41. Canadian Provincial And Municipal Police Forces On United Nations Peacekeeping M Canadian Provincial and Municipal Police forces on united nations PeacekeepingMission in Haiti. by MarcelEugène LeBeuf, Ph.D. Researcher http://www.cpc.gc.ca/research/uncpmu_e.htm

Français Contact Us Help Search ... Links Report Home Research Home Canadian Provincial and Municipal Police Forces on United Nations Peacekeeping Mission in Haiti by Researcher CANADIAN POLICE COLLEGE TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS SUMMARY Introduction Why do people volunteer? ... REFERENCES If you would like to obtain additional copies or wish to share your reactions with us, please contact The Research Centre Canadian Police College P.O. Box 8900 Ottawa (Ontario) Telephone: (613) 998-0796 Fax: (613) 990-9738 E-mail: mlebeuf@cpc.gc.ca ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would especially like to thank those persons who agreed to meet us and discuss the various facets of a peacekeeping mission. Without their generous cooperation, this report could not have been completed. We would also like to thank the personnel at the Canadian Police College Library for making themselves available and being so helpful with regard to documentation. SUMMARY The vast majority of studies, research papers and writings of all kinds dealing with peacekeeping missions are focused on army personnel and their intervention. On the whole, it is rare to find documentation directly linked to civilian police officers or humanitarian agencies, and in general these are concerned with the more immediate interests of the source country of such papers. There is also relatively little documentation to be found concerning the very important post-mission situation.

42. ThinkQuest : Library : Reaching Out: The Evolution Of Communication Demand for peacekeeping forces has increased them have become harder to raise, andnations have not If the united nations is to fulfill its role, member nations http://library.thinkquest.org/26451/contents/writtenword/un.html

Index Technology Communications Reaching Out: The Evolution of Communication Take a journey of discovery through the fascinating world of Communications. Look at the development of verbal and non-verbal communication from prehistoric cave drawings and hieroglyphics to today's advanced computer and satellite based systems. How have developments in the field of communication affected our lives? Visit this site and find out for yourself! Languages: English. Visit Site 1999 ThinkQuest Internet Challenge Languages English Students Dieter Heilige-Familie-Instituut, Tielt, Belgium Mathieu Ulenhof College, Ruurlo, Netherlands Steven North Stafford High School, Stafford, VA, United States Coaches Vikas Ulenhof College, Doetinchem, Netherlands Mia IHF, Tielt, Belgium Carol Stafford County, Stafford, VA, United States Want to build a ThinkQuest site? The ThinkQuest site above is one of thousands of educational web sites built by students from around the world. Click here to learn how you can build a ThinkQuest site.

43. Frequently Asked Questions tool, much to the longterm detriment of the united nations and the Arabs with bindingand non-binding resolutions, peace keeping forces, peace conferences and http://www.palestinefacts.org/pf_faq_palestine_un_anti_israel_bias.php

UN ANTI-ISRAEL BIAS Scroll Down For Menu Or Search Palestine Facts Home Page Geography and Population Basics Early History of Palestine Through World War I and British Mandate The British Mandate Period Independence of Israel (1947-1949) Israel 1948 Through 1967 Israel 1967 Through 1991 Israel 1991 Through Present Current Events Frequently Asked Questions about Palestine Frequently Asked Questions about this website Search Palestine Facts What is the evidence that the United Nations is biased against Israel? UN New York Headquarters The United Nations, conceived after World War II as a world body dedicated to peace, justice, and morality among nations, has lost its way. The organization that gave the international legal impetus to the creation of the State of Israel has become the largest single bureaucracy promoting the interests of the Palestinian Arabs against Israel, with no balanced concept of justice or morality or reasonable rules of evidence or procedure. The Palestinian Arabs, supported by other countries with anti-American agendas (almost all of them totalitarian governments), have come to view the UN as an invaluable political tool, much to the long-term detriment of the United Nations and the high hopes for its role in world affairs. The UN is not monolithic, with multiple bodies receiving funding to work around the world on problems determined to be appropriate for UN investigation or intervention.

