21. Christopher Hogan: Hof From The Academic American Encyclopædia. Article. hofstadter, robert. Text The American physicist robert hofstadter, b. New York City, Feb http://www.cs.cmu.edu/afs/cs/user/chogan/Web/hof.html

Hofstadter Article Hofstadter, Robert Text The American physicist Robert Hofstadter, b. New York City, Feb. 5, 1915, d. Nov. 17, 1990, was known for his fundamental work in high-energy physics. His experiments yielded the first information on the structure of protons and neutrons, for which he received the 1961 NOBEL PRIZE in physics. Using the linear accelerator at Stanford University, where he taught (1980-85), Hofstadter bombarded atomic nuclei with electrons having energies of 100-600 MeV. He found that protons and neutrons are composed of positively charged cores that are surrounded by a double cloud of positive mesons in the proton and a positive and negative shell in the neutron. Hofstadter's son, Douglas Richard Hofstadter, b. New York City, Feb. 15, 1945, a cognitive scientist and educator, won fame with the Pulitzer Prize-winning Godel, Escher, Bach (1979), an examination of computers, language, music, and the way humans think. RAYMOND J. SEEGER Christopher Hogan ( email: chogan@cs.cmu.edu

22. Hofstadter, Robert hofstadter, robert (19151990). US nuclear physicist who made pioneeringstudies of nuclear structure and the elementary nuclear http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/H/Hofstadter/1.h

Hofstadter, Robert US nuclear physicist who made pioneering studies of nuclear structure and the elementary nuclear constituents, the proton and the neutron. He established that the proton and neutron were not pointlike, but had a definite volume and shape. He shared the 1961 Nobel Prize for Physics. Hofstadter demonstrated that the nucleus is composed of a high-energy core and a surrounding area of decreasing density. He helped to construct a new high-energy accelerator at Stanford University, California, with which he showed that the proton and the neutron have complex structures and cannot be considered elementary particles. Hofstadter was born in New York and educated at City College and Princeton. From 1950 he was at Stanford, where his early work involved bouncing, or scattering, electrons from complex nuclei, such as gold. This produced accurate pictures of the charge distribution within nuclei. Gradually, smaller nuclei were studied by Hofstadter and his team, using electrons of increasing energy. By 1960, accurate data had been obtained for the proton and neutron, revealing the spatial distribution of charge and magnetization within these particles.

23. By Dates 1959, Segrè, Emilio Gino Chamberlain, Owen. 1960, Glaser, Donald Arthur. 1961,hofstadter, robert - Mössbauer, Rudolf Ludwig. 1962, Landau, Lev Davidovich. http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/Physics/aboutphysics/Nobelprize/dat

Themes Science Physics About Physics, Generalities ... Nobel Prize Laureates in Physics Year Winners Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad Lorentz, Hendrik Antoon Zeeman, Pieter Becquerel, Antoine Henri ... Bragg, William Lawrence The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section Barkla, Charles Glover Planck, Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Stark, Johannes Guillaume, Charles Edouard ... Raman, Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section Heisenberg, Werner Karl Schrödinger, Erwin Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice The prize money was 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section Chadwick, James Hess, Victor Franz Anderson, Carl David Davisson, Clinton Joseph ... Lawrence, Ernest Orlando The prize money was 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section The prize money was 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section The prize money was 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section Stern, Otto

