41. Universität Heidelberg Translate this page Forschung, aus Preismitteln gestiftet, um das Lebenswerk seines akademischen Lehrers,des britischen Nobelpreisträgers sir bernard katz (1911 – 2003), zu http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/presse/news04/2403leck.html

Startseite Presse Vom Leck in der Zellmembran Die Zellen unseres Nervensystems, aber auch Muskulatur und Herz werden durch schnelle Schwankungen ihres elektrischen Potenzials aktiviert. Dafür sind in ihre Membran Proteine eingelagert, die sich bei Bedarf zu einer Pore öffnen können, durch die geladene Salzteilchen (Ionen) fließen. Diese "Ionenkanäle" bestimmen Dauer und Intensität der Aktivierung. Seit langem ist bekannt, dass die Leitfähigkeit für Kalium-Ionen dabei eine besondere Rolle spielt: sie stabilisieren das Membranpotential bei negativen Werten und wirken im Ruhezustand einer Erregung der Zellen entgegen. Diese "Leck-Leitfähigkeit" wurde unter anderem von Sir Bernhard Katz bereits in den vierziger Jahren beschrieben. Dr. Noam Zilberberg geht der Frage nach, wie die elektrische Erregbarkeit verschiedener Zellen im Organismus durch eine spezielle Art von Kalium-Kanälen reguliert wird. Er hat die biophysikalischen Vorgänge bei der Ionenleitung durch die Kanäle analysiert, ihre Regulation durch verschiedene zelluläre Signalmoleküle (sog. Phosphokinasen) und den pH untersucht sowie die molekularen Signale, die den Einbau der Kanäle in die Zellmembran steuern. Auch war er an der Entdeckung weiterer verwandter Moleküle beteiligt, so dass heute eine Fülle von Genen bekannt ist, die in verschiedenen Spezies über 50 verschiedene solcher Ionenkanäle kodieren ("2-Poren-Domänen-Kanäle").

42. Neurônios E Sinapses: A Históra De Sua Descoberta. V. Transmissão Química. Translate this page Foi sir John Carew Eccles (1903-1997), um australiano de Melbourne, que foi obrilhante pioneiro nesta área, juntamento com o inglês sir bernard katz. http://www.epub.org.br/cm/n17/history/neurons5_p.htm

Renato M.E. Sabbatini, PhD N William Maddock Bayliss Ernest Henry Starling O Experimento de Otto Loewi (1921) T = tempo R D Vagusstoff Acceleransstoff (susbtância acelerante). Ele também cunhou o termo "transmissão neuro-humoral" para explicar o que tinha descoberto. " " Dale, 1936 Dale também foi o primeiro a isolar acetilcolina de órgãos de mamíferos e a inventar os termos "sinapse colinérgica" e "sinapse adrenérgica". Tempos Modernos Sir John Carew Eccles Sir Bernard Katz Ulf von Euler Julius Axelrod Um aparelho estirador de micropipetas de vidro. Sir John Eccles e Sir Bernard Katz foram ambos honrados com o Nobel de 1963 e 1970, respectivamente. Por Renato M.E. Sabbatini , PhD , 17, Maio-Agosto de 2003 Parte 5 de 6 Publicado em 25.Mai.2003

43. Neurons And Synapses. The History Of Its Discovery sir bernard katz. Ulf von Euler. Julius Axelrod. sir John Eccles and sir bernardkatz were both honoured with the Nobel Award of 1963 and 1970, respectively. http://www.epub.org.br/cm/n17/history/neurons5_i.htm

Neurons and Synapses The History of Its Discovery Renato M.E. Sabbatini, PhD Back to the Index V. Chemical Transmission I n the first decades of the 20th century, research about the chemical mediation of action in the autonomous, or vegetative nervous system, how it was then called, was developing at a feverish pace in many laboratories in the world. The main centers were located in England, where William Maddock Bayliss Ernest Henry Starling After working 12 years on the pharmacology of the Autonomous Nervous System, now in the University of Graz, Austria, he devised the crucial experiment which provided the first reliable evidence for the existence of chemical transmission in a synapse. The legend tells that he had the idea of the experiment in a dream and that he ran to the lab as soon as he was awake. T = time S = stimulus in the vagus D = contractions of heart D R = contractions of heart R R ), there was a strong inhibition in this heart beats. The second heart ( D ) was unaffected. However, when he perfused the second heart with the outflow of the perfusion of the first one, he achieved exactly the same effect, with a small delay provoked by the pump action and the chemical action. The only fact that could explain this result was that there was some substance being produced at the parasympathetic synapse level in heart R, which had the power to provoke a similar response in the muscles of heart D. Loewi called this substance