44. Applicability Of International Humanitarian Law To United Nations Peace-keeping with a total budget of some $2,500 million at the end of the year.1 united nationspeacekeeping forces definition and characteristics2 united nations http://www.icrc.org/Web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList367/9AF00A5C8EC21438C1256B660059

About the ICRC ICRC activities The ICRC worldwide Focus ... 1994 and before International Review of the Red Cross no 294, p.227-240 by Umesh Palwankar Applicability of international humanitarian law to United Nations peace-keeping forces Introduction In recent years, and especially in 1992, the number of United Nations peace-keeping operations has increased at an unprecedented rate. Thirteen such operations were carried out between 1945 and 1987, whereas fourteen have been initiated since 1987. In 1992 alone, three new operations were started - in Cambodia, the former Yugoslavia and Somalia - and 1993 brought another, in Mozambique. The number of United Nations personnel deployed in the field quadrupled during 1992 to more than 50,000 persons, with a total budget of some $2,500 million at the end of the year.[1] United Nations peace-keeping forces: definition and characteristics United Nations peace-keeping forces (PKF) are not armed forces raised by the Security Council by virtue of Articles 43 and 47 of the United Nations Charter, nor are they organized by the States Members on the basis of an invitation (as in Korea in 1950) or of an authorization by the Security Council (as in the Gulf in 1990, and Somalia in 1992). Both these categories are empowered to use coercive measures to restore international peace and security (or adequate security conditions) in the region concerned. The PKF differ from the forces previously mentioned, primarily in that their mandate is to

45. Observance By United Nations Forces Of International Humanitarian Law out in the present bulletin are applicable to united nations forces when in accordinglyapplicable in enforcement actions, or in peacekeeping operations when http://www.icrc.org/Web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList367/711A2C1A3BD7FA2EC1256B66005D

About the ICRC ICRC activities The ICRC worldwide Focus ... 1999 - No. 836 International Review of the Red Cross No. 836, p. 812-817 Observance by United Nations forces of international humanitarian law United Nations, Secretary-General's Bulletin, ST/SGB/1999/13, 6 August 1999 The Secretary-General, for the purpose of setting out fundamental principles and rules of international humanitarian law applicable to United Nations forces conducting operations under United Nations command and control, promulgates the following : Section 1 - Field of application 1.1 The fundamental principles and rules of international humanitarian law set out in the present bulletin are applicable to United Nations forces when in situations of armed conflict they are actively engaged therein as combatants, to the extent and for the duration of their engagement. They are accordingly applicable in enforcement actions, or in peacekeeping operations when the use of force is permitted in self-defence. 1.2 The promulgation of this bulletin does not affect the protected status of members of peacekeeping operations under the 1994 Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel or their status as non-combatants, as long as they are entitled to the protection given to civilians under the international law of armed conflict. Section 2 - Application of national law The present provisions do not constitute an exhaustive list of principles and rules of international humanitarian law binding upon military personnel, and do not prejudice the application thereof, nor do they replace the national laws by which military personnel remain bound throughout the operation.

46. The United Nations Essays At ENotes In the 1990s the united nations has participated in missions Many of the earlier peacekeepingmeasures, critics and both sides wanted the UN forces to be there http://www.enotes.com/united-nations/

The United Nations Search eNotes: Search as phrase eNotes Home Literature Guides Viewpoints Series Author Sites ... About Welcome, guest! Login Join eNotes Help Saturday, June 5, 2004 The United Nations: Introduction Table of Contents Bibliography Organizations to Contact ... Tell a friend about The United Nations eNotes. Printer-friendly version Download PDF In the 1990s the United Nations has participated in missions in Haiti, Cyprus, the Western Sahara, Liberia, Somalia, India/Pakistan, Bosnia- Herzegovina, and the former Soviet republics of Georgia and Tajikistan, to name just a few. It is because of recent missions such as these, some of which the U.S. has participated in or led, that controversy has arisen over the scope of the U.N.’s responsibility for military-style peacekeeping. Many of these missions, particularly those in Bosnia and Somalia, have widely been considered ineffective or even outright failures. Many of the earlier peacekeeping measures, critics and supporters alike note, were successful largely because the conflicts were usually interstate disputes between legitimate governments that welcomed U.N. involvement. According to Raymond Carroll, a former editor at Newsweek and author of The Future of the UN , in most cases both sides wanted the UN forces to be there, wanted the shooting to halt and were in command of disciplined military forces. The parties to the conflict were recognized countries, members of the UN, who respected the missions of the men in the blue helmets, soldiers who used their weapons only in self-defense.

