended for the study of learning and memory, the mutant strain lacks alpha-calcium-calmodulin-dependent kinase II (alpha-CaMKII), a protein thought to be involved in the reputed memory mechanism long-term potentiation (LTP). Christiaan N. Levelt

67. RIKEN Wako Main Campus Laboratory for Cortical Organization and Systematics, ROCKLAND, KathleenS. RIKENMIT Neuroscience Research Center, tonegawa, susumu. http://www.riken.go.jp/r-world/info/release/pamphlet/annual/2002/conts02/e_wako.

Annual Reports of Research Activities 2002 RIKEN Wako Main Campus Laboratories and Others Cosmic Radiation Laboratory MAKISHIMA, Kazuo Radiation Laboratory EN'YO, Hideto RI Beam Science Laboratory TANIHATA, Isao Applied Nuclear Physics Laboratory ASAHI, Koichiro Atomic Physics Laboratory YAMAZAKI, Yasunori Heavy Ion Nuclear Physics Laboratory MOTOBAYASHI, Tohru Molecular Spectroscopy Laboratory TAHARA, Tahei Supramolecular Science Laboratory WADA, Tatsuo Muon Science Laboratory IWASAKI, Masahiko Magnetic Materials Laboratory TAKAGI, Hidenori Beam Physics and Engineering Laboratory KATAYAMA, Takeshi Theoretical Physics Laboratory KAWAI, Hikaru Low Temperature Physics Laboratory KONO, Kimitoshi Laser Technology Laboratory MIDORIKAWA Katsumi Nanophotonics Laboratory KAWATA, Satoshi Nanomaterial Processing Laboratory TAKEUCHI, Kazuo Surface and Interface Laboratory AONO, Masakazu Condensed-Matter Theory Laboratory FURUSAKI, Akira Materials Fabrication Laboratory OHMORI, Hitoshi Semiconductors Laboratory AOYAGI, Yoshinobu Bioengineering Laboratory MAEDA, Mizuo Condensed Molecular Materials Laboratory KATO, Reizo

68. Munzinger Personen - Susumu Tonegawa (Medizin) 1987; Prof. Dr. Quelle GmbH, Ravensburg. http://register.munzinger.de/personen/00/000/018/00018447.shtml

Personen Sport Chronik Pop ... Login Suche Trefferliste Kontakt CD-ROM weiter Intranet Archiv weiter Datenservice weiter Print Der Klassiker unter den Publikationsformen unserer Archive ist seit 1913 das Loseblattwerk weiter Susumu Tonegawa japanischer Molekularbiologe; Nobelpreis (Medizin) 1987; Prof. Dr Quelle: Internationales Biographisches Archiv 32/1999 vom 2. August 1999 Falls Sie zuvor Art und Umfang der Munzinger-Biographien sehen wollen, können Sie über unsere Startseite auch einzelne Texte kostenfrei abrufen. Personen Das Internationale Biographische Archiv Home Seitenanfang Firmenportrait Kontakt ... Munzinger Archiv GmbH

69. ? DONNA COVENEY Graduate student Arvind Govindarajan (left), Professor susumu tonegawa(center) and postdoctoral fellow Ray Kelleher look at films in the lab. http://www.milab.co.kr/bbs/zboard.php?id=news&no=11

70. The Fourth Annual CNBC Lecture From Genes To Synaptic Plasticity The Fourth Annual CNBC Lecture From Genes to Synaptic Plasticity to Spatial Memory susumu tonegawa, Ph.D. Center for Learning and Memory Massachusetts http://www2.ipcku.kansai-u.ac.jp/~ttank/04tonegawa.htm