44. Sir Bernard Katz, 1911 - 2003 sir bernard katz, 1911 2003. Last month, bernard katz, who wonthe Nobel Prize in 1970 for his work on the synapse, died. katz http://www.physiol.usyd.edu.au/news/articles/katz.html

Sir Bernard Katz, 1911 - 2003 Last month, Bernard Katz, who won the Nobel Prize in 1970 for his work on the synapse, died. Katz was a member of Sydney University in the early 1940's and gave physiology lectures with Eccles and Kuffler. In 1945 he worked in the Madsen building with the group in radiophysics that were laying the foundations of the new discipline of radioastronomy. The International Brain Research Organization asked Professor Max Bennett to write an obituary which appears on their website.

45. Department Of Physiology, University Of Sydney Institute for Biomedical Research, was strongly influenced by the intellectual environmentprovided by sir John Eccles, sir bernard katz and Stephen Knuffle. http://www.physiol.usyd.edu.au/info/brhistory.html

The University of Sydney Department of Physiology General Information Research Information for Students Research Opportunities ... General Information A Brief History of the Department of Physiology The principal aim of the department is to discover the origins of human diseases by furthering knowledge in the fields of biology and medicine, especially as they relate to the nervous system, cardiovascular system and muscular systems. Basic research into the mechanisms by which these systems function is paramount. Such research will allow for improved methods of preventing, diagnosing and treating diseases. The great researchers profiled below laid the foundations for the present efforts of our current academic staff. The Department of Physiology, as a member of the Institute for Biomedical Research , was strongly influenced by the intellectual environment provided by Sir John Eccles, Sir Bernard Katz and Stephen Knuffle. They gave research lectures in the Anderson Stuart Building while working at Sydney Hospital, prior to their winning Nobel Prizes for research into the nervous system. The Department of Physiology was established when Sir Thomas Anderson Stuart took up the Chair of Anatomy and Physiology from 1883 to 1920. He was integral in attracting respected researchers to the department, however most of his energy was spent on establishing the Medical School.

46. Idw - Vom Leck In Der Zellmembran Translate this page Forschung, aus Preismitteln gestiftet, um das Lebenswerk seines akademischen Lehrers,des britischen Nobelpreisträgers sir bernard katz (1911 - 2003), zu http://idw-online.de/public/zeige_pm.html?pmid=76696

47. Idw - Österreichischer Nachwuchswissenschaftler Mit Bernard Katz Lecture Ausgez Translate this page Sie würdigt das Lebenswerk des Physiologen sir bernard katz, des Mentors vonProfessor Bert Sakmann. Sakmann erhielt 1991 den Nobelpreis für Medizin. http://idw-online.de/public/pmid-27764/zeige_pm.html

Österreichischer Nachwuchswissenschaftler mit Bernard Katz Lecture ausgezeichnet Datum der Mitteilung: Absender: Petra Dhein Einrichtung: Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung Kategorie: überregional Personalia, weitere Veranstaltungen Biologie und Biotechnologie, Medizin und Gesundheitswissenschaften Nr. 29 / 2000 Der österreichische Physiologe Priv.-Doz. Dr. Siegfried Waldegger hält am 3. Dezember 2000 die Bernard Katz Lecture in Eilat, Israel. Der 31-jährige Mediziner wird mit dieser Ehrenvorlesung für seine elektrophysiologischen Arbeiten sowie seine Forschung zu Zellvolumenregulierten Genen ausgezeichnet. Die Vorlesung wird aus Mitteln der Bert Sakmann-Stiftung, die von der Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung verwaltet wird, finanziert. Sie würdigt das Lebenswerk des Physiologen Sir Bernard Katz, des Mentors von Professor Bert Sakmann. Sakmann erhielt 1991 den Nobelpreis für Medizin. Einen Teil des Preises brachte der Heidelberger Wissenschaftler in die Bert Sakmann-Stiftung ein. Dr. Waldegger arbeitet seit 1998 am Zentrum für molekulare Neurobiologie (ZMNH) des Universitätsklinikums Hamburg. Er habilitierte sich 1999 im Fach Humanphysiologie an der Medizinischen Fakultät der Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen. Dort arbeitete er von 1993 bis 1998 als Assistent am Institut für Physiologie. 1996 erhielt Siegfried Waldegger den Blue Ribbon Award der American Society of Nephrology, 1998 den Carl-Ludwig Preis der Deutschen Nephrologischen Gesellschaft. Mit der Bernard Katz Lecture eröffnet Siegfried Waldegger die Jahrestagung der Israel Society of Neurosciences.

