21. Asiaweek.com born scientists were recognized with Nobel prizes in the sciences Abdus Salam,Kenichi Fukui, Yuan T. Lee, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, and tonegawa susumu. http://www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek/96/0112/letters.html

Home Magazine Archive Special Reports Asiaweek 1000 Financial 500 Best Cities Salary Survey ... More... Other News TIME Asia TIME.com CNN Asia FORTUNE.com ... AOL.com Letters and Comment "To report accurately and fairly the affairs of Asia in all spheres of human activity, to see the world from an Asian perspective, to be Asia's voice in the world" - Mission Statement, 1975 Asia Past and Future "A SIATRENDS [COVER, DEC. 15] is a timely platform for Asia-wide discussion of the 20 years past and the 20 hence. As you state, much good has come about through Asia's twin wheels of progress, industrialization and urbanization. Ills as well, pollution and the breakdown of traditional values. What next? The West is set to harness the information revolution, one that will bring forth many opportunities. In commerce, the change will be in the unclogging of the cholesterol that clutters the arteries of international trade. No more is there a need for a complicated and inefficient process between the manufacture of a product and its consumption. The benevolent vultures of cyberspace will disintermediate. It will start off at the wholesale level. Remember, the largest market in the world, that for wholesale U.S. dollars of some $3 trillion a day, has been done over cyberspace for the last 10 years. Internet and add-on technologies enable this to be expanded to most other products and services.

22. Untitled In 1987, Monbushou received a public impetus to overhaul the education systemwhen researcher tonegawa susumu received the Nobel in physiology. http://www.debito.org/TLTtenure899.html

A New System of University Tenure: Remedy or Problem? Michael H. Fox, Hyogo College Tadashi Shiozawa, Chubu University David Aldwinckle, Hokkaido Information University PUBLISHED IN JALT'S THE LANGUAGE TEACHER AUGUST, 1999 Candidates for faculty positions at universities and colleges across the country have new reason for employment security concern: the Sentaku Ninkisei Hou, a law permitting "term-limitation system" (ninkisei) contracts for all university faculty, was passed by the Diet in June 1997 and enacted April 1988. Previously, all Japanese full-time faculty were granted tenure while contract-limited status was strictly reserved for non-Japanese nationals. Now, however, this law enables universities to raze the firewall between the two and contract everybody. Why would Monbushou decide to institute a policy which would, for want of a better word, "gaijinize" all Japanese faculty? There is a concrete reason offered: the "enlivenment" (kasseika) of the educational system, to shake up and motivate university faculty to do more and better research. This paper will outline the Ninkisei Law, examine its rationale, use a case study to anticipate how it will affect the status of university faculty, not only in language education but all fields of humanities and the social sciences. The Law in a Nutshell The full name of the law is Daigaku no Kyouin Tou no Ninki ni Kansuru Houritsu (The Law Concerning Term Limitation of University Educators, ninkihou for short), dated June 13, 1997, and researchable in the Kyouiku Dairoppou (the Bible for laws affecting Japan's educators). According to Section 1, ninkisei, whose import can be rendered "limited contractual employment," is "necessary for the enlivenment of research in universities, and for the establishment of an environment where educational exchange is constantly carried out between educators with varied knowledge and experiences." Educators are defined as "professors, associate professors, lecturers and teachings assistants" (kyouju, jokyouju, koushi and joshu). Other "positions necessary to carry out research" may also be contracted.