Back to the TABLE The Fourth Annual CNBC Lecture "From Genes to Synaptic Plasticity to Spatial Memory" Susumu Tonegawa, Ph.D. Center for Learning and Memory Massachusetts Institute of Technology Friday, April 11, 1997 3:30 - 6:00 pm Auditorium 2nd Floor, Mellon Institute Reception immediately following ABSTRACT We have developed a method to create mice in which the deletion (knockout) of virtually any gene of interest is restricted to a subregion or a specific cell type in the CNS such as the pyramidal cells of the hippocampal CA1 region. We applied this technique to the gene encoding the essential subunit of all known isoforms of NMDA receptors. These mice lack the NMDAR1 gene specifically and exclusively in the CA1 pyramidal cells and only after the third postnatal week. The latter temporal restriction of the gene knockout makes it highly unlikely that any impairments observed in these knockout mice are due to a developmental abnormality. The mutant mice grow into adulthood without obvious abnormalities. Adult mice lack NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic currents and long-term potentiation specifically in the CA1 synapses and exhibit impaired spatial memory but unimpaired nonspatial memory. Our results strongly suggest that activity-dependent modifications of CA1 synapses, mediated by NMDA receptors, play an essential role in the acquisition of spatial memories. To investigate further the role of NMDA receptor-dependent CA1 synaptic plasticity in spatial memory, we studied in collaboration with Matthew Wilson place-specific firing of the mutant hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells using multiple electrode recording techniques applied to freely behaving mice. We have discovered that although the CA1 pyramidal cells in the NMDAR1 knockout mice retain place-related activity, there is a significant decrease in the spatial specificity of individual place fields. We have also found a striking deficit in the coordinated firing of pairs of neurons tuned to similar spatial locations. Pairs have uncorrelated firing even if their fields overlap. These results demonstrate that NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic plasticity is necessary for the proper representation of space in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. The results also suggest that the reason why NMDAR1 knockout mice are poor in acquiring spatial memory is because the lack of NMDA receptors in the CA1 region causes a failure in the formation of refined place fields in the CA1 and its downstream regions. SUSUMU TONEGAWA, Ph.D. Dr. Susumu Tonegawa, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology is the Fourth Annual CNBC Lecturer. In 1987 Dr. Tonegawa received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on the genetics of antibody production. In recent years, he turned his attention to neurobiology and became rapidly established as a leader in the application of new genetic techniquies for the study of the nervous system. Dr. Tonegawa received his B.S. degree in chemistry from Kyoto University in Kyoto, Japan and his doctorate in biology from the University of California, San Diego. He completed postdoctoral work at the University of California, San Diego and the Salk Institute. He continued his research at the Basel Institute for Immunology in Switzerland. Dr. Tonegawa is a professor at the Center for Cancer Research at MIT and an investigator for the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. In April of 1994, he became the Director of MIT's newly created Center for Learning and Memory. THE CENTER FOR THE NEURAL BASIS OF COGNITION ANNUAL LECTURE The annual CNBC lecture provides an opportunity for the Cognitive and Neuroscience communities in Pittsburgh to gather together to consider an important aspect of cognitive neuroscience through the work of a recognized leader of the field. The series was inaugurated in 1994 by Dr. Mortimer Mishkin. The Fourth Annual CNBC Lecture, From Genes to Synaptic Plasticity to Spatial Memory, will be given by Dr. Tonegawa in the Mellon Institute Auditorium on the 2nd Floor of Mellon Institute. The proceedings will begin at 3:30 with a brief update on the state of the Center, which will be followed by Dr.Tonegawa's lecture. The lecture will be followed by a reception from 5:00 - 6:00 pm in the auditorium lobby. The reception will give participants an opportunity to meet Dr. Tonegawa and to talk with colleagues in the cognitive and neural sciences. Faculty and students from throughout the community are welcome to attend. CENTER FOR THE NEURAL BASIS OF COGNITION (CNBC) IS A JOINT PROJECT OF CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY and the UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH Back to the TABLE

71. Biography-center - Letter T Tone, Franchot www.mrmoody.com/goldenboy/whoswho/tone_f.htm; tonegawa,susumu www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1987/tonegawa-autobio.html; http://www.biography-center.com/t.html

