41. JCE Online: Biographical Snapshots: Snapshot McGrayne, SB gertrude B. elion, January 23, 1918, Biochemist, NobelPrize 1988. In Nobel Prize Women in Science Their Lives, Struggles http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/JCEWWW/Features/eChemists/Bios/Elion.html

Subscriptions Software Orders Support Contributors ... Biographical Snapshots Biographical Snapshots of Famous Women and Minority Chemists: Snapshot This short biographical "snapshot" provides basic information about the person's chemical work, gender, ethnicity, and cultural background. A list of references is given along with additional WWW sites to further your exploration into the life and work of this chemist. Gertrude Belle Elion Born: Major discipline: Biochemistry Died: Minor discipline: Gertrude Belle Elion was an industrial biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1988 for the development of the antiviral drug acyclovir for cancer treatment. A daughter of immigrants from central Europe, she was born in New York City on January 23, 1918. In high school Elion earned very high grades and so was admitted to Hunter College, the women's section of the City College of New York. Despite economic hardships, she graduated from Hunter College in 1937 with highest honors. It wasn't until 1942 that Elion was able to secure laboratory positions, both of which turned out to be temporary. In 1944 she was hired by Burroughs Wellcome Company (later to be Glaxo Wellcome), which specialized in pharmaceuticals. She and George Hutchings worked together, basing their research on a knowledge of basic biochemical and physiological processes, rather than the trial and error methods being used at the time. For this work they won the Nobel Prize. During her time at Burroughs Wellcome Company, Elion also developed drugs for leukemia treatment (6-MP), organ transplants (Imuran), and AIDS (AZT)40 patents bear her name. In addition to the Nobel Prize, Gertrude Elion received the Garvan Medal in 1968 and the National Medal of Science in 1991. She retired from Glaxo Wellcome in 1983. Gertrude Belle Elion died on February 21, 1999 in Chapel Hill, North Carolina.

42. Powered By Atomz for Cancer Research ••• Research Awards Fellowships for these awards arealso encouraged to consider the AACRgertrude B. elion Cancer Research Award http://search.atomz.com/search/?sp-q=elion&sp-a=sp02377400

43. Gertrude B. Elion Biography gertrude B. elion Nobel Prize in Medicine BIOGRAPHY. b. January 23,1918. gertrude elion was born in New York City. She entered Hunter http://209.146.26.198/teachers/icdv2i2s/SITES/ACHIEVE/eli0bio_.htm

Gertrude B. Elion Nobel Prize in Medicine BIOGRAPHY b. January 23, 1918 Gertrude Elion was born in New York City. She entered Hunter College at the age of 15 and graduated summa cum laude with a BS in chemistry in 1937, when she was only 19. In her first years after college, Elion had difficulty finding work as a chemist. There were few women working in the field, and many laboratories refused to hire women altogether. She acquired experience working in part-time and temporary jobs. While working, she earned an M.S. in chemistry from New York University. She taught high school for a few years, until the Second World War created more opportunities for women in industry. Hired by Burroughs-Wellcome in 1944, she embarked on a 40-year scientific partnership with Dr. George Hitchings. They set themselves an unorthodox course, attempting to create new medicines by studying the chemical composition of disease cells. Within a few years, this approach had borne fruit with the development of the first two successful drugs for the treatment of acute leukemia: Purinethol and Thioguanine. Elion's responsibilities expanded, and she began to lead larger and larger teams of her own, discovering compounds such as allopurinol, used for the treatment of gout and to relieve the side effects of chemotherapy. Her discovery of azathioprine, which suppresses the immune system's rejection of foreign tissue made kidney transplants between unrelated donors possible. More than half a million people worldwide have benefited from this discovery since 1963.

