41. The Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program The theoretical investigation was headed by Zel dovich, who added three importantfigure to his staff andrei dmitrievich sakharov, Vitali Lazarevich Ginzburg http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Russia/Sovwpnprog.html

The Soviet Nuclear Weapons Program Last updated 12 December 1997 I remember President Kennedy once stated... that the United States had the nuclear missile capacity to wipe out the Soviet Union two times over, while the Soviet Union had enough atomic weapons to wipe out the Unites States only once... When journalists asked me to comment... I said jokingly, "Yes, I know what Kennedy claims, and he's quite right. But I'm not complaining... We're satisfied to be able to finish off the United States first time round. Once is quite enough. What good does it do to annihilate a country twice? We're not a bloodthirsty people." Nikita Khrushchev - quoting himself in Khrushchev Remembers: The last Testament , 1974, pg. 530 The Soviet Atomic Bomb: 1939-1949 The most significant early work on fission in the Soviet Union was performed by Yakov Zel'dovich and Yuli Khariton who published a series of papers in 1939-41 that laid the groundwork for later Soviet atomic weapons development. The Soviet weapons program proper began in 1943 during World War II, under the leadership of physicist Igor Vasilievich Kurchatov. The program was initiated by reports collected by Soviet intelligence about the rapidly growing Manhattan Project in the U.S. It remained largely an intelligence operation until the end of the war, but it was a highly successful one, due to sympathies of many for the wartime Soviet Union fighting Nazi Germany; the socialist political sympathies of some; and the weak security screening program necessitated by the hasty assembly of the vast program.

42. Peace Project: Biographies Of Peace Prize Winners andrei dmitrievich sakharov. andrei dmitrievich sakharov was born onMay 21, 1921 in the former Soviet Union. He was a nuclear physicist http://www.edu.pe.ca/birchwood/peace/ads.htm

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov was born on May 21, 1921 in the former Soviet Union. He was a nuclear physicist by trade, and he was a big supporter of Human Rights. During Sakharov's life, he held many meetings to support Human Rights and wrote many papers and "memoirs" on the subject. He received the peace prize in 1975. Sakharov had two hunger strikes in 1984 and 1986. He died in 1989. Today there is the Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov Foundation and archives in his name. Sakharov will forever be known in Russia and around the world as the man of Human Rights. Internet Links... The Andrei Sakharov Foundation The Dissident: Andrei Sakharov Andrei Sakharov: Soviet Physics, Nuclear Weapons, and Human Rights Page created by Coleman 2003

43. Human Rights andrei sakharov Elena Bonner (Soviet Union). andrei sakharov Foundation(ASF); ASF Internet Links; andrei dmitrievich sakharov 1975; http://www.betterworldlinks.org/book35b.htm

Our Home Page to 30.000 Links General - Exemplary People Human Rights Our Links in German Suggestions welcome via Email Martin Luther King (USA) Martin Luther King - Biography Martin Luther King Jr. 1964 Martin Luther King, Jr. Papers Project ! at Stanford University MLK Papers Project - Published Documents ... United for Peace and Justice Events Petra Kelly (Germany) PETRA KELLY Archiv ! (German) Petra K Kelly, in memory - RLA 82 Petra Kelly - Short Biography Petra Kelly - Short Biography ... Police say Petra Kelly killed by lover in death pact Amira Hass (Israel) Mideast Watch - Amira Hass Amira Hass, Israel Drinking the Sea at Gaza : Days and Nights in a Land Under Siege (Book) An Intifada in search of a leadership ... Why die for demolishing houses? Aung San Suu Kyi (Burma) Aung San Suu Kyi - an interview with Shambala Sun 1/96 Free Burma: Aung San Suu Kyi Aung San Suu Kyi 1991 Rigoberta Menchu Tum (Guatemala) Rigoberta Menchu Tum (Biography) Winner of the 1992 Nobel Prize in Peace Rigoberta Menchu, MayaPages for Native Americans A Plea for Global Education ... Indigenous People and Freedom of Expression Wei Jingsheng (China) Wei Jingsheng: The Courage to Stand Alone Wei Jingsheng in America The Fifth Modernization (by Wei Jingsheng) Wei Jingsheng's letter to Deng Xiaoping in 1992 Wang Dan (China) Wang Dan Exiled 4/98 Chinese Dissident Wang Dan Freed, Exiled to U.S. 4/98