48. Munzinger Personen - Sir Bernard Katz 1970; Prof. (em.). Quelle Munzinger GmbH, Ravensburg. http://register.munzinger.de/personen/00/000/012/00012785.shtml

Personen Sport Chronik Pop ... Login Suche Trefferliste Kontakt CD-ROM weiter Intranet Archiv weiter Datenservice weiter Print Der Klassiker unter den Publikationsformen unserer Archive ist seit 1913 das Loseblattwerk weiter Sir Bernard Katz britischer Biophysiker; Nobelpreis (Medizin) 1970; Prof. (em.) Quelle: Internationales Biographisches Archiv 29/2003 vom 7. Juli 2003 Falls Sie zuvor Art und Umfang der Munzinger-Biographien sehen wollen, können Sie über unsere Startseite auch einzelne Texte kostenfrei abrufen. Personen Das Internationale Biographische Archiv Home Seitenanfang Firmenportrait Kontakt ... Munzinger Archiv GmbH

49. Axelrod New York, USA), amerikai biokémikus és farmakológus, aki sir bernard katz angolbiofizikussal és Ulf von Euler svéd fiziológussal megosztva orvosi Nobel http://www.mezgazd-koszeg.sulinet.hu/kemia/DATA/Tudosok/data/axelrod.html

50. A Critical Response To Bernard Katz It would seem that bernard katz is most insistent upon subjecting us to the myththat to distinguish it when presented to us, how has it happened, sir, that we http://members.tripod.com/~candst/nordland.htm

On Our Founding Fathers The Constitutional Principle: Separation of Church and State Welcome Contents What's New Search this site var site="sm8candst" Visitors since 7/15/1998 Links Webrings Guest Book Contact Us This site is eye friendly: Use your browser's view options to increase or decrease font size A Critical Response to Bernard Katz On Our Founding Fathers Although written in 1985, in light of the power and significance of the Falwell/Robertson forces within the Republican Party, this essay should be useful for those today who encounter the claim that America is a "Christian nation." RN Reprinted by permission of Robert Nordlander Part I A Critical Response to Bernard Katz On Our Founding Fathers by Robert Nordlander As published in the January-February 1985 issue of The American Rationalist: The Alternative to Superstition. From Cover. Because of the recent promotion of religion by political means it is important to show what the Founding Fathers of our country had in mind when establishing the beginnings of our democracy. To prevent the European problems of their past they intended to make sure that religious oppression was not dominant in our new nation. Whether they made the wall of separation strong enough is to be proven by the protectors of that wall to ensure a secular government rather than a ruling theocracy as is evident in countries today such as Iran. [Gordon Stein, editor]. The present issue is largely devoted to a subject which has occupied our pages off and on for the past six months. The present article takes the opposite position from the previous ones by Bernard Katz. THIS article marks the end of our treatment of this subject for the forseeable future. Some may think we have devoted far too much space to it already. Perhaps we have, but we feel that the issue is both important and far from settled. While none of our articles will end the controversy, we think that they will show that a case can be made for both sides, perhaps, only by selective quoting from the voluminous writings of the founding fathers..