47. The United Nations Table Of Contents Role by Jim Wurst In 1992, the secretarygeneral of the united nations issued areport outlining an expanded, militaristic role for UN peacekeeping forces. http://www.enotes.com/united-nations/1355

The United Nations Search eNotes: Search as phrase eNotes Home Literature Guides Viewpoints Series Author Sites ... About Welcome, guest! Login Join eNotes Help Saturday, June 5, 2004 The United Nations: Introduction Table of Contents Bibliography Organizations to Contact ... Tell a friend about The United Nations eNotes. The United Nations Must Be Radically Reformed by Stefan Halper The United Nations currently receives billions of dollars each year from its member states and conducts development, aid, and peacekeeping projects all over the world without stringent oversight of... full text The United States Should Force the United Nations to Reform by Jesse Helms The United Nations is in dire need of reform. Its bureaucracy has grown exponentially; its operating costs are too high; it is ineffective at resolving international conflicts; and it has... full text The United Nations Should Reduce Its Military Role by Jim Wurst In 1992, the secretary-general of the United Nations issued a report outlining an expanded, militaristic role for U.N. peacekeeping forces. U.N. operations in Bosnia and Somalia, which were both... full text The United Nations Is a Threat to U.S. Sovereignty

48. European Defence - United Nations Peace-keeping Operations united nations peacekeeping OPERATIONS (As of May 2004 UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus(UNFICYP The peace-keeping force comprises more than 1,200 troops from 15 http://www.european-defence.co.uk/directory-up.html

EXTERNAL LINKS UNITED NATIONS PEACE-KEEPING OPERATIONS ( As of May 2004) UN Peacekeeping United Nations Africa UN Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (MINICU) MINICU was established in April 2004, replacing a previous UN peace-keeping operation to oversee the implementation of the Linas-Marcoussis Agreement to end the civil war. MINICU comprises more than 6,000 military personnel from 10 countries, including France, Ukraine, Pakistan, Niger and Morocco. UN Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) MINURSO has been deployed in Western Sahara since 1991 to monitor a ceasefire and to assist efforts for a referendum on the terroritory's independence. MINURSO comprises 231 military personnel from 24 countries, including Austria, France, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Poland and Russia. UN Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) UNAMSIL deployed in Sierra Leone in 1999 to assist in the implementation of the Lomé Agreement, which ended fighting between government and militia forces. UNAMSIL is also responsible for overseeing the disarmament and demobilisation of militia forces in Sierra Leone. The peace-keeping force comprises more than 11,600 military personnel from 31 countries, including the UK, Canada, China, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Slovakia, Sweden, Russia and Ukraine. UN Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) UNMEE was deployed along the Ethiopian-Eritrean border in 2000 to oversee a ceasefire. It comprises more than 4,000 military personnel from 42 countries, including Australia, China, France, India, Italy, Russia, the US and the UK.

49. United Nations And Peacekeeping Peacekeeping Links While a member of the Canadian forces I served four tours withthe united nations. UNFICYP. united nations PEACEKEEPING FORCE IN CYPRUS. http://members.kingston.net/va3kgb/un.html

United Nations and Peacekeeping "In the Service of Peace" Updated 31 March 2004 Peacekeeping Links While a member of the Canadian Forces I served four tours with the United Nations. Each tour lasts approximately six months and I took advantage to see the countries I was in at the time. I even learned some of the language of the various contingents I served with although not very fluently and lost it once I left them. UNEF II UNITED NATIONS EMERGENCY FORCE II In Nov 1973 I served with 73 Canadian Signals Squadron in Camp Shams, Cairo, Egypt and Rabah in the Sinai peninsula. The United Nations went back in just after the end of the "Six Day War", and the Peace Talks were held at "Kilometer 101". Almost seven months were spent living in tents and sleeping bags and was not considered a "hardship tour" while later tours in buildings and rooms with beds and sheets were - "bureaucratic logic". In 1977 I returned for my second tour with 73 Canadian Signals Squadron at the Swedish contingent at Swedbatt, Baluza in the Sinai peninsula and then with the Canadian Contingent stationed at Ismailia, Egypt. Many Peacekeepers have several tours at the same locations, so it came out that a silver numeral on the centre of the ribbon would indicate the number of tours.