44. Soviet/Russian Scientists Of The 20th Century work on optimum allocation of resources. 1975 andrei dmitrievich sakharov,Nobel Peace Prize. sakharov, a physicist who worked on http://www.sandia.gov/ASCI/russia/scientists.html

Ambartsumian Physicist-chemist. discovered new methods to prevent corrosion in metals. Microbiologist. Developed the first antibiotics to be used in the USSR: penicillin, streptomycin, and interferon. Kalashnikov Weapons designer. Created the AK, AKM, RPK, PK, PKT machine guns. Khariton Physicist. Worked on explosives. Together with IA. B. Zel'dovich explored divisive chain reactions in uranium. Kurchatov Nuclear physicist. Oversaw the construction of the first nuclear reactor in europe (1949); worked on the Soviet atom bomb (1949); the first Soviet thermonuclear bomb (1953) and the first atomic electrostation. Weapons designer. Created the PPS machine gun. Nobel Prizes Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov , together with Sir Cyril Hinshelwood (England), Nobel Prize in chemistry for research in chemical reaction kinetics. Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov , and Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm , Nobel Prize in Physics for developing a cosmic ray counter.

45. Sarov One of the Research Institute s claims to fame is that andrei dmitrievich sakharov(1921–1989), one of Russia s leading nuclear physicists and collaborator http://www.sandia.gov/ASCI/russia/sarov.html

Sarov and Los Alamos partnership 2003 Population: Latitude/Longitude: Situated near the 12th century city of Nizhnii Novgorod, at the confluence of the Satis and Sarovka rivers, 12 km south of the town of Arzamas. Supposedly the town dates from pre-Viking times. It was conquered by the Tartars (Bakhmet-Khan of the Golden Horde) who built a stronghold there called Sarakly (which means "yellow sword" in Tartar). The Tartars abandoned Sarakly in 1390, and monasteries began to be established in the area. By 1670, there were three monasteries and two convents. In 1706, a monastery called the Sarovskaia Pustyn' (which means "The Sarovski Desert" in Russian—monasteries for hermit monks were called "deserts") was established in Sarov proper. This monastery gained fame because one of their hermit monks, Serafim, performed miracles (mostly in connection with healing waters) and was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church in 1903. The monastery's and St. Serafim's fame grew even more after tsarina Alexandra (wife of Nicholas II) bathed in one of the miraculous springs while praying to St. Serafim

46. 20th Century Year By Year 1975 cosmos . Peace sakharov, andrei dmitrievich, USSR, b. 1921, d. 1990Soviet nuclear physicist. Campaigner for human rights. Physiology http://www.multied.com/20th/1975.html

Major Event/ Sports Nobel Prizes Pulitzer Prizes ... Popular Book s / Popular Television Shows Popular Music/ Grammy Awards Major Events of 1975 Helsinki Accords Francisco Franco dies Angola Independent Soviets Buy Grain ... Communist Capture S. Vietnam Sports NBA: Golden Statea Warriors vs. Washington Bullets Series: 4-0 NCAA Football: Oklahoma Record: 11-1-0 Heisman Trophy: Archie Griffin, Ohio State, RB points: 1,800 Stanley Cup: Philadelphia Flyers vs. Buffalo Sabres Series: 4-2 Super Bowl IX: Pittsburgh Steelers vs. Minnesota Vikings Score: 16-6 US Open Golf: Lou Graham Score: 287 Course: Medinah CC Location: Medinah, Il World Series: Cincinnati Reds vs. Boston Red Sox Series: 4-3 Popular Songs 1. "Lucy in the Sky With Diamonds" ... Elton John 2. "Mandy" ... Barry Manilow 3. "Please! Mr. Postman" ... Carpenters 4. "Laughter in the Rain" ... Neil Sedaka 5. "Fire" ... Ohio Players 6. "You're No Good" ... Linda Ronstadt 7. "Pick Up the Pieces" ... Linda Ronstadt