24. MSN Encarta - Hofstadter, Robert hofstadter, robert. hofstadter, robert (19151990), American physicist and Nobellaureate, born in New York City. Find more about hofstadter, robert from, http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761576518/Hofstadter_Robert.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Money Web Search: logoImg('http://sc.msn.com'); Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade to Encarta Premium Search Encarta Subscription Article MSN Encarta Premium: Get this article, plus 60,000 other articles, an interactive atlas, dictionaries, thesaurus, articles from 100 leading magazines, homework tools, daily math help and more for $4.95/month or $29.95/year (plus applicable taxes.) Learn more. This article is exclusively available for MSN Encarta Premium Subscribers. Already a subscriber? Sign in above. Hofstadter, Robert Hofstadter, Robert (1915-1990), American physicist and Nobel laureate, born in New York City. Hofstadter received his Ph.D. degree from ... Multimedia Selected Web Links Robert Hofstadter [Nobel Foundation] 1 item Want more Encarta? Become a subscriber today and gain access to: Daily Math Help Literature Guides Researcher Tools Paper-Writing Guides 60,000 + articles Interactive Atlas Magazine Center Find more about Hofstadter, Robert from Other Features from Encarta Search Encarta for Hofstadter, Robert

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26. Hofstadter, Robert. The American Heritage® Dictionary Of The English Language: hofstadter, robert. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English LanguageFourth Edition. 2000. 2000. hofstadter, robert. SYLLABICATION Hof·stadt·er. http://www.bartleby.com/61/27/H0232700.html

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27. Hofstadter, Robert (1915-1990), Physicien Américain Et Prix Nobel De Physique E Translate this page robert hofstadter (1915-1990). Physicien américain et prix Nobel de physiqueen 1961, pour ses études sur les particules élémentaires. http://isimabomba.free.fr/biographies/chimistes/hofstadter.htm

Robert Hofstadter (1915-1990) P H LISTE HOME

28. Biografia De Hofstadter, Robert Translate this page hofstadter, robert. (Nueva York, 1915-Stanford, 1990) Físico estadounidense.Profesor en las universidades de Princeton y de Stanford http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/h/hofstadter.htm

Inicio Buscador Utilidades Recomendar sitio Enlaces Hofstadter, Robert (Nueva York, 1915-Stanford, 1990) Físico estadounidense. Profesor en las universidades de Princeton y de Stanford, investigó acerca de la difusión de electrones en los núcleos ligeros y de la distribución de cargas protónicas en los núcleos pesados. En 1961 compartió con R. Mössbauer el premio Nobel de física. Inicio Buscador Recomendar sitio

29. Hofstadter Translate this page hofstadter, robert (1915-1990), físico estadounidense premiado conel Nobel. Nacido en Nueva York, recibió el título de doctor http://www.geocities.com/fisicaquimica99/hofstadter.htm

Hofstadter, Robert (1915-1990), físico estadounidense premiado con el Nobel. Nacido en Nueva York, recibió el título de doctor en filosofía por la Universidad de Princeton en 1938, y se incorporó a la Universidad de Stanford en 1950. Con la utilización del acelerador del Centro del Acelerador Lineal de Stanford y una máquina de difusión de su propio diseño, Hofstadter pudo realizar mediciones de gran precisión del tamaño y configuración del protón y del neutrón. Mostró que ambos constan de un núcleo de carga denso rodeado por dos capas entremezcladas de nubes mesónicas. Hofstadter compartió en 1961 el Premio Nobel de Física con Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer.

30. Ambidextrous: Ambigrams By Robert Maitland During the 70s, Scott Kim, John Langdon, Douglas hofstadter and robert Petrickseemed to simutaneously develop the ambigram into the art form it is today. http://www.geocities.com/rcm_ca/ambi/x.html

- Ambigrams: An Introduction - Newest Ambigrams The Process Classes of Ambigram ... The Ambigram Webring Ambigrams: What are they? ambi- : both + -gram : letter) An "ambigram" is a word that can be read from more than one vantage point. For example, the word "MOW" looks the same when turned upside down (180 degrees): Words such as "MOM" and "CHOICE" look the same when seen in a mirror. They can have either a horizontal or vertical axis of symmetry: Not many words have this property naturally, so this is where the true art of creating ambigram comes in: to create symmetry where there is none. The word 'symmetry' is not naturally symmetric, but in the example above, it has been turned into an ambigram, as it now has reflective symmetry. While primitive ambigrams have been published since the early 20th century, it wasn't until recently that they became widely known. During the 70s, Scott Kim, John Langdon, Douglas Hofstadter and Robert Petrick seemed to simutaneously develop the ambigram into the art form it is today. Other names for this type of wordplay include Inversions , suggested by Scott Kim, and