44. Klikk - Magasin Om Utdanning Og Læring Nobelpris gertrude B. elion var den første amerikanskfødte kvinne somfikk nobelprisen i medisin, i 1988. gertrude B. elion (19181999). http://klikk.ls.no/article.cfm?cat=49&id=878

45. Gertrude Belle Elion - A Lifeline - Teacher's Guide For more information, at other Web sites gertrude B. elion — autobiographyfrom the Nobel eMuseum. Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism http://www.chemheritage.org/EducationalServices/pharm/tg/chemo/readings/lifeline

Gertrude Belle Elion A Lifeline Using the Biographies This reading spotlights the life of one of only ten women to receive the Nobel Prize for Medicine or Physiology. Gertrude Elion's life touches on many topics that you might encourage students to pursue further. Some suggestions: Have students research any of the decades of Elion's life, looking for events and trends of social or historical importance. Choose a topic mentioned in the Lifeline and ask students to read more: Immigrants in America The Stock Market Crash of 1929 The Great Depression The Role of Women during World War II Grandparents and the Extended Family Today The Importance of Education Gender Bias Women in Science Motivation and Excellence Organ Transplants Current Cancer Research Have students write a reaction to any of the Elion quotes (in green) in the Lifeline. For more information, at other Web sites... Gertrude B. Elion — autobiography from the Nobel e -Museum. Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism — from NetBiochem, a program of Allegheny University of the Health Sciences and at the University of Utah. Gertrude B. Elion

46. WITI - Hall Of Fame WITI HALL OF FAME. Dr. gertrude B. elion. Scientist Emeritus GlaxoWellcome Inc. A recipient of the 1998 Nobel Prize for Physiology http://www.witi.com/center/witimuseum/halloffame/1998/gelion.php

new COOLjsMenu("site_navigation",SITE_NAVIGATION_MENU_ITEMS); WITI HALL OF FAME Dr. Gertrude B. Elion Scientist Emeritus Glaxo Wellcome Inc. A recipient of the 1998 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, Dr. Gertrude B. Elion was scientist emeritus with Glaxo Wellcome Inc., in Research Triangle Park, N.C. After several years of laboratory work and teaching chemistry and physics, she joined Wellcome Research Laboratories in 1944 as a biochemist. She was later promoted to senior research chemist and assistant to the research director. In 1967, she was appointed head of the department of experimental therapy and continued in that position until 1983, when she retired and became scientist emeritus. Dr. Elion is credited with the synthesis and co-development of two of the first successful drugs for the treatment of leukemia (thioguanine and mercaptopurine), as well as azathioprine, an agent to prevent the rejection of kidney transplants and to treat rheumatoid arthritis. She also played a major role in the development of allopurinol for the treatment of gout and of acyclovir, the first selective antiviral agent against herpes virus infections. She was president of the American Association for Cancer Research and served as a Presidential appointee on the National Cancer Advisory Board. Dr. Elion was elected to membership in the National Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society, the Institute of Medicine, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the National Inventors Hall of Fame, the National Women's Hall of Fame, and the Engineering and Science Hall of Fame.

47. JWA - Gertrude Elion - Bibliography gertrude B. elion. Autobiography, Nobel Foundation, accessed February 16, 2000;available at http//www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1988/elionautobio.html. http://www.jwa.org/exhibits/wov/elion/bib.html

Choose an Exhibit Exhibits Main Page Women of Valor Women Who Dared Weaving Women's Words Overview "Thirst for Knowledge" The Turning Point The Job Hunt ... Timeline Bibliography Artifacts Alphabetically Artifacts Sorted by Source Bibliography for Gertrude Elion Exhibit Published Sources Altman, Lawrence K. "Gertrude Elion, Drug Developer, Dies at 81." New York Times , February 23, 1999, accessed March 3, 2000; available from http://www.wellesley.edu/Chemistry/chem227/news/obit-elion.html Ambrose, Susan A., Kristin L. Dunkle, Barbara B. Lazarus, Indira Nair, and Deborah A. Harkus. Journeys of Women in Science and Engineering: No Universal Constants . Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997. Bailey, Martha J. American Women in Science: A Biographical Dictionary . Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 1994. Bouton, Katherine. "The Nobel Pair." New York Times Magazine , January 29, 1989, 28+.

