61. WCQ Peacekeeping Summary united nations Peacekeepers have generally been successful in international peacekeepingmissions since the end of the Cold War. However, Peacekeeping forces http://www.globalterrorism101.com/PeacekeepingSummary.html

@import url(http://www.homestead.com/~media/elements/Text/font_styles.css); Peacemaking in the Modern World Reevaluation of UN Peacekeeping Missions World Conflict Quarterly Click on the boxes below to visit other articles Click on Article Title to Read the Complete Text. The Gulf War and It's Impact on UN Peacekeeping The Failure of UN Economic Sanctions in Iraq Peacekeeping in Interstate vs. Interational Conflicts

62. United Nations Career Records Project nations Development Programme (UNDP), the united nations Conference on Trade andDevelopment (UNCTAD) and the Bretton Woods institutions. PEACEKEEPING forces. http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/modpol/uncrp.htm

UNITED NATIONS CAREER RECORDS PROJECT The United Nations Career Records Project (UNCRP) was set up in 1989 with the aim of constructing an archive of recollections and journals relating to the careers of UN officials from throughout the organization, including its many specialized agencies. The resulting collection includes a wealth of contributions from workers in the field peacekeeping forces and administrative staff , as well as material from national representatives to the UN and from Non-Governmental Organization (the Anti-Slavery Society and the Quakers) members involved in UN work. Contributions take the form of contemporaneous papers, memoirs and interviews (recordings and transcripts), almost all of which are available for consultation. The project remains open for further contributions. For ease of access full details of the collection are kept on a computer database in the Modern Papers and John Johnson Reading Room, and a hard copy catalogue is also available. Further information is available from Helen Langley modern.papers@bodley.ox.ac.uk

63. Chinese Peacekeepers In Action to ensure prompt and effective action by the united nations, its members the SecurityCouncil is responsible for the establishment of peacekeeping forces. http://english.pladaily.com.cn/special/e-peace/txt/18.htm

Background: UN peacekeeping operations ¡¡¡¡1.What is the UN peacekeeping operation ¡¡¡¡The United Nations peacekeeping operation is generally defined as UN presence in the field (normally including military and civilian personnel) with the consent of the parties involved in situations of conflict. It is aimed to implement (or monitor the implementation of) arrangements relating to the control of conflicts (cease-fires, separation of forces etc.), to the resolution of conflicts (partial or comprehensive) and to protect the delivery of humanitarian relief. ¡¡¡¡The term peacekeeping is not found in the UN Charter. From the first deployment of military observers in the UN Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) in 1948, UN peacekeeping has evolved to meet the unique demands of sharply different conflicts in a changing political landscape. ¡¡¡¡One of the main incentives behind the development of UN peacekeeping was the Cold War. During the Cold War era, the superpowers had an interest in bringing to an end proxy wars before they were themselves dragged into direct confrontation. Thus, peacekeeping tended to be limited to preserving an agreed truce between opposing parties while alternative mechanisms were used to address a conflict's underlying issues.

64. Globalinfo.org - LOG IN Over the next five years, the united States, along with other western nations, isexpected forces willing to participate in peacekeeping operations, said http://www.globalinfo.org/eng/reader.asp?ArticleId=29887

65. Japan's Contributions To International Peace Since the establishment of the united nations Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO)in Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to UN peacekeeping forces in recognition http://www.pko.go.jp/PKO_E/wpko_e.html

Introduction Japan's Contributions Current Operations (Golan Heights) Dispatch of Personnel ... Related Sites UN peacekeeping operations are activities undertaken by the UN to ensure international peace and security. The UN's success in resolving conflicts in various areas of the world is now widely recognized. The Origin of Peacekeeping Operations and Their Significance The UN, reflecting on the inability of its precursor, the League of Nations, to prevent World War II, made maintaining international peace and security one of its major aims from the start. Although Chapter 7 of the UN Charter empowers UN forces to use military force, during the Cold War centered on confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union, which started soon after World War II, it was impossible to get all the permanent members of the UN Security Council to work together even when conflicts arose that endangered world peace, so that the UN was unable to deal with such conflicts adequately. Peacekeeping operations were devised as an alternative means of attempting to peacefully resolve armed conflicts around the world. In traditional peacekeeping operations military units from various member states (peacekeeping forces) perform such tasks as monitoring cease-fires, separating hostile forces, and maintaining buffer zones. Unarmed observers may also monitor cease-fires. All such operations are carried out with the agreement of the countries involved in conflict and the parties to the conflict.