Visit a random biography ! Any language Arabic Bulgarian Catalan Chinese (Simplified) Chinese (Traditional) Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French German Greek Hebrew Hungarian Icelandic Indonesian Italian Japanese Korean Latvian Lithuanian Norwegian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Turkish T 361 biographies Tabern, Donalee L. www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/142.html Tacca, Ferdinand www.getty.edu/art/collections/bio/a451-1.html Tacquet, Andrea www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Tacquet.html Taft, Helen Herron www.whitehouse.gov/WH/glimpse/firstladies/html/ht27.html Taft, William Howard odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/P/wt27/about/taftbio.htm Tagore, Rabindranath www.nobel.se/literature/laureates/1913/tagore-bio.html Tahir, ibn www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Al-Baghdadi.html Taiga, Marton www.kirjasto.sci.fi/taiga.htm Taillandier, Vincent www.getty.edu/art/collections/bio/a1075-1.html Tait, Peter Guthrie www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Tait.html Takacs, Karoly

72. Science Timeline Translate this page Tjio, Jo Hin, 1956. Tomlinson, Ray, 1972. Tomonaga, Sin-itiro, 1948. tonegawa, susumu,1976, 1978. Torricelli, Evangelista, 1644. Townes, Charles Hard, 1954, 1958. http://www.sciencetimeline.net/siteindex_t-v.htm

use checkboxes to select items you wish to download Select Index Letter: a b c d ... w-x-y-z Tajima, Toshiki, 1979 Talmadge, David, W. 1957 Tang, Chou, 1986 Tanzi, E., 1894 Tashiro, Shiro, 1913 Tatum, Edward Lawrie, 1941, 1946 Taylor, Joseph H., 1974 Teichmann, L., 1853 Teisserenc de Bort, L. P., 1904 Telegdi, Valentine, 1956 Teller, Edward, 1944, 1944 Temin, Howard, 1970, 1980 Terrett, Nicholas Kenneth, 1990 Tesla, Nicola, 1888 Thales of Miletus, 600 bce, 560 bce Theorell, Axel Hugo Teodor, 1932, 1933, 1939 Thomas, A. P.,1883 Thomson, George Paget, 1927 Thomson, James, 1998 Thomson, Joseph John, 1897, 1898, 1899 Thomson, William, 1842, 1845, 1845, 1848, 1856, 1862, 1865, 1871 Thorndike, Edward L., 1898 Thorner, Jeremy, 1984

73. Tonegawa Nobel Prize winner,Prof.susumu tonegawa of MIT, indicates that it is well knownthat lesions of the hippocampus in humans can produce severe amnesia for http://www.architecture-mind.com/tonegawa.html

Spatial Memory Nobel Prize winner,Prof.Susumu Tonegawa of MIT, indicates that it is well known that lesions of the hippocampus in humans can produce severe amnesia for certain memories. In a recent article Prof. Tonegawa indicates that his experiments with mice have identified a specific area of the hippocampus called the "CA1 area" that forms spatial memories. [Before describing this experiment, a quote from Rita Carter's book on Mapping the Brain seems appropriate. She says, "finding your way around in space is very much a right-brained activity, and if the parts of the brain that do it (right hippocampus and right parietal cortex) are damaged, a person may find they get lost in what were once familiar places."] The apparatus used in Prof. Tonegawa's experiments was a small water tank with a platform located on one side. When mice were placed in this tank, they soon learned to swim to the platform to escape exhaustion from swimming. "Normal" mice learned where the platform was within a few seconds on each successive introduction to the tank they improved the time it took them to escape. Mice whose CA1 area of the right hippocampus had been altered (in the lab)learned hardly anything and seemed to have no spatial memory. When these same mice were tested for other simple association strategies they performed well, reinforcing the observation that only the CA1 area was needed for space memory.