48. Jewish Women's Archive - Rsearch Estate of gertrude B. elion. Articles Newspaper clipping announcing gertrudeelion s college graduation, 1937 gertrude elion Exhibit The Job Hunt. http://www.jwa.org/archive/elion/gecl.html

Choose an Exhibit Exhibits Main Page Women of Valor Women Who Dared Weaving Women's Words Rebecca Gratz (1781-1869) "There is much more beauty in performing our duty than in any other accomplishment." Learn More Archival Sources and Private Collections Bella International Productions, Inc. Audio Clips: Gertrude Elion discussing her eagerness to attend school as a young child, 1999 Gertrude Elion Exhibit - "Thirst for Knowledge" Gertrude Elion discussing the importance to her of letters from patients helped by her medications, 1999 Gertrude Elion Exhibit - A True Humanitarian Movie Clips: Gertrude Elion discussing George Hitchings' efforts to get her into the American Society of Biological Chemists, 1999 Gertrude Elion Exhibit - Growing Recognition Gertrude Elion discussing her reaction to seeing leukemia patients in remission due to her drug, 1999 Gertrude Elion Exhibit - The First Breakthroughs ... Estate of Gertrude B. Elion Articles: Newspaper clipping announcing Gertrude Elion's college graduation, 1937 Gertrude Elion Exhibit - The Job Hunt Article from Burroughs Wellcome newsletter announcing Gertrude Elion's receipt of the American Chemical Society's Garvan Medal, 1968 Gertrude Elion Exhibit - Growing Recognition Facsimiles: Excerpt from Gertrude Elion's college chemistry notebook, c.1930s

49. National Academy Of Sciences - Deceased Member elion, gertrude B. Date of Birth January 23, 1918. Elected to NAS 1990.Date of Death February 21, 1999. Biographical Memoir HTML PDF. http://www4.nationalacademies.org/nas/nasdece.nsf/(urllinks)/NAS-58MVQJ?opendocu

50. Premios Nobel · Libros · Cultura Y Ciencia · Terra Translate this page gertrude B. elion. Fecha de nacimiento 1918 País de Nacimiento Estados UnidosPaís de Concesión Estados Unidos. Biografía Nació en Nueva York en 1918. http://cultura.terra.es/cac/libros/nobel/portada.cfm?idpersona=690&idpremio=287

51. Gertrude B. Elion - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia InventorEd s Inventor Resource Internet Pages. Information about InventorEd, Inc. Presents gertrude B. elion 1918to 221-1999 Click here to break out of Frame. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion

Gertrude B. Elion From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Gertrude B. Elion January 23 February 21 ), was the recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in edit External links Autobiography at the Nobel e-Museum http://www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates/1988/elion-autobio.html A biography by Mary Ellen Avery http://www.nap.edu/html/biomems/gelion.html This article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it Categories Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners Views Article Discussion Edit History Personal tools Log in Navigation Main Page Community portal Current events Recent changes ... Donations Search Toolbox What links here Related changes Special pages This page was last modified 21:18, 2 Jun 2004. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License (see for details). About Wikipedia

52. InventorEd's Inventor Resource Internet Pages. Information About Inventing, Inve InventorEd, Inc Presents gertrude B. elion 1918 to 221-1999 Click here to breakout of Frame. ORANGE COUNTY gertrude B. elion, 81, Chapel Hill, Feb. 21. http://www.inventored.org/inventors/Elion/obituary.html

InventorEd, Inc Presents: Gertrude B. Elion 1918 to 2-21-1999 Click here to break out of Frame GERTRUDE B. ELION, 1918-1999CHAPEL HILL It is with deep sorrow that we announce the death of Dr. Gertrude Belle Elion, Scientist Emeritus with Glaxo Wellcome Inc., and winner of the 1988 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. Dr. Elion died Sunday, February 21, at 11:30 p.m. at University of North Carolina Hospitals in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. She was 81 years old. Dr. Elion made numerous contributions to the advancement of science and discovered many life-saving medicines including drugs used to treat leukemia, herpes, and immunity disorders. Her name appears on 45 patents. She perhaps is best known for sharing the 1988 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine with George Hitchings, her colleague of 40 years, with whom she worked at Burroughs Wellcome. Dr. Elion received a bachelor's degree from Hunter College in New York in 1937 and a master's degree in chemistry from New York University in 1941. Since female scientists were not accepted in academia at that time, she was unable to find a laboratory position and instead went to work teaching high school chemistry and physics, providing laboratory instruction for nurses, and testing pickles and berries for the Quaker Maid Company. Her great opportunity came when the United States entered World War II. She joined Burroughs Wellcome in 1944 as an assistant in the laboratory of Dr. George Hitchings, the man with whom she would share the Nobel Prize for Medicine 44 years later. Dr. Hitchings died at age 92, almost exactly a year ago, on February 27, 1998.