47. Intellectual Freedom Is Essential ANDREI D SAKHAROV 1968 andrei dmitrievich sakharov (19211989). andrei dmitrievich sakharov Soviet nuclearphysicist b.1921 d.1989. Autobiography (Translation from the Russian text). http://www.mindfully.org/Reform/Intellectual-Freedom-Essential-Sakharov1968.htm

Intellectual Freedom Is Essential ANDREI D SAKHAROV 1968 From Dr. Sakharov's book The second basic thesis is that intellectual freedom is essen­tial to human society-freedom to obtain and distribute information, freedom for open-minded and unfearing debate and freedom from pressure by officialdom and prejudices. Such a trinity of freedom of thought is the only guarantee against an infection of people by mass myths, which, in the hands of treacherous hypocrites and demagogues, can be transformed into bloody dictatorship. Freedom of thought is the only guarantee of the feasibility of a scientific democratic approach to politics, economy, and culture. Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (1921-1989) But freedom of thought is under a triple threat in modern society-from the opium of mass culture, from cowardly, egotistic and narrow-minded ideologies, and from the ossified dogmatism of a bureaucratic oligarchy and its favorite weapon, ideological censorship. Therefore, freedom of thought requires the defense of all thinking and honest people. This is a mission not only for the intelligentsia but for all strata of society, particularly its most active and organized stratum, the working class. The worldwide dangers of war, famine, cults of personality, and bureaucracy–these are perils for all of mankind. Recognition by the working class and the intelligentsia of their common interests has been a striking phenomenon of the present day. The most progressive, internationalist, and dedicated element of the intelligentsia is, in essence, part of the working class, and the most advanced, educated, internationalist, and broad-minded part of the working class is part of the intelligentsia.

48. Quotes By Origin: S andrei dmitrievich sakharov Soviet nuclear physicist and humanrights advocate(1921-1989). Intellectual freedom is essential to human society. http://www.ifla.org/faife/litter/origin/s.htm

Quotes by origin: S "In my mind, prison became associated with love. Whenever I heard of a man who was or had been in prison, I felt my heart beating beneath my ribs." Nawal Al SAADAWI Egyptian author, on the jailing of intellectuals "He who learns, and makes no use of his learning, is a beast of burden with a load of books. Does the ass comprehend whether he carries on his back a library or a bundle of faggots? " Moslih Eddin SAADI Persian poet (1184-1291) "Just as the office worker dreams of murdering his hated boss and so is saved from really murdering him, so it is with the author; with his great dreams he helps his readers to survive, to avoid their worst intentions. And society, without realizing it respects and even exalts him, albeit with a kind of jealousy, fear and even repulsion, since few people want to discover the horrors that lurk in the depths of their souls. This is the highest mission of great literature, and there is no other." Ernesto SÁBATO Argentinian novelist and literary critic (1911-) "You say that my way of thinking cannot be tolerated? What of it? The man who alters his way of thinking to suit others is a fool. My way of thinking is the result of my reflections. It is part of my inner being, the way I am made. I do not contradict them, and would not even if I wished to. For my system, which you disapprove of, is also my greatest comfort in life, the source of all my happiness - it means more to me than my life itself."

49. Some Thoughts On Heroes (and Their Imperfections) andrei dmitrievich sakharov (19211989) took his first step towards dissent in 1957when his concern over nuclear testing led him to write a pioneering article http://www.honested.com/edlib/v2n10/heroes.php