50. DND Policy Group | D PK POL Peace Support Operations Sitrep - July 2003 a long and proud history in united nations peace support since the advent of peacekeepingin 1948 operations, approximately 3,823 Canadian forces personnel are http://www.forces.gc.ca/admpol/eng/defence/peace_supops_e.htm

Skip over navigation bars Français Contact Us Help ... Documents Start of main content A. Current CF Contributions To UN Peace Support Operations 1. Canada has a long and proud history in United Nations peace support operations and has participated in most UN missions since the advent of peacekeeping in 1948. In addition to Canadian participation in UN peace support operations, approximately 3,708 Canadian Forces personnel are participating in other operations. For more information on all current operations, please link to the DCDS Current Operations site; http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/operations/index_e.asp 2. According to the United Nations (UN) monthly summary, dated 30 April 2004, Canada is the largest contributor of military troops and observers to the UN. As of the beginning of May 2004, there are approximately 209 Canadian Forces personnel deployed with the following UN peace support operations: United Nations Truce Supervision Organisation (UNTSO) Current Mandate: Indefinite duration Number of troops: UNTSO was established in June 1948 to supervise the armistice agreements between Israel, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria. The mission, which has a mandate of indefinite duration, now acts as an intermediary between hostile parties and seeks to contain isolated incidents. Canadians have participated in this mission since 1954 and have provided observers on the Golan Heights, in South Lebanon and in the Sinai.

51. CEEISA Resources -- Peacekeeping official document of the united nations AFRICACentral African Republic MINURCAunitednations Mission in list of UN peace-keeping operations (Center http://ian.vse.cz/resource/peacekp.php

CEEISA resources Peacekeeping Content and availability of the listed resources are the sole responsibility of the providers. The International Affairs Network merely maintains links to these resources and annotates these links with information drawn from the providers. Explanation of Icons International Peacekeeping News International Peacekeeping News published and produced by the Department of Peace Studies, University of Bradford, England. Information supplied by Dfax. Maintient de la Paix ( Peacekeeping This monthly bulletin Le Maintien de la paix is published by l'Institut Quebecois des Hautes Etudes Internationales . The four most recent issues are presented in abstact and full text (in French). Peace Brigades International Peace Brigades International explores and implements nonviolent approaches to peacemaking and support for basic human rights.(Human Rights, Peacekeeping, Peace and Conflict Resolution). Lester B. Pearson Canadian International Peacekeeping Training Centre The aim of the Lester B. Pearson Canadian International Peacekeeping Training Centre

52. U.S. Wants Larger U.N. Role In Iraq; More Peacekeeping Forces To Be Sought are among the countries that could supply substantial peacekeeping forces, but have muchauthority the administration is willing to cede to the united nations. http://64.177.207.201/pages/8_435.html

U.S. Wants Larger U.N. Role in Iraq; More Peacekeeping Forces to Be Sought 322 4th St. NE Washington, DC 20002 clw@clw.org Author: Washington Post - September 3, 2002 - By Mike Allen and Vernon Loeb, Washington Post Staff Writers In an effort to win broader international support for U.S. policies in Iraq, President Bush decided yesterday to seek U.N. Security Council approval of a resolution granting the world body greater control over multinational peacekeeping forces and a role in forming a new Iraqi government, administration officials said. The decision marks a major shift for Bush after months in which the administration had strongly resisted granting any significant military or political authority to the United Nations. It reflects a recognition within the administration that a stronger U.N. mandate is essential to winning greater foreign military and economic help in stabilizing Iraq. Central to that effort is winning more pledges from other governments to send troops to Iraq to ease the burden on U.S. forces, who have come under daily attacks for weeks and are struggling to contain a recent outbreak of bombings against institutions supporting the U.S. effort. "We need the forces," a senior administration official said. Turkey, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh are among the countries that could supply substantial peacekeeping forces, but have held back because of the absence of a resolution conferring greater U.N. legitimacy on the U.S.-led occupation.

53. United Nations And Peacekeeping By Sanderson Beck of Israeli forces, and a UN peacekeeping force to supervise this. Resolution 425was adopted on March 19, establishing the united nations Interim Force in http://www.san.beck.org/GPJ22-UnitedNations.html

BECK index United Nations and Peacekeeping Roosevelt and the United Nations Alliance United Nations Charter Nuremberg Trials and Geneva Conventions Universal Declaration of Human Rights ... UN Peacekeeping After the Cold War Truly if the genius of mankind that has invented the weapons of death cannot discover the means of preserving peace, civilization as we know it lives in an evil day. Franklin Roosevelt Peace comes from the spirit and must be grounded in faith. Franklin Roosevelt Freedom means the supremacy of human rights everywhere. Franklin Roosevelt We the peoples of the United Nations determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind, and to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of nations large and small, and to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained, and to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom

54. Rich Avoid Peacekeeping For The Poor, Says UN united nations Western nations are increasingly Already, there has been a markedshift in the composition of UN peacekeeping forces, UN Deputy http://www.commondreams.org/headlines04/0127-10.htm

Home Newswire About Us Donate ... Archives Headlines Printer Friendly Version E-Mail This Article Published on Tuesday, January 27, 2004 by the Inter Press Service Rich Avoid Peacekeeping for the Poor, Says U.N. by Thalif Deen UNITED NATIONS - Western nations are increasingly shying away from peacekeeping operations, particularly in Africa, according to UN officials and diplomats here. ''Already, there has been a marked shift in the composition of UN peacekeeping forces,'' UN Deputy Secretary-General Louise Frechette said Tuesday. She pointed out that the number of troops provided by industrial nations has been falling while those from developing countries have been on the rise. ”The fact is that resources are not distributed among the world's regions in the same proportion as needs,” she added. The bulk of non-African troops in peacekeeping operations in Africa come from India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. Most of the western nations, Frechette says, have been reluctant to provide peacekeepers for African missions. There is a ”manifest imbalance between the 30,000 peacekeepers from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) deployed in tiny Kosovo and the 10,000 UN peacekeepers deployed in (the Democratic Republic of) Congo (DRC)”, she added.

55. Peacekeeping Monument Ottawa- A Canadian Tradition Honouring Canadians who have served in the united nations Peacekeeping forces, thismonument depicts three peacekeepers standing on walls above the debris of http://www.ottawakiosk.com/peacekeeping_monument.html

Ottawa Attractions Choose from these Attractions: Peacekeeping Monument Honouring Canadians who have served in the United Nations Peacekeeping Forces, this monument depicts three peacekeepers standing on walls above the debris of war. Before them, a grove of young trees symbolizes peace. Located on Sussex Drive, corner of St-Patrick accross from the National Gallery and Major's Hill Park. Did You Know? More than 80,000 Canadians have served in the United Nations Peacekeeping Forces. In 1988, the United Nations Peacekeepers were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for 40 years of tireless effort to keep the peace between warring factions. This monument commemorates the Canadian contribution to those missions. Honouring Canada's Peacekeepers The United Nations Peacekeeping Forces were formed in 1948, in the aftermath of the Second World War. Canada has played a pivotal role in many peacekeeping missions, supplying the people and equipment needed to make these efforts successful. Designed by sculptor Jack Harman, urban designer Richard Henriquez and landscape architect Cornelia Oberlander, The Reconciliation illustrates the role of peacekeepers, keeping the peace to allow time for reconciliation to take place. See a Virtual Tour Search Browse Add URL ... Help

56. Permanent Mission Of Japan To The United Nations Meeting of the Security Council on Peacekeeping Operations. trees in the North Gardenof the united nations. and has dispatched SelfDefense forces personnel to http://www.un.int/japan/

By Theme Human Security Global Security Regional Issues ... "Afghanistan Smiles" Exhibition of Photos by Norika Fujiwara Comes to New York Statement by H.E. Mr. Toshiro Ozawa to the Fifth Committee of the General Assembly June 3, 2004 At the public meeting of the security council on the briefing by the chairman of the security council committee established pursuant to resolution 1267 (1999) concerning Al-Qaida and the Taliban and associated individuals and entities Statement by H.E. Mr. Koichi Haraguchi to the Security Council May 25, 2004 On the United Nations Peacekeeping Operations Statement by H.E. Mr. Shinichi Kitaoka to the Security Council May 17, 2004 On strengthening the security and safety of United Nations operations, staff and premises Statement by H.E. Mr. Toshiro Ozawa to the Fifth Committee of the General Assembly May 12, 2004 On Item 123, "Improving the financial situation of the United Nations" Statement by H.E. Mr. Toshiro Ozawa to the Fifth Committee of the General Assembly May 12, 2004

57. The Permanent Mission Of Finland To The United Nations, New York UNIFIL united nations Interim Force in Lebanon UNFICYP united nationsPeacekeepingForce in Cyprus political mandator of international peacekeeping and crisis http://www.un.int/finland/peace.html