51. Bernard Katz :: Online Encyclopedia :: Information Genius Online Encyclopedia sir bernard katz (March 26, 1911 April 23, 2003) was a German-bornbiophysicist, noted for his work on nerve biochemistry and the pineal http://www.informationgenius.com/encyclopedia/b/be/bernard_katz.html

Quantum Physics Pampered Chef Paintball Guns Cell Phone Reviews ... Science Articles Bernard Katz Online Encyclopedia Sir Bernard Katz March 26 April 23 ) was a German -born biophysicist , noted for his work on nerve biochemistry and the pineal gland . He shared the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in . He was knighted in 1970. Born in Leipzig , Germany, he was educated at the Albert Gymnasium in that city from to and went on to study medicine at the University of Leipzig . He graduated in and fled to Britain in February , the rise of Hitler having made his mixed Russian Jewish heritage dangerous. He went to work at UCL , initially under the tutelage of Archibald Vivian Hill . He finished his PhD in and won a Carnegie Fellowship to study with John C. Eccles at Sydney Hospital. He was naturalised in and joined the Royal Australian Air Force in . He spent the war in the Pacific as a radar officer. He married Marguerite Penly in and returned to UCL as an assistant director in . Back in England he also worked with the Nobel prize winners Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley . Katz was made a professor at UCL in and head of biophysics, he was also elected to the

52. Physiology Online The inscription states (in translation) ‘In honour of sir bernard katz’, followedby a brief CV which includes the words ‘1935 Emigration to England http://www.physoc.org/publications/pn/archive/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=65

53. Bernard Katz bernard katz. sir bernard katz (Brezen 26, 1911 Duben 23, 2003) byl Nemec-narozený biophysicist, významný jeho studiem na nerv biochemie a epifýza. http://wikipedia.infostar.cz/b/be/bernard_katz.html

švodn­ str¡nka Tato str¡nka v origin¡le Bernard Katz Sir Bernard Katz 26. března 23. dubna ) byl Němec - narozen½ biophysicist , v½znamn½ jeho prac­ na nerv biochemie a pineal žl¡za . On sd­lel to Nobelova cena v fyziologie nebo medic­na v . On byl knighted v roce 1970. Narozen½ v Leipzig , Německo, on byl vzděl¡v¡n u Albert Tělocvična v tom městě od k a pokračoval studovat medic­na u Univerzita Leipzig . On promoval v a uprchl do Brit¡nie v ºnoru , svah Hitler m­t vyroben½ jeho sm­Å¡en½ Rus Židovsk½ dědictv­ nebezpečn½. On chodil do pr¡ce u UCL , zpoč¡tku pod opatrovnictv­m Archibald Vivian kopec . On skončil jeho PhD v a vyhr¡l Carnegie Př¡telstv­ ke studiu s Johnem C. Eccles u Sydney nemocnice. On byl naturalizovan½ v a spojen½ Kr¡lovsk© australsk© leteck© s­ly v . On vyčerpal se v¡lkou v Pacifik jak radar důstojn­k. On si vzal Margueritu Penly v a vr¡til se k UCL jako asistent režie v . Zpět v Anglie on tak© pracoval s V­tězi Nobelovy ceny Alan Hodgkin a Andrew Huxley . Katz byl dělal profesora u UCL v a hlava biofyziky, on byl tak© volen k

54. Nobel-medicina 1970 sir bernard katz, Ulf von Euler, Julius Axelrod 1969 Max Delbrück, AlfredD. Hershey, Salvador E. Luria 1968 Robert W. Holley, H. Gobind Khorana http://buscabiografias.com/nobelmedicina.htm

Corte y pegue el apellido o nombre en nuestro buscador Premios Nobel de Medicina 2002 Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz, John E. Sulston 2001 Leland H. Hartwell, Tim Hunt, Sir Paul Nurse 2000 Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard, Eric R. Kandel 1999 Günter Blobel 1998 Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro, Ferid Murad 1997 Stanley B. Prusiner 1996 Peter C. Doherty, Rolf M. Zinkernagel 1995 Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Eric F. Wieschaus 1994 Alfred G. Gilman, Martin Rodbell 1993 Richard J. Roberts, Phillip A. Sharp 1992 Edmond H. Fischer, Edwin G. Krebs 1991 Erwin Neher, Bert Sakmann 1990 Joseph E. Murray, E. Donnall Thomas 1989 J. Michael Bishop, Harold E. Varmus 1988 Sir James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion, George H. Hitchings 1987 Susumu Tonegawa 1986 Stanley Cohen, Rita Levi-Montalcini 1985 Michael S. Brown, Joseph L. Goldstein 1984 Niels K. Jerne, Georges J.F. Köhler, César Milstein 1983 Barbara McClintock 1982 Sune K. Bergström, Bengt I. Samuelsson, John R. Vane 1981 Roger W. Sperry, David H. Hubel, Torsten N. Wiesel

55. ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF NOBEL PRIZE LAUREATES IN PHYSIOLOGY AND MEDICINE Huxley, sir Andrew Fielding, 1963. Jacob, Francois, 1965. Jerne, Niels K. 1984.katz, sir bernard, 1970. Kendall, Edward Calvin, 1950. Khorana, Har Gobind, 1968. http://www.bioscience.org/urllists/nobelm.htm

FRONTIERS IN BIOSCIENCE; ALPHABETICAL LISTING OF NOBEL PRIZE LAUREATES IN PHYSIOLOGY AND MEDICINE Name Year Awarded Adrian, Lord Edgar Douglas Arber, Werner Axelrod, Julius Baltimore, David ... Zinkernagel, Rolf M.

56. Bernard Katz - Wikipedia Translate this page Wikipedia. enbernard katz. sir bernard katz, * 26. März 1911, in Leipzig,† 20. April 2003, war Biophysiker und Neurophysiologe. Nach http://www.torfkopp.de/keyword/Bernard_Katz.php

Nicht angemeldet Anmelden Hilfe Bernard Katz Die Texte stammen aus der Wikipedia - Dies ist nicht die Wikipedia en:Bernard Katz Sir Bernard Katz 26. März , in Leipzig 20. April , war Biophysiker und Neurophysiologe. Nach seiner Emigration nach England im Februar (er war russisch-jüdischer Herkunft), forschte und lehrte er mit Unterbrechungen am University College in London. Für seine Arbeiten über die quantisierte Form der synaptischen Informationsübertragung erhielt er neben Ulf von Euler und Julius Axelrod den Nobelpreis für Medizin . Geadelt wurde der vielfach geehrte Forscher schon im Jahr Links auf diese Seite Verlinkte Seiten Hauptseite Über Wikipedia ... Letzte Änderungen Diese Seite wurde bisher 17 mal abgerufen. Diese Seite wurde zuletzt geändert um 08:08, 8. Nov 2003. Der Artikel steht unter der GNU Freien Dokumentationslizenz , siehe auch Lizenzbestimmungen Hauptseite Zufälliger Artikel Diskussion Spezialseiten Impressum

57. Ein Neues Leben Mit Vier Pfund Sterling Translate this page Ein neues Leben mit vier Pfund Sterling. Der Leipziger Nervenforschersir bernard katz erhielt 1970 den Nobelpreis für Medizin. sir http://www.welt.de/data/2003/05/03/82921.html

HOME WELT AM SONNTAG AKTUELL POLITIK ... TV-PROGRAMM Samstag, 5. Juni 2004 Berlin, 11:03 Uhr Home Forum Obituarien Ein neues Leben mit vier Pfund Sterling Der Leipziger Nervenforscher Sir Bernard Katz erhielt 1970 den Nobelpreis für Medizin Sir Bernard Katz (li.) und König Gustav Adolf von Schweden während der Verleihung Foto: AP Im Februar 1935 ging der Leipziger Bernard Katz im englischen Hafen Harwich mit vier Pfund Sterling in der Tasche an Land. Dieser Tag sollte künftig sein zweiter Geburtstag sein, er feierte ihn als "Wieder-Geburtstag". Aus Nazi-Deutschland entkommen, sprach der junge Wissenschaftler jüdischer Abstammung am nächsten Morgen im University College London (UCL) bei Professor A.V. Hill, einem der führenden Physiologen der damaligen Zeit, vor. Der Nobelpreisträger empfing den 24jährigen Staatenlosen mit großer Herzlichkeit, für Katz begann ein neues Leben. Obwohl in Leipzig geboren, hatte der Wissenschaftler niemals die deutsche Staatsangehörigkeit besessen. Sein Vater, ein Pelzhändler, hatte Russland 1904 verlassen. Um die Einbürgerung seiner Familie hatte er sich nie bemüht, die Prozedur erschien ihm zu langwierig. "Ich war die ersten sechseinhalb Jahre meines Lebens Untertan des russischen Zaren. Nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg galten wir als "feindliche Ausländer', nach der Oktoberrevolution waren wir plötzlich staatenlos", so Katz. Das Leipziger Schiller-Real-Gymnasium lehnte den Zehnjährigen deshalb ab, obwohl er die Aufnahmeprüfung als einer der Besten seines Jahrgangs bestanden hatte. Jahre später sollte ihm der Status des Staatenlosen zum Vorteil werden: In England galt er nicht als feindlicher Ausländer und bekam 1941 in Australien, wo er seinen Militärdienst absolvierte, seinen ersten Paß.