1071 N. Fulton Ave. Fresno, CA 93728 Click Here What's New? 12 Important Questions (FAQs) 1. Who should have the final say, parents or government? Take the World's Shortest Education Survey 2. Why transform public schools? Why not just reform them? 3. Which leaders support this movement? ... More Questions Other Information Resources for parents investigating their options Worldwide Communication Tips Volunteer Opportunites ... The Education Liberator , Vol. 2, No. 10, December 1996/January 1997 Some thoughts on heroes (and their imperfections) by Marshall Fritz Among Separation supporters, there is a special group we refer to as "School Sakharovs." These are heroic individuals who have worked within the state school system, have witnessed its failures first hand, and who now speak out in favor of Separation. Every few months, a fellow Separationist calls or writes with concern that we should not be exalting Andrei Sakharov because he was an atheist who signed the Humanist Manifesto II In the past, I've answered these questions privately, but as the issue recurs it is time to put something in writing. We chose Sakharov not for his religion or his overall political views. We picked him because his insight, courage, and personal sacrifice sent shock waves through the thinking people of the Soviet Union and contributed to the fall of an "evil empire." A leading physicist and father of the Soviet hydrogen bomb program, he used his prestige to warn ever-widening circles of the dangers of the dysfunctional Soviet system.

50. The Scientist - An Evening Visit To The Sakharovs andrei dmitrievich is sleeping, but I will wake him immediately Six years ago,on the occasion of sakharov’s 60th birthday, I wrote an article about my http://www.the-scientist.com/yr1987/oct/features4_871019.html

The Scientist 1[23]:15, Oct. 19, 1987 FEATURES An Evening Visit to the Sakharovs By FRANTISEK JANOUCH If someone had told me last December that I would meet Andrel Sakharov six months later in Moscow, I—a notorious optimist—would have considered that person a fool. But in June, after unsuccessfully trying to call Sakharov shortly after my arrival in Moscow en route to a conference in Novosibirsk, I asked a friend to drive me to 48B Chkalov Street at around 9 p.m. I rang at the shabby door, which was opened by Yelena Bonner, Sakharov’s wife. She is used to late visitors, to unknown people from Russia and abroad who come to this door unannounced. We had not seen each other since 1977, though we often have spoken by phone. “Wait, I know you! Who are you? Frantisek!” Yelena Georgievna embraced me and led me to the sitting room. “Andrei Dmitrievich is sleeping, but I will wake him immediately.” In a few minutes he appeared, wearing old velveteen pants, a white shirt and a red pull-over. He embraced me, kissed me in the Russian fashion. I had tears in my eyes. Six years ago, on the occasion of Sakharov’s 60th birthday, I wrote an article about my contacts with him. We wrote to each other and talked by phone. I presented his speech at the Pugwash conference in Kyoto in 1975 and introduced his paper on nuclear energy in many countries. Still, we had never had a real conversation.

51. The Scientist - 'We Are Counting On Your Help' For the second group of people, sakharov s name usually does not bring gain and tothem I say Dear, sweet, good people, save andrei dmitrievich! And andrei http://www.the-scientist.com/yr1986/nov/books_861117.html

The Scientist 1[2]:14, Nov. 17, 1986 BOOKS 'We Are Counting on Your Help' By Elena Bonner Since 1980, Soviet physicist, Nobel laureate and human rights activist Andrei Sakharov has been living with his wife Elena Bonner, a physician, in internal exile in the city of Gorky. Sakharov was banished there with-out trial after he publicly opposed the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. In December 1985-following a hunger strike by Sakharov-the Soviets granted Bonner a three-month visa (later extended to six months) to come to the United States to visit her family and undergo multiple bypass surgery. During her stay, she wrote Alone Together (Alfred A. Knopf, 1986), an account of the past three years of her life in exile with her husband. The book is a companion piece to Sakharov's autobiography, smuggled to the West in the early 1980s and due to be published by Knopf in 1987. She describes a life circumscribed by the 24-hour surveillance of the KGB, which has forbidden them to receive mail or telephone calls or to see friends and family members. In this excerpt from the book, she recounts her meetings with American intellectuals and scientists during her visit and their reactions to Sakharov's plight. Author: ELENA BONNER Date: November 17, 1986

52. Finale, Finally Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (18691948) and andrei dmitrievich sakharov (1921-1989)were men of intelligence combined with integrity and the courage of their http://flatrock.org.nz/topics/odds_and_oddities/brains_courage_integrity.htm