53. G. B. Elion In 1988, she won the Nobel Laureate in Medicine for all of her accomplishmentsshe made on drug research. gertrude B. elion died in 1999. http://virtual.parkland.edu/lsonnichsen/che203/paragraphs/elion.htm

Home Up Adams K. Alder ... V. Grignard [ G. B. Elion ] E. L. Eliel Ernst Otto Fischer was born in Solln O. P. Diels D. J. Cram ... M. Calvin Gertrude Belle Elion was born on January 23, 1918 and died February 21, 1999. She attended Hunter College at age 15 and graduated summa cum laude in 1937. She obtained her MS in chemistry from New York University and from that time until the time she died, received 25 honorary doctorates. From the beginning, her work concentrated on purines. Not a whole lot was known at this time about nucleic acid biosynthesis or enzymes that were involved with these processes, so the work being done was quiet exciting for Elion. By the mid-1950s, much of the research she(and those she worked alongside) had done, was now beginning to be used in the formation of new and beneficial drugs for treatment of disease. Elion’s studies led to her involvement in developing anti-leukemia drugs as well as treatments for gout and anti-viral agents to fight against herpes. Once specific drug that her research prompted was called Imuran. This drug, in particular, actually worked against the body’s rejection of foreign tissue, which aided in kidney transplants from donors that were unrelated. So, it is quite apparent that Elion offered great contributions to the field of organic chemistry.

54. Gertrude B. Elion Article on gertrude B. elion from WorldHistory.com, licensed fromWikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Return Index gertrude B. elion. http://www.worldhistory.com/wiki/G/Gertrude-B.-Elion.htm

World History (home) Encyclopedia Index Localities Companies Surnames ... This Week in History Gertrude B. Elion Gertrude B. Elion in the news Gertrude B. Elion January 23 February 21 ), was the recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in First Name Last Name Any AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE DC FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY INTL Locality External links Autobiography at the Nobel e-Museum A biography by Mary Ellen Avery Sponsored Links Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban unabridged on CD DVD New Releases ... at DVDPlanet Find lost family and friends This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License You may copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license. You must provide a link to http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html To view or edit this article at Wikipedia, follow this link World History How to cite this page Encyclopedia Index ... Contact Us

55. Elion, Gertrude Belle elion, gertrude Belle, el Eun Pronunciation Key. elion, gertrude Belle , 1918–99,American pharmacologist, b. New York City, BS Hunter College, 1937. http://www.factmonster.com/cgi-bin/id/A0817086

Encyclopedia Elion, Gertrude Belle E u n] Pronunciation Key Elion, Gertrude Belle , American pharmacologist, b. New York City, B.S. Hunter College, 1937. Unable to find research work (largely because she was a woman), she taught high school chemistry before joining Burroughs Wellcome Laboratories in 1944. She and colleague George Hitchings developed drug treatments for leukemia, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, viral herpes, urinary and respiratory tract infections, and AIDS. In 1988 the pair shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with British pharmacologist Sir James Black The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Elioenai Eliot, Charles William Print this page Cite this page AD AD AD ADS Link to Fact Monster Add Fact Monster search to your site ... Privacy Brought to you by:

56. Gertrude REMEMBERING gertrude B. elion THE HEALING CHEMIST. Raquel DiazSpragueExecutive Director, AWISCO. When I first wrote a letter to http://www.awisco.ohio-state.edu/Tributes.html