58. Physiology Or Medicine 1970 - Press Release sir bernard katz discoveries concerning the mechanism for the release of the transmitteracetylcholine from the nerve terminals at the nervemuscle junction http://www.geocities.com/fordhamendocrinology/nobel1970.htm

Press Release: The 1970 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine KAROLINSKA INSTITUTET October 1970 Karolinska Institutet has decided to award the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1970 jointly to Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler and Julius Axelrod for their discoveries concerning "the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanisms for their storage, release and inactivation". Sir Bernard Katz ' discoveries concerning the mechanism for the release of the transmitter acetylcholine from the nerve terminals at the nerve-muscle junction, under the influence of the nerve impulses, are fundamental not only for the understanding of the so-called cholinergic transmission, but are also of primary importance for our knowledge about the synaptic transmission between the nerve cells in the central nervous system. Professor Ulf von Euler has discovered that the substance noradrenaline serves as neurotransmitter at the nerve terminals of the sympathetic nervous system. He has also shown how this substance is stored in small nerve granules within the nerve fibres of this system.

59. Bernard Bern Dibner (18971988) American engineer. sir bernard katz (1911-) German-Britishphysiologist. Co-winner of the 1970 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. http://www.geocities.com/edgarbook/names/b/bernard.html

For many more names, please Return to Edgar's Main Page. Bernard Gender : Masculine Language : English, French Etymology Bernard is from an Old English name, Beornheard History Beornheard , the Old English name, was replaced by the Norman Bernard after the Norman Invasion of 1066. Although fairly common since the 12th century, Bernard suffered a decline during the Reformation. It was revived in the 19th century, but has again fell into disfavor. Pronunciation : burn-ard. Diminutives English Bernie Barney German Bernd Berndt Berne Alternates Bamard Barend Bamey Barnard Barney Barret Barrett Barrat Barratt Barrit Bernaert Bernadyn Bernart Bernon Burnard Burnell Basque Benat Breton Bernez Catalan Bernat Czech Bern Beran Dutch Berend French Beneard Bernard Besnard Benard German Bernhard Bernhardt Bemelle Bemot Benat Berinhard Hawaiian Pelenalako Irish Beamard Bearnard Italian Bernando Bernardo Latin Bernardus Polish Biernat Biernacki Bernadzki Portuguese Bernandino Spanish Bernandino Bernardino Bernando Bernardo Barnardo Feminine Bernarda See also: Barney Barnard Famous Bearers Artists and Authors Bernard de Ventadour (Bernart de Vetnadorn) Bernardo Daddi Italian painter.

60. The Muscle Man Of Neuroscience - Smh.com.au The muscle man of neuroscience. May 7 2003. sir bernard katz, Biophysicist,19112003. Few scientists so influence their colleagues http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/05/06/1051987699942.html

Home Obituaries national world ... place an ad extra personal finance travel education subscribe home delivery eNewsletter archives today's edition: am past 10 days site guide The muscle man of neuroscience May 7 2003 Sir Bernard Katz, Biophysicist, 1911-2003 Few scientists so influence their colleagues' and students' thinking as to establish an enduring and powerful intellectual principle. Sir Bernard Katz, who has died in London, was one such towering genius, whose work contributed enormously to our understanding of how nerves work and, even more significantly, how nerve cells communicate with one another. He really began his experiments on that problem of neuro-muscular transmission in Sydney after arriving in 1939 to work with (Sir) John Eccles - later a Nobel laureate himself - at the Kanematsu Research Institute at Sydney Hospital. Although he left Australia in 1946, he remained intensely attached to this country. It was here that he worked with Eccles and the young Stephen Kuffler (later professor of neurobiology at Harvard University) - perhaps the world's pre-eminent trio of neuroscientists at the time - and became naturalised in 1941, marrying a Sydney girl, Marguerite Penly. In fact, that naturalisation ended a long and difficult period of statelessness which he had endured since 1917, when he was six. His Russian Jewish family had been expatriates in Germany since the Russo-Japanese war in 1904 and he was born in Leipzig in 1911, where his father was in the fur business.

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