53. Sakha.html Translate this page andrei dmitrievich sakharov nasceu em 21 de maio de 1921, em Moscou. Quem sabequando se poderá saber o que realmente fez andrei dmitrievich sakharov? http://hfleming.com/sakha.html

Henrique Fleming Artigo publicado na Revista USP, N.10, 1991 outsider Summa status quo et alii

54. Biographical Details On Boys Clothing (S-Z) sakharov, andrei dmitrievich (USSR, 1921-89) The father of theSoviet Union s hydrogen bomb grew up after the Revolution. He http://histclo.hispeed.com/bio/s/bios.html

Biographical Details on Boys' Clothing Styles (S-Z) Many famous and not so famous men remember the clothing and hair styles they wore as boys. Not so many years ago it was all up to mom how junior was dressed. In some cases, especially in the late 19th and early 20th Century, moms in Europe and America let their imaginations run wild, choosing elaborate Fauntleroy and kilt outfits for their darling sons. The wife in affluent families rarely worked and thus she had a great deal of time, and in some cases the assistance of nannies and governesses, to see to the care and dressing of their children. The results were very little boys kept in dresses . Ever after they passed out of dresses, little and not little boys done up in dress-like tunics and kilts and lacy Fauntleroy suits and kilts as well as more manly sailor suits Figure 1.A young Andrei Sahkarov pictured in Dutch-boy bangs and a white sailor suit during the 1920s. Biographical information is available on selected individuals (S-Z) here. This page is still being developed. If you have any historical information to add, do let me hear from you. Sakharov, Andrei Dmitrievich

55. PhysicsWeb - Resources - Reference/Famous Physicists Henri. Reines, Frederick Nobel Laureate Frederick Reines. sakharov,andrei andrei dmitrievich sakharov biography. Schrödinger http://physicsweb.org/resources/Reference/Famous_physicists/

Advanced site search resources Resources home What's new Add a link Edit my links ... Advanced resource search quick search Search resources iop resources Search journals Search books IOP Select PEERS ... Reference links in this category Hommage a Richard Feynman - La page francaise consacree a Richard P. Feynman, Prix Nobel 1965 pour ses travaux en electrodynamique quantique et professeur de genie. 5 Most Influential Scientists according to Carl Sagan Babbage, Charles Bell, A.G. - Alexander Graham Bells Path to the Telephone - This site is an attempt to reconstruct, in fine-grained detail, the path taken by Alexander Graham Bell, with links to other inventors and ideas. By Michael E. Gorman. Bethe, Hans OPEN LETTER FROM HANS BETHE Biographies of Women Mathematicians Bohr, Niels, Henrik, David Bohr, Niels, Henrik, David ... Canadian Science and Engineering Hall of Fame - Although Canadian researchers have made outstanding discoveries that changed and shaped our world, very few people know of their achievements. The Canadian Science and Engineering Hall of Fame gives you a glimpse into the lives and work of these creative and tenacious people. - This catalog is a collection of 631 detailed biographies on members of the scientific community during the 16th and 17th centuries. The vital facts about these individuals and their contributions to science can be found here.

56. Peace 1975, sakharov, andrei dmitrievich. http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/GeogHist/histories/prizewinners/nobelprize/p

Themes History Prize Winners Nobel Prize Year Winners Dunant, Jean Henri Passy, Frédéric Ducommun, Élie Gobat, Charles Albert ... Cremer, William Randal Institut de droit international (Institute of International Law) Suttner, Baroness Bertha Sophie Felicita von Roosevelt, Theodore Moneta, Ernesto Teodoro Renault, Louis ... Balluet, Paul Henri Benjamin Bureau international permanent de la Paix (Permanent International Peace Bureau) Asser, Tobias Michael Carel Fried, Alfred Hermann Root, Elihu La Fontaine, Henri The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section Comité international de la Croix Rouge (International Committee of the Red Cross) The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section Wilson, Thomas Woodrow

57. Andrew Sakharov - 80 Year 80 th anniversary of andrei sakharov. The 21 st of May 2001 is eightyyears since the birth of andrei dmitrievich sakharov. In connection http://www.openweb.ru/p_z/Ku/80sakh_app20501e.htm