23. Association @lyon : Laureats Du Prix Nobel De Medecine Translate this page et É.-U.). 1987, tonegawa susumu (Jap.). 1988, J. Black (GB), GB Elion (É.-U.),GH Hitchings (É.-U.). 1989, M. Bishop (É.-U.), H. Varmus (É.-U.). http://www.alyon.org/generale/histoire/science/laureats_prix_nobel_medecine_ou_p

E. A. von Behring (All.) R. Ross (G.-B.) N. R. Finsen (Dan.) I. P. Pavlov (Russ.) R. Koch (All.) A. laveran (Fr.) P. Ehrlich (All.), E. Metchnikov (Russ.) T. Kocher (Suisse) A. Kossel (All.) A. Carrel (Fr.) C. Richet (Fr.) J. Bordet (Belg.) A. Krogh (Dan.) A. V. Hill (G.-B.), O. Meyerhof (All.) F. G. Banting (Can.), J. J. R. Macleod (Can.) W. Einthoven (P.-B.) J. Fibiger (Dan.) J. Wagner-Jauregg (Autr.) C. Nicolle (Fr.) C. Eijkman (P.-B.), F. G. Hopkins (G.-B.) K. Landsteiner (Autr.) O. Warburg (All.) C. S. Sherrington (G.-B.), E. D. Adrian (G.-B.) H. Spemann (All.) H. H. Dale (G.-B.), O. Loewi (All.) C. Heymans (Belg.) G. Domagk (All.) A. Fleming (G.-B.), E. B. Chain (G.-B.), H. Florey (Austr.) A. C. de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz (Port.), W. R. S. Hess (Suisse) M. Theiler (Un. sud-afr.) D. Bovet (It.) F. M. Burnet (Austr.), P. B. Medawar (G.-B.) A. L. Hodgkin (G.-B.), A. F. Huxley (G.-B.), J. C. Eccles (Austr.) F. Jacob (Fr.), A. Lwoff (Fr.), J. Monod (Fr.) K. Lorenz (Autr.), K. von Frisch (Autr.), N. Tinbergen (P.-B.) A. M. Cormack (Afr. du S.), G. N. Hounsfield (G.-B.) Tonegawa Susumu (Jap.)

24. Historia - Esquema Translate this page con China. . Abierto el nuevo aeropuerto de Tokyo. . 1985. . . Primeroscasos de SIDA. . 1987. . . tonegawa susumu, Nobel de Medicina. . http://www.galeon.com/elartefacto/Japon/Historia/Resumen_12.htm

FECHA ARTES CIENCIA, LITERATURA Y SOCIEDAD Incidentes militares con China Crisis financiera Intento de Golpe de Estado Nuevo intento de Golpe de Estado Guerra Chino-Japonesa Descubierto en Toro un importante asentamiento del Yayoi antiguo Reforma laboral. Sufragio femenino Iwajuku Yukawa Hideki "P urga comunista" en la Administración Tratados de San Francisco y el primero de los de defensa con los EUA 1232 Trabajadores arrestados por incidentes huelguistas Excavaciones del palacio Heijokyo (S. VIII) en Nara. Jigokumon (La puerta del infierno), de Kinugasa Teinosuke , Gran Premio de Cannes Formado el Partido Liberal Ingreso en la ONU Kinkakuji Mishima Yukio Tratado de relaciones con Corea Tomonaga Sin'ichiro Kabawata Yasunari , Nobel de Literatura Excavaciones en la Tumba Takamatsuzuka (700 d.C.) Esaki Reona Sato Eisaku , Nobel de la Paz Tratado de Paz y Amistad con China Abierto el nuevo aeropuerto de Tokyo Primeros casos de SIDA Tonegawa Susumu , Nobel de Medicina

25. The Industrial Instruments Of Scientific Success Nobel Prize winners Yukawa Hideki (Physics in 1949), Tomonaga Shinichiro (Physicsin 1965), Fukui Kenichi (Chemistry in 1981), tonegawa susumu (Physiology and http://www.lookjapan.com/LBecobiz/03AprEF.htm

26. Long-Term Fellows 1993 Brain IWASATO Takuji (JAPAN) (Fellow) tonegawa susumu (Host) Center for Cancer Research,Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA Studies of memory http://www.hfsp.org/awardees/AwardsLTB1993.htm