74. Tog tonegawa, susumu. Tonga. Tongariro. Tongeren. Tomsk. Tonawanda. Tonbridge and Malling.Tone, Theobald Wolfe. tonegawa, susumu. Tonga History, Land, People, and Economy. http://www.slider.com/Enc/T/Tog.htm

The Web Encyclopaedia Shopping Ah‑ha ... Index The Web Encyclopaedia Shopping Ah-ha Kanoodle Findwhat Summary Top Encyclopaedia T Tog ... Website Promotion Tog Still searching the hard way? Try the Free Slider Search Toolbar and spend less time searching!! www.trellian.com Sponsored Link -butenedioic acid TPN Toggenburg Toggenburg goat ... transuranium elements Slider in: Espa±ol Deutsch Dansk Nederlands ... Download the FREE Slider.com Search Toolbar!

75. Susumu Translate this page susumu tonegawa O laureado com o Nobel, em 1987, foi susumu tonegawaque nasceu em 1939, em Nagóia, no Japão. Se formou no ano http://www.ioc.fiocruz.br/jornalismo/susumu.htm

Susumu Tonegawa O laureado com o Nobel, em 1987, foi Susumu Tonegawa que nasceu em 1939, em Nagóia, no Japão. Se formou no ano de 1963, como bacharel em ciências pela Universidade de Kyoto. Ele iniciou seus trabalhos no MIT, o Instituto de Tecnologia de Massachutes, em 1981, no Centro de Pesquisa de Câncer. Tonegawa se destacou pelo trabalho na biologia molecular dos genes das imunoglobulinas, demostrando como é gerada a diversidade entre os anticorpos. Ele foi agraciado com inúmeros prêmios nos Estados Unidos, Japão, Alemanha,Canadá, entre outros.

76. PNAS -- Abstracts: Poss And Tonegawa 94 (20): 10925 Reduced stress defense in heme oxygenase 1deficient cells. Kenneth D. Possand susumu tonegawa. Contributed by susumu tonegawa, July 16, 1997. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/94/20/10925

Full Text of this Article PDF Version of this Article Similar articles found in: PNAS Online ISI Web of Science PubMed PubMed Citation This Article has been cited by: other online articles Search PubMed for articles by: Poss, K. D. Tonegawa, S. Search for citing articles in: ISI Web of Science (294) Alert me when: new articles cite this article Download to Citation Manager Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 94, pp. 10925-10930, September 1997 Medical Sciences Reduced stress defense in heme oxygenase 1-deficient cells Kenneth D. Poss and Susumu Tonegawa Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Center for Learning and Memory, Center for Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 Contributed by Susumu Tonegawa, July 16, 1997 Stressed mammalian cells up-regulate heme oxygenase 1 (Hmox1; EC 1.14.99.3), which catabolizes heme to biliverdin, carbon monoxide, and free iron. To assess the potential role of Hmox1 in cellular antioxidant defense, we analyzed the responses of cells from mice lacking functional Hmox1 to oxidative challenges.

77. PNAS -- Abstracts: Poss And Tonegawa 94 (20): 10919 Heme oxygenase 1 is required for mammalian iron reutilization. Kenneth D.Poss and susumu tonegawa. Contributed by susumu tonegawa, July 16, 1997. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/94/20/10919

Full Text of this Article PDF Version of this Article Similar articles found in: PNAS Online ISI Web of Science PubMed PubMed Citation This Article has been cited by: other online articles Search PubMed for articles by: Poss, K. D. Tonegawa, S. Search for citing articles in: ISI Web of Science (213) Alert me when: new articles cite this article Download to Citation Manager Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 94, pp. 10919-10924, September 1997 Medical Sciences Heme oxygenase 1 is required for mammalian iron reutilization Kenneth D. Poss and Susumu Tonegawa Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Center for Learning and Memory, Center for Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 Contributed by Susumu Tonegawa, July 16, 1997 The majority of iron for essential mammalian biological activities such as erythropoiesis is thought to be reutilized from cellular hemoproteins. Here, we generated mice lacking functional heme oxygenase 1 (Hmox1; EC 1.14.99.3), which catabolizes heme to biliverdin, carbon monoxide, and free iron, to assess its participation