66. United Nations : An Adovcate Of Peace And International Development? NATO air bombings and the withdrawal of Yugoslav forces. in Europe and the UnitedNations are working UN peacemaking and peacekeeping have been instrumental in http://www.coursework.info/i/407.html

The UK's largest coursework and essay database All Categories This Category You are in: Coursework and Essays College and University Politics United Nations : An Adovcate of Peace and International Development? Below is a short sample of the essay "United Nations : An Adovcate of Peace and International Development?" . If you sign up you could be reading the rest of this essay in under two minutes. Registered users should log in to view the full essay ... in Europe 36. The UN worked strenuously towards resolving the conflict in the former Yugoslavia while providing relief assistance to some 4 million people. In 1991, the UN imposed an arms embargo, while the Secretary-General and his envoy conducted diplomatic efforts to end the fighting. From 1992 to 1995, UN peacekeepers sought to bring peace and security to Croatia, helped protect civilians in Bosnia and Herzegovina and helped ensure that the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia was not drawn into the war. 37. Following the 1995 Dayton-Paris peace agreements, four UN missions helped secure the peace. The largest of them, the UN Transitional Administration in Eastern Slavonia, oversaw the reintegration of this territory into Croatia. 38. In Kosovo (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia), the UN established in 1999 an interim international administration following the end of NATO air bombings and the withdrawal of Yugoslav forces. The Security Council vested in the UN administration unprecedented authority over the territory and people of Kosovo, including all legislative, executive and judiciary powers. Under the umbrella of the UN, the European Union, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and the United Nations are working with the people of Kosovo to create a functioning, democratic society with substantial autonomy.

67. CNN - United Nations 50th Anniversary UN 50th Anniversary. timeline. 50th anniversary UN Peacekeeping forces. Clickon a dot for more information, or view the entire list UN Milestones. http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9510/un_50/

UN Peacekeeping Forces Click on a dot for more information, or view the entire list UN Milestones Click on a year for more information, or view the entire timeline Related Sites The United Nations Home Page United Nations Information Services CONTENTS SEARCH ... HELP PAGE External sites are not necesarily endorsed by CNN Interactive.

68. Viking Phoenix Web Page: United Nations And Global Governance See also Special forces Underground (below Direction 25 gives President Clinton newpowers to commit US troops to united nations peacekeeping operations, often http://vikingphoenix.com/politics/statist/globalist/un.htm

Politics Militia Law Militia FAQ Combat Arms Survey ... Contact / Stats Viking Phoenix Web Page: United Nations and Global Governance New World Order and Landmines Editorials/Opinion Story: After land mines, challenge is to find new cause (Toronto Star) Dec. 10, 1997 The Mikhail Gorbachev Gateway: State of the World Forum and Green Cross PIRN-9735: Global elitist meetings; Bildbergs, CFR, Gorbachev Forum New World Order FAQ: Social Security Numbers This is a draft FAQ, subject to revision, in response to numerous questions. Email answers to frequent questions sometimes turn into FAQs! Joining the Militia FAQ This is also a draft FAQ, under review. Also resulted from a reader question. Special Forces Underground opposes the UN and the New World Order New World Order No, it's not something dreamed up by the militias the media loves to hate. The New World Order, U.N. Peacekeeping and non-traditional missions: effects on morale, unit cohesion, readiness - go to U.N. Peacekeeping From a Naval Postgraduate School Master's Thesis. The author, Lt. Cdr. Guy Cunningham compiled a bibliography with several references to New World Order. Cunningham's thesis questions the use of military forces for non-traditional missions including domestic law enforcement, environmental cleanup and peacekeeping. http://www.acom.mil/acom/public/who/jiatf.htm Joint Interagency Task Force: The Military and Drug Wars

69. United Nations Peacekeeping Operations:Problems And Prospects nations Peacekeeping Operations Problems and Prospects. Lt. Gen Satish Nambiar.(First Force Commander and Head of Mission of the united nations forces in the http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Peace_Keeping/UN_Seminar/UN_Seminar_Nambiar.