31. Hofstadter, Robert hofstadter, robert. (19151990). Americký vedec, který sdílí Nobelovucenu za fyziku pro rok 1961 s Rudolfem Mössbauerem z Nemecka http://www.aldebaran.cz/famous/people/Hofstadter_Robert.html

Hofstadter, Robert Americký vìdec, který sdílí Nobelovu cenu za fyziku pro rok 1961 s Rudolfem Mössbauerem z Nìmecka za výzkum struktury protonù a neutronù. Hofstadter studoval na Princetonské universitì, kde v roce 1938 získal titul Ph.D. Bìhem druhé svìtové války byl zamìstnán jako fyzik, který vyvíjel rozbušku do protiletadlových støel pro Národní úøad standardù. V roce 1946 se stal zamìstnancem university v Princetonu, kde se zabýval studiem infraèervených paprskù, fotovodivostí a krystalovými a scintilaèními èítaèi. Hofstadter uèil v letech 1950 až 1985 na Stanfordské universitì. Ve Standfordu používal k detekci èástic jádra lineární elektronový urychlovaè. V té dobì byly protony, neutrony i elektrony považovány za bezstrukturní èástice. Hofstadter objevil, že protony a neutrony mají koneènou velikost a tvar. Byl schopen pøesnì urèit velikost protonu a neutronu a jako první nalezl první konzistentní obraz struktury atomového jádra. Objevil, že protony i neutrony jsou složeny z centrálního jádra, které je kladnì nabité a je obklopené dvojitým oblakem pí-mesonù. V protonu jsou oba mraky mezonù nabity kladnì, kdežto v neutronu je vnitøní oblak nabit zápornì, tudíž je výsledný náboj neutronu roven nule.

32. Hofstadter, Robert (1915-1990) -- From Eric Weisstein's World Of Scientific Biog About this site. Branch of Science , Physicists v. Nationality , American v.Prize Winners , Nobel Prize , Physics Prize v. hofstadter, robert (19151990), http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Hofstadter.html

Branch of Science Physicists Nationality American ... Physics Prize Hofstadter, Robert (1915-1990) American physicist who used the Stanford Linear Accelerator (SLAC) to study the scattering of high-energy electrons by atomic nuclei. He announced the possible existence of the and mesons He shared the 1961 Nobel Prize in physics with

33. International: Italiano: Scienze: Fisica: Fisici_e_Ricercatori - Open Site 0); Hewish, Antony (0); hofstadter, robert (0); Hooft, Gerardus t(0); Hulse, Russell (0); Jensen, J. Hans (0); Josephson, Brian David http://open-site.org/International/Italiano/Scienze/Fisica/Fisici_e_Ricercatori/

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34. List Of Physics Topics F-L - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Peter; High energy physics; High pressure physics; Hilbert space;History of physics; hofstadter, robert; Holography; Hooft, Gerardus t; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_physics_topics_F-L

List of physics topics F-L From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. A B C D ... edit F Famous physicists; see list of physicists Faraday cage Faraday constant Faraday's law ... edit G G force Gabor, Dennis Galilean relativity Galilean-Newtonian relativity ... edit H Hadron Hadronization Hagen, Gotthilf Hall, Edwin ... edit I Ideal gas Ideal gas law Ideally imperfect gas Identical particles ... edit J Jacobi, Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobian Jaynes, Edwin Jellium ... edit K Kaluza-Klein theory Kamerlingh-Onnes, Heike Kapitsa, Pyotr Leonidovich Kastler, Alfred ... edit L LADAR Ladder operator Langevin, Paul Langevin equation ... Lyman, Theodore Views Article Discussion Edit History Personal tools Log in Navigation Main Page Community portal Current events Recent changes ... Donations Search Toolbox What links here Related changes Special pages This page was last modified 01:54, 30 May 2004. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License (see for details). About Wikipedia