TO PUT AN END TO TORTURE AND LAWLESSNESS Statement of Russian defenders of human rights in connection with the th anniversary of Andrei Sakharov. The 21 st of May 2001 is eighty years since the birth of Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov. In connection with this significant date we demand that an end be put to torture and lawlessness in the law enforcement agencies and armed forces, that laws be passed on the civil control of places of imprisonment, children's institutions, homes for the aged and invalids, that an institute of parliamentary investigation be founded, as well as special parliamentary commissions, and public control and parliamentary control over the army and state special services. "It is a reality of our life that the suspect or accused is in a very serious condition as a result of the pressure of investigation. We all have in our memory many incidences of self-slander, taking of guilt on oneself as a result of press cameras, beatings, blackmail and threats. We all have in our memory the death sentences on innocent people, which have been carried out not only in the Republics, but also in Moscow", People's Deputy SAKHAROV A.D., 14 December 1989. (cf 'Literary Gazette' 27.12.1989).

58. Boston Globe Online / Table Of Contents and hailed sakharov as a champion of human rights and a spiritual leader. . If it were not for andrei dmitrievich, I would not return there, she said. http://www.boston.com/globe/search/stories/nobel/1986/1986r.html

Archives Big Dig Book Reviews Boston Capital ... Week in Photos Search the Globe: Today Yesterday WASHINGTON, BONNER CELEBRATE EXILED SAKHAROV'S BIRTHDAY Author: By Adam Pertman, Globe Staff Date: Thursday, May 22, 1986 Page: Section: NATIONAL/FOREIGN WASHINGTON With champagne toasts and emotional speeches about the eternal quest for freedom, Washington yesterday celebrated the 65th birthday of Andrei Sakharov, the human-rights activist who is in internal exile in the Soviet Union. "As you prepare to return to your homeland," President Reagan said in a short letter to Sakharov's wife, Yelena Bonner, "I want you to know how much we repect and admire Academician Sakharov's and your own courage and dedication." Reagan, who proclaimed yesterday Andrei Sakharov Day, went on to say that Sakharov's "contributions to peace, and efforts on behalf of democratic human rights are an inspiration to all mankind." It was the president's first communication with Bonner since he recently refused to see her in person, causing a minor flap in the dissident community. Bonner, who came to the United States for medical treatment, is leaving in a few days to rejoin her exiled husband in the closed city of Gorky.

59. Boston Globe Online / Table Of Contents But we were passive in our defense of andrei dmitrievich. Now , Likhachevconcluded, we say to sakharov, forgive us, and farewell. http://www.boston.com/globe/search/stories/nobel/1989/1989c.html

Archives Big Dig Book Reviews Boston Capital ... Week in Photos Search the Globe: Today Yesterday 50,000 ATTEND RALLY, FUNERAL FOR SAKHAROV Author: By Paul Quinn-Judge, Globe Staff Date: Tuesday, December 19, 1989 Page: Section: NATIONAL/FOREIGN MOSCOW In chilly and miserable weather, Andrei D. Sakharov, the Soviet human rights activist, was buried yesterday, after government officials and former dissidents alike paid tribute to him at a funeral attended by about 50,000 people. It was a day of strikingly varied ceremonies. Tens of thousands of people turned out for an open-air rally and "civic funeral" for the leading dissident at Luzhniki Stadium, which has become the regular meeting place for the opposition since the creation of a new Soviet parliament last summer. Earlier in the morning, Mikhail S. Gorbachev, the president, and other party leaders stood in the rain to pay their last respects outside the Academy of Sciences, where Sakharov was lying in state. Sakharov, a creator of the Soviet hydrogen bomb, was a member of the academy. Gorbachev offered his condolences to Sakharov's widow, Yelena Bonner, and told journalists waiting outside that "we will all feel his absence, but perestroika will go on."

60. Nature Contents Vol 344 No 6261 Commentary, The physicist and the Soviet citizen 11 EL Feinberg Few peoplehave had such wide and deep influence as andrei dmitrievich sakharov. http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v344/n6261/index

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