United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Problems and Prospects Lt. Gen Satish Nambiar (First Force Commander and Head of Mission of the United Nations forces in the Former Yugoslavia, a Former Deputy Chief of the Army Staff, Indian Army, now Director, United Service Institution of India A paper presented at an international seminar organised at New Delhi from March 17 -19, 1999 Introduction The United Nations Organisation was conceived at London in 1941 as the successor to the League of Nations, which was perceived to have failed in its most important function, that of preventing a second world war. Twenty six countries at war with Germany and Japan, met in Washington on Ist January 1942, where they expressed their faith that the anarchy of international relations must be controlled. The Charter of the United Nations, as signed in 1945, set out a code of behaviour by which nations would work together to eliminate aggression, and promote economic and social security. The central aim of the United Nations Charter was to "maintain international peace and security, and to that end, take collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression".

70. AllAfrica.com: Peacekeeping And Intervention Forces The united nations peacekeeping chief is scheduled to arrive seeking payment undera united nations disarmament plan UN forces responded with teargas to http://allafrica.com/peacekeeping/

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71. Deployments - Somalia - Operation United Shield - Background struggle. US Army forces in Somalia were reduced in preparation fora transition to a united nations peacekeeping force. In March http://www.deploymenthealth.mil/deployments/united_shield/background.asp

Home Advanced Search Operation United Shield Background In December 1992, under Operation Restore Hope, U.S. forces were deployed to Somalia to secure an airfield and key installations, provide security for the safe passage of relief supplies and offer humanitarian assistance. Security was quickly established at all food distribution sites and connecting routes to ensure rapid distribution of food and humanitarian supplies throughout the country. Operation Restore Hope relief workers faced a rapidly unfolding situations. On October 3, 1993, Command soldiers fought their bloodiest battle in decades. Two Black Hawk helicopters crashed, and 18 USASOC soldiers were killed before it was all over. In "Black Hawk Down" a motion picture now in theaters depicts the battle Marines fought during this three-day struggle. U.S. Army forces in Somalia were reduced in preparation for a transition to a United Nations peacekeeping force. In March 1995, under Operation United Shield, the U.S. military assisted in the final withdrawal of all United Nations peacekeeping troops from Somalia. Dates of Conflict Dates of Conflict December, 1992

72. Peacekeeping And The United Nations Peacekeeping and the united nations. administration came into office espousingsupport for UN peacekeeping. and seemed unwilling to commit US forces to UN http://www.fpif.org/briefs/vol1/unpeace_body.html

Peacekeeping and the United Nations Volume 1, Number 28 December 1996 Written by Karen Hansen-Kuhn, The Development GAP. Editors: Tom Barry (IRC) and Martha Honey (IPS) 28ifpk.pdf Key Problems UN peacekeeping activism expanded in 1988-1994 as 29 new missions were launched. Current policy in Washington leans towards non-UN U.S.-led "coalition" peacekeeping. Bills drafted by Republican lawmakers have sought to impose even stricter limits than those already embraced by the president for U.S. support of UN peacekeeping. Between 1988 and 1994, UN peacekeeping expenditures grew thirteenfold to $3.3 billion, as 29 new missions were initiated. The number of peacekeeping troops soared from about 15,000 to almost 80,000 (with another 10,000 civilian personnel). Of those, less than 4% were from the U.S. Except for a short-term commitment as part of the UN operation in Haiti, almost all the U.S. peacekeeping forces served in the preventive (and safe) UN deployment in Macedonia. Prodded by Congress, the administration unilaterally (and in contravention of international law) cut the U.S. share of UN peacekeeping expenses from 30.8% to 25% beginning in 1996, and it intends to negotiate a further cut to 20%. The Clinton administration has offered a plan to pay U.S. peacekeeping arrears over five years, beginning with a 1997 installment of $142 million. But in October 1996 Congress approved only $50 million for a first payment and attached conditions that have been widely condemned by other governments.