TRIBUTES TO WOMEN IN SCIENCE Home Page Special Events Calendar Tributes ... Other Links REMEMBERING GERTRUDE B. ELION: THE HEALING CHEMIST Raquel Diaz-Sprague Executive Director, AWISCO When I first wrote a letter to Dr. Gertrude B. Elion in July of 1998 inviting her to come to speak at a poster session presented by the Association for Women in Science of CentralOhio, I did not expect much. I thought that, as a Nobel Laureate, she would have many invitations to choose from. At her age, I wondered if she did only a limited amount of travel. I guessed that our chances of getting her to come to Columbus, Ohio were not great. Two weeks passed and I heard nothing. I went away to a five-day conference at Mount Holyoke College and when I came back, I had a voice mail from Dr. Elion saying she would be glad to come and speak to us. I called her back, immediately. She apologized for not getting back to me sooner because she had been out of the country. I was awed by her - she was so totally unassuming. Whenever we talked, she spoke thoughtfully with a clear and cheerful voice. She said she would be delighted to come and would be interested in seeing the posters by the women scientists and chat with them individually. She mentioned her affection, "a warm spot in her heart", for The Ohio State University from where she received an honorary Doctor of Science in 1989. At a board meeting, the members of the Association for Women in Science were thrilled. After all, we were going to meet a rare breed of a woman scientist - a Nobel Laureate. Since 1901, the year the Nobel Prize was instituted, there have been over 300 men and only 9 women receiving the prize for Science or Medicine - a mere 3%. It is legitimate to ask, why so few? Sandra Harding, who writes about women in science from a feminist perspective has concluded, "women have been more systematically excluded from doing serious science, than from performing any other social activity, except perhaps, frontline warfare."

57. Gertrude Belle Elion gertrude elion.” inventors.about.com. elion, gertrude. “gertrude B. elion– Autobiogrphy.” www.nobel.se/medicine/laureates. “gertrude Belle elion http://www.physics.unl.edu/~fulcrum/women/GBelleElion.htm

Gertrude Belle Elion Photo courtesy of http://www.medicine-worldwide.de/persoenlichkeiten/elion.html January 23, 1918 - February 21, 1999 Won the Nobel Prize for her Discoveries of New Drugs that Saved Lives Born January 23, 1918 in New York, New York. Oldest of two to Robert and Bertha Elion. At the age of 15 her grandfather died of stomach cancer which inspired her to become involved in cancer research. Applied to 15 graduate schools but was rejected because she was a woman. Taught biochemistry in the New York Hospital School of Nursing for a semester until she got a job as a lab assistant which she held for a year and a half. University Involvement and Careers Forced to take jobs teaching, as a food analyst, and a short time at Johnson and Johnson as a researcher. 1944 offered a position at Burroughs Wellcome Co. as an assistant to George Hitchings. At this time she began work on her Ph.D. at Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, but after several years as a part-time student she was forced to chose between school and her job, so she chose her job and quit school. 1967 appointed Head of the Department of Experimental Therapy which she held until her retirement.

58. Munzinger Personen - Gertrude B. Elion (Medizin) 1988. Quelle Munzinger GmbH, Ravensburg. http://register.munzinger.de/personen/00/000/018/00018708.shtml

Personen Sport Chronik Pop ... Login Suche Trefferliste Kontakt CD-ROM weiter Intranet Archiv weiter Datenservice weiter Print Der Klassiker unter den Publikationsformen unserer Archive ist seit 1913 das Loseblattwerk weiter Gertrude B. Elion amerikanische Pharmakologin; Nobelpreis (Medizin) 1988 Quelle: Internationales Biographisches Archiv 25/1999 vom 14. Juni 1999 Falls Sie zuvor Art und Umfang der Munzinger-Biographien sehen wollen, können Sie über unsere Startseite auch einzelne Texte kostenfrei abrufen. Personen Das Internationale Biographische Archiv Home Seitenanfang Firmenportrait Kontakt ... Munzinger Archiv GmbH

59. RDInfo - Research And Development Information Details Of The Award AACRgertrude B. elion Cancer Research Award Details (Hits 1005) Last updated -03 November 2003. Grant Web Page AACR-gertrude B. elion Cancer Research Award. http://www.rdinfo.org.uk/Queries/ListGrantDetails.asp?GrantID=1929

60. RDInfo - Research And Development Information Details Of The Award AACRgertrude B. elion Cancer Research Award Details (Hits 986) Last updated -03 November 2003. Grant Web Page AACR-gertrude B. elion Cancer Research Award. http://www.rdinfo.org.uk/queries/ListGrantDetails.asp?GrantID=1929

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