78. Nobelists Who Attended CSHL Symposia MP/75. Thomas, E. Donnall. 1986. MP/90. Tiselius,Arne. 1938. C/48. tonegawa, susumu.1976,77,80,86,89, 92. MP/87. Urey ,Harold Clayton. 1934. C/34. Varmus, Harold Eliot*. http://nucleus.cshl.org/CSHLlib/archives/Nobelists who attended Symposia.htm

Carnegie Building - 1905 Nobelists who attended CSHL Symposia Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Archives Nobelists Symposium Year Won Arber ,Werner MP/78 Altman, Sidney C/89 Baltimore, David* MP/75 Beadle,George Wells MP/58 Benacerraf ,Baruj MP/80 Berg, Paul* C/80 Bishop, John Michael MP/89 Blobel, Günther MP/99 Bloch, Konrod F. MP/64 Blumberg, Baruch S. MP/76 Burnet, Sir Frank M. MP/60 Calvin, Melvin C/61 Cech, Thomas R. C/89 Claude, Albert MP/74 Cohen, Stanley* MP/86 Cori ,Carl F. MP/47 Cori ,Gerty T. MP/47 Cournand, Andre F. MP/56 Crick, Francis H.C.* MP/62 Dale, Sir Henry H. MP/36 Delbrück, Max* MP/69 Doherty, Peter MP/96 Du Vigneaud ,Vincent C/55 Dulbecco, Renato* MP/75 Eccles ,Sir John Carew MP/63 Edelman ,Gerald M. MP/72 Furchgott, Robert F. MP/98 Gajdusek, Daniel Carleton MP/76 Gasser, Herbert S. MP/44 Gilbert, Walter* C/80 Gilman, Alfred MP/94 Glaser, Donald A. P/60 Hartline, Haldan Keffer MP/67 Hershey ,Alfred D.* MP/69 Hill ,Archibald V.* MP/22 Hodgkin ,Dorothy C. C/64 Hodgkin, Alan Lloyd MP/63 Holley, Robert W. MP/68 Hubel, David H. MP/81 Huber, Robert C/88 Huxley, Andrew Fielding

79. Editing Susumu Tonegawa - Edit - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Boston Globe Online / Table of Contents CAMBRIDGE Last Friday, susumu tonegawa s colleagues, knowing that the Nobel Prizein medicine soon would be awarded, told him, This year, you ll win a Nobel http://en.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Susumu_Tonegawa&action=edit

80. HUM-MOLGEN: MIT Team Discovers Memory Mechanism The MIT research team, led by Nobel laureate susumu tonegawa, director of the PicowerCenter for Learning and Memory, has now identified a crucial molecular http://www.hum-molgen.de/NewsGen/02-2004/msg11.html

home genetic news bioinformatics biotechnology ... register for news alert MIT team discovers memory mechanism February, 14 2004 12:28 CAMBRIDGE, Mass. MIT neuroscientists have discovered a new brain mechanism controlling the formation of lasting memories. This mechanism explains how signals between neurons stimulate production of the protein building blocks needed for long-term memory storage. The study, which will appear in the Feb. 6 issue of the journal Cell, has broad implications for our understanding of how learning and memory normally occur, and how these abilities may be undermined in psychiatric and neurologic diseases. Long-lasting memories are stored in the brain through strengthening of the connections, or synapses, between neurons. Researchers have known for many years that neurons must turn on the synthesis of new proteins for long-term memory storage and synaptic strengthening to occur, but the mechanisms by which neurons accomplish these tasks have remained elusive. The MIT research team, led by Nobel laureate Susumu Tonegawa, director of the Picower Center for Learning and Memory, has now identified a crucial molecular pathway that allows neurons to boost their production of new proteins rapidly during long-term memory formation and synaptic strengthening. "What we have discovered that hasn't been established before is that there is a direct activational signal from the synapse to the protein synthesis machinery," said Tonegawa, the Picower Professor of Biology and Neuroscience in MIT's Departments of Brain and Cognitive Sciences and Biology. The central component of this pathway, an enzyme called "mitogen-activated protein kinase" (MAPK), effectively provides a molecular switch that triggers long-term memory storage by mobilizing the protein synthesis machinery.

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