73. Address To The United Nations General Assembly On The Occasion Of The 50th Anniv Peace, which needs no international observers or peacekeeping forces to separate Majestyannounced the opening of the united nations International Leadership http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/95_oct22.html

Address to the United Nations General Assembly on the Occasion of the 50th Anniversary of the United Nations New York October 22, 1995 (Translated from the original Arabic) Mr. President, It is with pleasure that I greet you all, and express my great pride to be among you today, to represent my country, Jordan, as we celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the creation of the United Nations Organization. As I address my sincere felicitations to you, Mr. President and the Secretary-General, I recall with esteem the founders who worked diligently and with sincerity to ingrain the principles of international legitimacy, to develop the role of this organization, and to safeguard its noble message. Mr. President, I may not be the eldest head of state among you, but God has willed that I should be the longest-serving, and the one who has dealt with the United Nations for the longest period. This has permitted me to follow its development over decades. I recall at an early age witnessing the endeavors of men like Trygve Lie and Count Bernadotte, who died while working for peace, and of Ralph Bunche. Later, I met and befriended others like the distinguished Dag Hammerskjold, the great man of principles who died while carrying out his duty to the United Nations. I also recall others who had the honor of administering this organization, and with whom we worked for peace in our region like Ambassador Pierre Spinelli.

74. The United Nations And Peacekeeping In Africa - Whither Peacekeeping In Africa? its broadest sense, to include any deployment of military forces for security purposesunder UN authority. In R Higgins, united nations peacekeeping 19461967 http://www.iss.co.za/Pubs/Monographs/No36/unitednations.html

The United Nations and Peacekeeping in Africa Christopher Clapham Published in Monograph No 36: Whither Peacekeeping in Africa? April 1999 Introduction Africa has been by far the most importent regional setting for the peacekeeping operations of the United Nations. During the Cold War period, the sole substantial UN engagement in peacekeeping on the continent (if the operation in Sinai is excluded), the United Nations Operation in the Congo (ONUC, 1960-64), dwarfed all other activities in this field in which the UN was involved. Of the thirty peacekeeping operations established by the UN since 1988, fourteen, or nearly half, have been in Africa. The United Nations The obvious place to start is with the UN itself, even though it must immediately be pointed out that much of its record cannot fairly be ascribed to the organisation, but has reflected the dilemmas that any attempt to resolve often intense and intractable problems would have confronted. Even in cases where the UN may be regarded as having failed (and it has also had some important successes), there is generally little to suggest that another organisation, such as the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), would have done any better. Nonetheless, the UN does bring to the task not only some distinctive capabilities, but also a number of weaknesses. While the British or (especially) French presence on the Security Council has sometimes been significant, for example, in obtaining UN authority for the controversial

75. The Multinational Force And Observers Peacekeeping Links Canadian forces College Peace Home Page Canadian PeacekeepingVeterans Association of Veterans in united nations Peacekeeping The Lester B http://www.iaw.on.ca/~awoolley/mfo.html

The Multinational Force and Observers is an independent (non-UN) peacekeeping mission, created as a result of the 1978 Camp David Accords and the 1979 Treaty of Peace . The MFO's expenses, less the contributions of Germany and Japan, are funded in equal parts by the Arab Republic of Egypt , the State of Israel and the United States of America. Since 1982, various nations have contributed military and civilian personnel to serve in Egypt's Sinai Peninsula as part of this highly successful organization. The ten currently Participating States are Australia, Canada, Colombia, Fiji, France, Hungary, Italy, New Zealand, the United States and Uruguay. Norway, while not a Participating State, provides the MFO with four staff officers. The Fijian Battalion on parade. With the Director General and his staff at MFO Headquarters in Rome, Italy, and representatives in Cairo and Tel Aviv, the bulk of the Force and the Civilian Observer Unit operate in the Sinai Peninsula . North Camp, located approximately 20 km south of the Mediterranean at el Gorah, is the site of the Force Commander's Headquarters and provides facilities for the logistical and operational needs of the Force. The smaller South Camp, near Sharm el Sheikh on the southern tip of the Sinai Peninsula, overlooks the Red Sea. From these main camps, the MFO mans a series of approximately 30 remote operational sites running the length of the penninsula. An MFO remote site in COLBATT sector.