The Mission Personnel Statements, Speeches, Press Releases Links ... Email Finnish Participation in International Peacekeeping Summary of Finland's Role in International Peacekeeping, by Lieutenant Colonel Markku Nikkilä, Ministry of Defence. Map of Ongoing United Nations Peacekeeping Operations United Nations Peacekeeping Missions The Finnish Defence Forces - International Missions Finland's Participation in International Peacekeeping Activities by Markku Nikkilä, Lieutenant Colonel, Ministry of Defence Finland was admitted to the UN in 1955. Only a year later, Finland was asked to participate in a peacekeeping operation in the Middle East in order to solve the Suez crisis. The Finnish government elected to send a unit of 250 men to serve in the UNEF I operation. Since 1956 Finland has provided more than 35 000 personnel for peacekeeping service, and from 1991 Finnish women have also been serving in peacekeeping operations such as UNDOF, UNIFIL and UNPREDEP. In Finland every peacekeeper involved in a mission is a volunteer. Regulars account for about 7% of the total number of peacekeepers. The vast majority are reservists. All men have completed their national military service.

58. Crimes Of War Project > Expert Analysis When States assign troops to peacekeeping duties, the forces answer formally the unitedStates and many other countries.) But the united nations is not a http://www.crimesofwar.org/thebook/un-geneva.html

United Nations and the Geneva Conventions by Roy Gutman In November 1994, as hundreds of Bosnian and Krajina Serb troops advanced on the UN-declared "safe area" of Bihac, disaster loomed for the municipal hospital, which stood directly in the path of the offensive, and for the nine hundred immobile patients inside. The Canadian commander of UN forces in Bihac was reluctant to intervene. The UN force's civil affairs representative, an American, argued that hospitals have a "sacred" status under the 1949 Geneva Conventions and the UN Protection Force (UNPROFOR) had an obligation to protect this one. He drafted a memo to this effect, and his superior in Sarajevo, a Russian, issued a formal request. "The Geneva conventions stipulate that hospitals shall not be attacked . . . the support and concurrence of UNPROFOR military will also be needed. Please immediately pursue the plan with the Bihac commanding officer," it said. Acting on the memo, the commander instructed Bangladeshi troops to drive their armored personnel carriers onto the hospital grounds. The Serbs refrained from attacking the hospital, and the ground invasion was halted. Bihac, a town of seventy thousand, was saved. Two weeks later, the UN's Office of Legal Affairs (OLA), weighed in to ensure that the saving of Bihac did not set a precedent. UN forces, an OLA representative said, are bound only by their Security Council mandate and are not legally obliged to uphold the conventions. "From a strictly legal point of view, obligations (such as the Geneva Conventions) are binding on States. The role of the UN is to carry out the will of the international community as expressed by it in the Security Council," OLA official Stephen Katz said.

59. CBC News - Indepth Backgrounder: Peacekeeping Medals a Rapid Reaction Capability for the united nations, focused how The Canadian PeacekeepingService Medal, CPSM, was created members of the armed forces who were http://www.cbc.ca/news/indepth/facts/peacekeeping.html

Viewpoint home shop help ... search Canada: The World's Peacekeeper Owen Wood CBC News Online Gov. Gen. Adrienne Clarkson hands out new Canadian peacekeeping service medals The 89 Canadian peacekeeping service awards handed out by the Governor General in September are only the first of many such awards that will honour Canadians who have taken part in the quest for world peace. Though the term “peacekeeping” didn’t become widely used until 1956, the UN began deploying peacekeepers almost 10 years earlier. And Canadians have been a part of it since the beginning. In the 1947 United Nations General Assembly, the UN endorsed a plan that would separate Palestine, creating the state of Israel and leaving the rest for the Palestinian Arabs. The plan was not accepted by the Palestinian Arabs and Arab states, and hostilities broke out in May 1948. That same month, the UN sent out its first observers to help calm the situation. Under the name the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization, UNTSO, their goal was simply to act as an international watchdog, supervising the truce between the two groups. UNTSO has become the longest-running UN peacekeeping mission. However, its goals have changed over the years. After supervising the General Armistice Agreements of 1949, UNTSO activities spread over territory held by Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon and Syrian Arab Republic. In 1967, following the Arab-Israeli war, the organization watched over the ceasefire in the Suez Canal area and the Golan Heights . Now, UNTSO works along with other UN forces to keep peace in the Middle East.

60. UNITED NATIONS - Storming Media Peacekeeping and the Armed forces of the Southern DEC 2000; UN Peacekeeping Accessto Rapid Reaction Capability for united nations Peace Keeping Operations 10 http://www.stormingmedia.us/cgi-bin/keywords.php?keywordID=613

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