35. Robert Hofstadter, February 5, 1915–November 17, 1990 | By Jerome I. Friedman A BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS, National Academy of Sciences. robert hofstadter February5, 1915 — November 17, 1990 By Jerome I. Friedman and William A. Little. http://stills.nap.edu/html/biomems/rhofstadter.html

BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIRS National Academy of Sciences Robert Hofstadter By Jerome I. Friedman and William A. Little R OBERT HOFSTADTER WAS BORN in New York City, educated on the East Coast, but spent most of his academic career at Stanford University. He is best known for his work on determining the distribution of charge and magnetic moment in the nuclei of atoms and of the nucleons themselves, for which he was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1961. He extended the work done in the early part of the twentieth century by Ernest Rutherford, who had shown that atoms were composite, containing electrons and a nucleus many thousands of times smaller than the atom. Rutherford discovered this by scattering alpha particles from thin metal foils of the elements and measuring the number of particles scattered as a function of the angle. The surprisingly large number of particles that were scattered through large angles could only be explained by collisions with a heavy, very small, perhaps point-like, positively charged object, which he called the nucleus. Some 40 years later Hofstadter determined the internal structure of such nuclei by scattering high-energy electrons from thin targets and measuring the distribution of the number of these electrons as a function of angle. In these experiments he built on earlier work by others on electron-electron scattering from atoms and electron-nuclear scattering by Hanson, Lyman, and Scott at Illinois done at lower energies in 1951. Hofstadter showed that the nuclei had internal structure extending over a small but measurable distance and that the heavier nuclei had a relatively uniform density within a thin surface skin. The Nobel committee considered this to be the first "reasonably consistent" picture of the structure of the nucleus.

36. Lexikon - Robert Hofstadter Definition Erklärung Bedeutung Translate this page Was Wer Wo ist robert hofstadter - Definition Erklärung Bedeutung von roberthofstadter. robert hofstadter. Artikel auf Englisch robert hofstadter. http://www.net-lexikon.de/Robert-Hofstadter.html

37. MSN Encarta - Hofstadter, Robert Translate this page hofstadter, robert. hofstadter, robert (1915-1990), physicien américain et prixNobel de physique en 1961, pour ses études sur les particules élémentaires. http://fr.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761576518/Hofstadter_Robert.html

Accueil MSN Mon MSN Hotmail Rechercher ... S'abonner   Encarta Premium Rechercher Article accessible sur abonnement MSN Encarta Premium : Acc©dez   30 000 articles encyclop©diques avec plus de 12 000 illustrations, un atlas mondial interactif, un guide du Web et une palette compl¨te de ressources et d'outils ©ducatifs. 34,99 € par an (service d’acc¨s   Internet non compris). En savoir plus. Cet article n'est accessible que si vous ªtes abonn©   MSN Encarta Premium. Dans ce cas, connectez-vous en cliquant sur le lien Aller sur MSN Encarta Premium (ci-dessus). Hofstadter, Robert Hofstadter, Robert (1915-1990), physicien am©ricain et prix Nobel de physique en 1961, pour ses ©tudes sur les particules ©l©mentaires. Hofstadter... M©dias Encarta vous int©resse ? Abonnez-vous d¨s maintenant et b©n©ficiez de : Plus de 30 000 articles 2 000 analyses d'oeuvre Plus de 12 000 m©dias (dont des extraits sonores, des vid©os et des m©dias interactifs) Un atlas mondial interactif Une palette compl¨te de ressources et d'outils ©ducatifs Un guide du Web Plus de r©sultats pour Hofstadter, Robert

38. Hofstadter, Robert The summary for this Russian page contains characters that cannot be correctly displayed in this language/character set. http://www.americana.ru/h_amer/hofstadter__robert.htm

Hofstadter, Robert www.americana.ru

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