76. Ukraine Info About Ukraine Armed Forces ON UKRAINE`S PARTICIPATION IN THE united nations PEACEKEEPING ACTIVITIES. Ukrainehas actively participated in the UN peacekeeping activities since the very http://www.ukraineinfo.us/about/peacekeeping.html

77. PLACING OF UNITED STATES ARMED FORCES UNDER UNITED NATIONS OPERATIONAL OR TACTIC the President from placing united States Armed forces under the operational ortactical control of the united nations in UN peacekeeping operations would http://www.usdoj.gov/olc/hr3308.htm

PLACING OF UNITED STATES ARMED FORCES UNDER UNITED NATIONS OPERATIONAL OR TACTICAL CONTROL Proposed funding restriction generally prohibiting the President from placing United States Armed Forces under the operational or tactical control of the United Nations in U.N. peacekeeping operations would unconstitutionally constrain the President's exercise of his authority as Commander-in-Chief and unconstitutionally undermine the President's constitutional authority with respect to the conduct of diplomacy. Granting the President the authority to waive the prohibition if he provides a certification and report to Congress would not remove the funding restriction's constitutional defect, because Congress cannot burden or infringe the President's exercise of a core constitutional power by attaching conditions precedent to the exercise of that power. May 8, 1996 MEMORANDUM FOR ALAN J. KRECZKO SPECIAL ASSISTANT TO THE PRESIDENT AND LEGAL ADVISER TO THE NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL This memorandum responds to your request for our views as to the constitutionality of H.R. 3308, a bill that would limit the President's ability to place United States armed forces under the United Nations' ("U.N.") operational or tactical control. Section 3 of H.R. 3308 would add a new section 405 to chapter 20 of title 10, United States Code, to read as follows:

78. 1998: U.S. DEBTS TO THE UNITED NATIONS various arms of the united nations such as care for refugees the world over; theWorld Health Organization; the maintaining of peacekeeping forces; to finance http://www.ethicalculture.org/neac/aeuresolutions/1998-02.htm

March 24, 1998 A STATEMENT CONCERNING U.S. DEBTS TO THE UNITED NATIONS The National Leaders Council of the American Ethical Union assembled at the Warwick, New York, Conference Center, March 18-21 1998, and the American Ethical Union call upon the United States Congress to affirm: the nation's crucial obligation to provide the United Nations with our agreed upon share of its budget; and to make these payments and all outstanding debts forthwith. the duty of the House and Senate Foreign Relations Committees to affirm our commitment to the purposes of the United Nations which we helped to found in order to liberate humankind from the “scourge of war" (Preamble of the Charter of the United Nations). the need to support the various arms of the United Nations such as care for refugees the world over; the World Health Organization; the maintaining of peacekeeping forces; to finance UNICEF so as to save millions of children from dying of disease and starvation; and so forth and so on. the need to assist in educational programs with which to counteract the growing xenophobic anti-UN propaganda in significant groupings in this country which fear the United Nations and have come to see it as a "conspiracy".

79. FAILURE AT THE UNITED NATIONS DUE TO AOB endeavour to manoeuvre a UN peacekeeping force into citing UN humanitarian aid andpeacekeeping work in I move the motion that- THE united nations HAS FAILED http://www.beck6mw.freeserve.co.uk/3c8UN0.htm

HOME (AOB) THE UNITED NATIONS HAS FAILED THE WORLD Motion proposed by Harold V Beck (Text of 15-minute speech delivered at St. Albans Debating Society, 14th November 1994) For over 20 years I have been an active supporter of the United Nations, particularly through a local Branch of the UN Association, which is a kind of supporters' club. The Association does not give blind support to the UN; indeed part its work is to suggest improvements. Nevertheless when I was asked to propose a motion critical of the United Nations, it went very much against the grain - my initial reaction was that I would much rather be opposing it. However, after some thought and a little persuasion, and with the opposer of the motion * already chosen, I accepted the invitation, thinking that in proposing something against the UN I could tortuously and with some semantic wizardry turn it into a statement in its favour. Since accepting I have done a certain amount of research and am now convinced that the motion is entirely valid. Looked at dispassionately from the point of view of the people of the world rather than the Councils and Committees of the UN, I think it true to say that the United Nations HAS failed the world. I therefore stand before you as no devil's advocate but as one who, while still a steadfast supporter of the UN, is putting forward the motion in utter sincerity.

80. Washingtonpost.com: Bush Plans Aid To Build Foreign Peace Forces earlier this month calls for the united States to provide logistical support to forcesin nations willing to at Africa by expanding the peacekeeping skills of http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A22637-2004Apr18?language=printer

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