@import "/style/hfsp.css"; June 5, 2004 Home About HFSP How to Apply Awardees ... For Awardees Only AWARD YEAR 1993 - Neuroscience Long-Term Fellows The awards are listed alphabetically by principal applicant. You can use your browser's "find" function to locate specific keywords on this page. Return to Long-Term Fellows top page ALBECK Yehuda (ISRAEL) (Fellow) KONISHI Masakazu (Host) Division of Biology, CalTech, Pasadena, USA Neural mechanisms of binaural fusion BACH Ingolf M. (GERMANY) (Fellow) ROSENFELD Michael (Host) Eukaryotic Regulatory Biology Program, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, La Jolla, USA Investigation of Brn-3, a regulatory gene in the nervous system and the anterior pituitary gland BATTISTINI Stefania (ITALY) (Fellow) KOLODNY Edwin (Host) Dept. of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA Molecular biology of the mucolipidosis type IV BITO Haruhiko (JAPAN) (Fellow) TSIEN Richard W. (Host) Dept. of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA Deciphering signal tansduction in LTP with gene transfer strategies CATARSI Stefano (ITALY) (Fellow) DRAPEAU Pierre (Host) Center for Research in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal General Hospital, CANADA

27. Susumu Tonegawa - Autobiography susumu tonegawa Autobiography. I was born in Nagoya, Japan on September 6th, 1939, the second of three sons. I have also a younger sister. http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1987/tonegawa-autobio.html

I was born in Nagoya, Japan on September 6th, 1939, the second of three sons. I have also a younger sister. My father was an engineer working for a textile company that had several factories scattered in rural towns in the southern part of Japan. The company policy made it necessary for my father to move from one factory to another every few years. I and my brothers and sister spent most of our childhood in these small provincial towns, enjoying the space and freedom of the countryside. As my elder brother and I reached adolescence, however, my parents decided to send us to Tokyo so that we could receive a better education. I commuted to the prestigious Hibiya high school from my Uncle's home in Tokyo. During the high school years I developed an interest in chemistry, so upon graduation, I chose to take an entrance examination for the Department of Chemistry of the University of Kyoto , the old capital of Japan. After having failed once, I was admitted to this University in 1959. This happened to be one year before the first ten-year term of the defence treaty between Japan and the United States expired and the governments of both countries were preparing for a second ten-year term. The nation was deeply divided between the pragmatic pro-American conservatives and the idealistic anti-military leftists. Being the home of the most radical leftist student groups, classes at Kyoto University were often cancelled due to frequent political discussions and demonstrations on the streets. I was only a passive participant, withdrawn from the turmoil, but could not help having a feeling of defeat shared with many of my classmates when the treaty was finally extended for the next ten-year term. I believe that this experience might have been a major factor in making me give up the original goal of becoming a chemical engineer to pursue the academic life.

28. Tonegawa, Susumu tonegawa, susumu. tonegawa, susumu 1939, Japanese molecular biologist, Ph.D Now hear this. ( Stuart Applebaum, susumu tonegawa and Roger Smith) http://www.infoplease.com/cgi-bin/id/A0849023

HOTWORDS CITE PRINT EMAIL in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Home Almanacs Atlas Dictionary ... D-Day Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map Also from Infoplease Search Infoplease Info search tips Search Biographies Bio search tips Encyclopedia Tonegawa, Susumu Tonegawa, Susumu, The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, tone tone poem Related content from HighBeam Research on: Susumu Tonegawa Now hear this. (Stuart Applebaum, Susumu Tonegawa and Roger Smith) (Fortune) Nobel Prize Laureate to Present Keynote Address At Datastream Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Seminar in Japan. (Business Wire) Picowers give MIT $50M for brain research (University Wire) A mightier mouse. (knockout mouse) (Technology Review) El Correo de Hoy / Saber reir.(Primera) (Palabra (México D.F., México)) Absent-Minded Mice Shed Light on Memory (ScienceNOW) Medicine, chemistry, physics Nobels announced. (Science News) BASIC SCIENCE: Enzyme Involved in Memory Retention (Drug Discovery/Technology News) Japanese genius and the gene mystery (New Straits Times) Search HighBeam Research for: About Contact Link to Infoplease ... Privacy Related sites:

29. MIT Department Of Biology: Susumu Tonegawa HomeFaculty and Areas of Research susumu tonegawa. Whitehead Professor of Biology and Neuroscience and. Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Director, Center for Learning and Memory. Ph.D . http://web.mit.edu/biology/www/facultyareas/facresearch/tonegawa.shtml

Home Faculty and Areas of Research Susumu Tonegawa Whitehead Professor of Biology and Neuroscience and Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Director, Center for Learning and Memory Ph.D. 1968, University of California, San Diego Room E17-353 Phone: (617) 253-6459 Email: tonegawa@mit.edu Overview Research Summary Memory acquisition vs. recall: Using the Cre/loxP system, we have developed methods to target a gene knockout to some of the specific types of cells in a specific hippocampal area. Our earlier study carried out with this experimental strategy demonstrated an activation of a subset of glutamate receptors, called NMDA receptors, in the excitatory neurons (pyramidal cells) of area CA1 plays a crucial role in the acquisition of hippocampus-dependent memory. We have now targeted the NMDA receptor gene knockout to the pyramidal cells of area CA3, which are unique in the robust interconnectivity (an autoassociation network) and provide a major input to area CA1. Our combined behavioral and in vivo electrophysiological study indicate that, in contrast to the NMDA receptors in area CA1, those in area CA3 are dispensable for memory acquisition but play an important role in memory recall.

30. Susumu Tonegawa Winner Of The 1987 Nobel Prize In Medicine susumu tonegawa, a Nobel Prize Laureate in Physiology and Medicine, at the NobelPrize Internet Archive. susumu tonegawa. 1987 Nobel Laureate in Medicine http://almaz.com/nobel/medicine/1987a.html

S USUMU T ONEGAWA 1987 Nobel Laureate in Medicine for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity. Background Born: 1939 Place of Birth: Japan Residence: U.S.A. Affiliation: Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A. Featured Internet Links Current research at MIT Search WWW Search The Nobel Prize Internet Archive Nobel News Links MIT Man Wins Nobel Editorial MIT Biologist Receives Nobel in Medicine Work Reveals Many Faces of Immune System ... Scientists Find Key to Immunity System Links added by Nobel Internet Archive visitors Winner of The Gairdner Foundation Int'l Award susumu tonegawa - different languages (submitted by Palk Back to The Nobel Prize Internet Archive Literature Peace ... Medicine We always welcome your feedback and comments

31. Susumu Tonegawa Winner Of The 1987 Nobel Prize In Medicine susumu tonegawa, a Nobel Prize Laureate in Physiology and Medicine, at the Nobel Prize Internet Archive. susumu tonegawa. 1987 Nobel Laureate in Medicine Winner of The Gairdner Foundation Int'l Award. susumu tonegawa different languages http://www.almaz.com/nobel/medicine/1987a.html

S USUMU T ONEGAWA 1987 Nobel Laureate in Medicine for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity. Background Born: 1939 Place of Birth: Japan Residence: U.S.A. Affiliation: Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A. Featured Internet Links Current research at MIT Search WWW Search The Nobel Prize Internet Archive Nobel News Links MIT Man Wins Nobel Editorial MIT Biologist Receives Nobel in Medicine Work Reveals Many Faces of Immune System ... Scientists Find Key to Immunity System Links added by Nobel Internet Archive visitors Winner of The Gairdner Foundation Int'l Award susumu tonegawa - different languages (submitted by Palk Back to The Nobel Prize Internet Archive Literature Peace ... Medicine We always welcome your feedback and comments

32. Index Of Nobel Laureates In Medicine Theorell, Axel Hugo Theodor, 1955. Thomas, E. Donnall, 1990. Tinbergen, Nikolaas,1973. tonegawa, susumu, 1987. Vane, Sir John R. 1982. Varmus, Harold E. 1989. http://almaz.com/nobel/medicine/alpha.html

ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF NOBEL PRIZE LAUREATES IN PHYSIOLOGY AND MEDICINE Name Year Awarded Adrian, Lord Edgar Douglas Arber, Werner Axelrod, Julius Baltimore, David ... Medicine We always welcome your feedback and comments

33. Medicine 1987 diversity . susumu tonegawa. Japan. Massachusetts Speech susumu tonegawaAutobiography Nobel Lecture Banquet Speech. prev 1986, 1988 next. The http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1987/

The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1987 "for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity" Susumu Tonegawa Japan Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Cambridge, MA, USA b. 1939 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1987 Press Release Presentation Speech Susumu Tonegawa ... Banquet Speech The 1987 Prize in: Physics Chemistry Physiology or Medicine Literature ... Economic Sciences Find a Laureate: SITE FEEDBACK CONTACT TELL A FRIEND Last modified June 30, 2003 The Official Web Site of The Nobel Foundation

34. Tonegawa, Susumu tonegawa, susumu 1939, Japanese molecular biologist, Ph.D. Univ. of California at San Diego, 1969. A member of the Basel Institute for Immunology in Switzerland (1971-81) and later a professor http://www.slider.com/enc/53000/Tonegawa_Susumu.htm

35. Medicine-Worldwide: Tonegawa, Susumu Translate this page Biographie. Kapitelübersicht susumu tonegawa. susumu tonegawa. Molekularbiologe,Immunologe, Virologe. susumu tonegawa. susumu tonegawa. http://www.m-ww.de/persoenlichkeiten/tonegawa.html

Sie befinden sich hier: startseite persoenlichkeiten Medizingeschichte H istorisches zur Harnschau M eilensteine der Medizingeschichte ... Über uns Biographie Kapitelübersicht: Susumu Tonegawa Susumu Tonegawa Molekularbiologe, Immunologe, Virologe Susumu Tonegawa * 6. September 1939 in Nagoya (Japan) "Für seine Entdeckung der genetischen Grundlage für das Entstehen des Variationsreichtums der Antikörper" University of California at San Diego Massachusetts Institute of Technology "Cloetta Prize" (Schweiz; 1978), "Warren Triennial Prize" (USA; 1980), "Genetics Grand Prize" (Japan; 1981), "Avery Landsteiner Preis" (Deutschland; 1981), "Asahi Prize of Asahi-Shimbun" (Japan; 1982), "Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize" (USA; 1982), "International Award of the Gairdner Foundation" (Kanada; 1983), "Person of Culture Merit ´Bunkakorosha´" (Japan; 1983), "Order of Culture ´Bunkakunsho´" (Japan; 1984), "Robert-Koch-Preis"

36. Tonegawa, Susumu tonegawa, susumu. tonegawa, susumu 1939, Japanese molecular biologist, Ph.D Now hear this. ( Stuart Applebaum, susumu tonegawa and Roger Smith) http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0849023.html

HOTWORDS CITE PRINT EMAIL in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Home Almanacs Atlas Dictionary ... D-Day Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map Also from Infoplease Search Infoplease Info search tips Search Biographies Bio search tips Encyclopedia Tonegawa, Susumu Tonegawa, Susumu, The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, tone tone poem Related content from HighBeam Research on: Susumu Tonegawa Now hear this. (Stuart Applebaum, Susumu Tonegawa and Roger Smith) (Fortune) Nobel Prize Laureate to Present Keynote Address At Datastream Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Seminar in Japan. (Business Wire) Picowers give MIT $50M for brain research (University Wire) A mightier mouse. (knockout mouse) (Technology Review) El Correo de Hoy / Saber reir.(Primera) (Palabra (México D.F., México)) Absent-Minded Mice Shed Light on Memory (ScienceNOW) Medicine, chemistry, physics Nobels announced. (Science News) BASIC SCIENCE: Enzyme Involved in Memory Retention (Drug Discovery/Technology News) Japanese genius and the gene mystery (New Straits Times) Search HighBeam Research for: About Contact Link to Infoplease ... Privacy Related sites:

37. Medicine-Worldwide: Tonegawa, Susumu Translate this page Zurück zum Artikel Zurück zum Artikel. © A Med-World AG. susumu tonegawa. Partnerangebote2,5% Zinsen Das DiBa Extrakonto! 100% Virenschutz - nur 2,49 mtl.! http://www.m-ww.de/persoenlichkeiten/tonegawa.html?gfx=0

38. Tonegawa, Susumu. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001 The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001. tonegawa, susumu. 1939–, Japanesemolecular biologist, Ph.D. Univ. of California at San Diego, 1969. http://www.bartleby.com/65/to/Tonegawa.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia Cultural Literacy World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations Respectfully Quoted English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Columbia Encyclopedia PREVIOUS NEXT ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Tonegawa, Susumu

39. Tonegawa, Susumu tonegawa, susumu (1939). I was born in Nagoya, Japan on September 6th,1939, the second of three sons. I have also a younger sister. http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/T/Tonegawa/Toneg

Tonegawa, Susumu I was born in Nagoya, Japan on September 6th, 1939, the second of three sons. I have also a younger sister. My father was an engineer working for a textile company that had several factories scattered in rural towns in the southern part of Japan. The company policy made it necessary for my father to move from one factory to another every few years. I and my brothers and sister spent most of our childhood in these small provincial towns, enjoying the space and freedom of the countryside. As my elder brother and I reached adolescence, however, my parents decided to send us to Tokyo so that we could receive a better education. I commuted to the prestigious Hibiya high school from my Uncle's home in Tokyo. During the high school years I developed an interest in chemistry, so upon graduation, I chose to take an entrance examination for the Department of Chemistry of the University of Kyoto, the old capital of Japan. After having failed once, I was admitted to this University in 1959. This happened to be one year before the first ten-year term of the defence treaty between Japan and the United States expired and the governments of both countries were preparing for a second ten-year term. The nation was deeply divided between the pragmatic pro-American conservatives and the idealistic anti-military leftists. Being the home of the most radical leftist student groups, classes at Kyoto University were often cancelled due to frequent political discussions and demonstrations on the streets. I was only a passive participant, withdrawn from the turmoil, but could not help having a feeling of defeat shared with many of my classmates when the treaty was finally extended for the next ten-year term. I believe that this experience might have been a major factor in making me give up the original goal of becoming a chemical engineer to pursue the academic life.

40. The Picower Center: Faculty + Research: Susumu Tonegawa The Picower Center for Learning and Memory at MIT. susumu tonegawa.Learning and memory About susumu tonegawa. Picower Professor of http://web.mit.edu/picowercenter/faculty/tonegawa.html

Susumu Tonegawa Learning and memory are vital for day-to-day living, from finding our way home to playing tennis to making a cohesive speech. Many of us have personally witnessed the devastating consequences of memory disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. The main research interest of Professor Susumu Tonegawa's lab is to understand the molecular, cellular, neuronal circuitry, and neural systems mechanisms underlying learning and memory and associated cognitive functions. Our main approach is to generate conditionally engineered mouse strains in which a specific gene or its protein function is eliminated in a spatially restricted and/or temporally controlled manner in the brain; we then analyze these mice with a series of techniques designed to detect abnormal phenotypes at different levels of complexity from molecules and cells to neuronal circuitries and brain systems to behavior of a whole living animal. These techniques include those of molecular and cell biology, histology and histochemistry, confocal and two-photon laser microscopy, in vitro and in vivo electrophysiology, and behavioral studies. Our goal is to identify a correlate at a particular level of complexity of an event occurring at another level, and eventually establish their cause-consequence relationship from molecules all the way to behavior.

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