61. MU207HW1 (18871979), Boulanger, Nadia, composer/music theorist. (1899-1972),bekesy, georg von, scientist. (1901-1976), Heisenberg, Werner, physicist. http://www.finearts.uvic.ca/~aschloss/course_mat/MU207/MU207HW1.html

MU207 HW1 Dr. A. Schloss (384-322 BC) Aristotle philosopher (427?-347 BC) Plato philosopher (470?-399 BC) Socrates philosopher (? -497?BC) Pythagoras philosopher/math/music Boethius music theorist Arabic instruments introduced into Europe (ca. 997-1050) Guido of Arezzo music theorist Hildegard von Bingen composer (ca. 1400- 1474) Guillaume Dufay (Sta Maria di Fiore) composer Leonardo da Vinci everything Copernicus, Nicolai astronomer (ca. 1526-1594) Palestrina, Giovanni Perluigi composer Zarlino, Gioseffo music theorist Bacon, Francis philosopher/scientist (ca. 1567-1643) Monteverdi, Claudio composer Keppler, Johannes astronomer Mersenne,Marin mathematician/philosopher Descartes, Rene mathematician/philosopher Newton, Sir Isaac physicist/mathematician Sauveur, Joseph acoustician Rameau, Jean-Phillip music theorist Bach, Johann Sebastian composer Haydn, Josef composer Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus composer Fourier, Joseph mathematician Beethoven, Ludwig van composer Gauss, Karl F. mathematician/astronomer Schubert, Franz composer Boehm, Theobald inventor Wagner, Richard composer Helmholtz, Hermann L.F.

62. A Holographic View Of Reality In the late 1960 s georg von bekesy demonstrated that blindfolded subjectscould be induced to experience sensations in areas outside of the body. http://www.survey-software-solutions.com/walonick/reality.htm

Home Products Downloads Readings ... Privacy A Holographic View of Reality David S. Walonick, Ph.D. For thousands of years, philosophers have pondered our role in the universe. The study of social structures began as the study of our souls. Only by turning inward could we unravel the mysteries of our institutions. Society was viewed as a reflection and extension of our inner-selves. A few hundred years ago, Descartes introduced the scientific method of inquiry and dramatically changed the way that we searched for answers. The scientific method stressed the individuality and separateness of things. Institutions could be understood by dissecting and analyzing the individual components. The inquirer was simply a passive observer of external phenomena. This paradigm went unchallenged for over three hundred years. The twentieth century began with Einstein's theory of relativity. The observer was no longer external to the phenomena being studied. In fact, all patterns could be described only relative to the observer. At first, Einstein's theory was confined to the physical world, however, twenty years later, von Bertalanffy extended the idea of relativity to the social sciences. General systems theory could be used to examine both the physical and social sciences. The role of the mind in the construction of reality became an issue of concern. In fact, for some scientists, it had now become a central theme.

63. Pump Up The Volume Thanks to two eminent scientists, the German scientist Herman Helmholtz (18211894)and the Hungarian physicist georg von bekesy (1899-1972), it is now clear http://www.expasy.org/spotlight/articles/sptlt022.html

ExPASy Home page Site Map Search ExPASy Contact us Protein Spotlight Search Swiss-Prot/TrEMBL Swiss-Prot/TrEMBL (full text) PROSITE SWISS-2DPAGE ENZYME NEWT Taxonomy HAMAP families ExPASy web site for The ExPASy Server requires Javascript to be fully functional. You may not see all the information available for this page (More information) Protein Spotlight Issue 22; May 2002 PUMP UP THE VOLUME By Vivienne Baillie Gerritsen There is not much we would hear without our cochlea. Our what? The cochlea is a part of our inner ear and looks remarkably like a snail's shell. This minute masterpiece of mammal physiology - only a few millimeters large - has been inspected by many. Today we know that the cochlea acts as a sound amplifier and without it the noises which surround us would be mere fuzz. How does it amplify sound? There is some controversy here but one theory is based on the behavior of a protein: prestin. Besides the fact that prestin is at the heart of sound amplification theories, it also happens to be quite a particular protein. Indeed, prestin is the only cellular motor to date which does not need the help of biological energy, such as ATP, to function. First though, some history on the biophysics of hearing. The understanding of hearing stretches back to the 6th century. Pythagorus reasoned that sound was a vibration in the air. His followers showed that the membrane in our outer ear, the eardrum, vibrated in response to sound and this was how it was transmitted further inside the ear. Not much progress was made until the 16th century when the existence of three ossicles were described in the middle ear: the hammer, the anvil and the stirrup, respectively. And in 1561, the snail-shaped cochlea was discovered. Two hundred years later, the Italian anatomist Alfonso Corti (1822-1876) had a closer look at the cochlea. A cross section revealed a rather complicated structure which nests within three 'tubes' bathed in fluid and follows the length of the cochlea; he named this structure the organ of Corti (see Figure 1).

64. H.E.A.R. | Features | Hearing Education And Awareness For Rockers Thanks to two eminent scientists, the great German scientist Herman Helmholtz (18211894)and the Hungarian physicist georg von bekesy (1899-1972), it is now http://www.hearnet.com/features/feature_articlepumpup.shtml

Current Features Artist VIP Archives ... H.E.A.R. Radio Articles Active Physics for Schools "Can't HEAR You Knocking" Video Pump Up The Volume By Vivienne Baillie Gerritsen The organ of Corti is characterized by rows of inner hair cells and outer hair cells which coat a membrane known as the basilar membrane. A second membrane, the tectorial membrane, caps the rows of outer hair cells. Thanks to two eminent scientists, the great German scientist Herman Helmholtz (1821-1894) and the Hungarian physicist Georg von Bekesy (1899-1972), it is now clear that the organ of Corti is the playing field for sound. And recently, on the molecular level, prestin was shown to have evidently a fundamental role in the transmission of sound to the brain. Figure 1 Cross section of the cochlea and, towards its center, the organ of Corti. The yellowish nerve endings form the basilar membrane. The tectorial membrane is the pink structure above. The stereocilia of the outer hair cells make contact with the tectorial membrane. Source: http://www.olemiss.edu/working/clt/ASAPP/ Cross-references to Swiss-Prot :Human prestin References 1. Dallos P., Fakler B. Prestin, a new type of motor protein Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 3:104-111(2002). PMID: 11836512

65. Physiology georg von bekesy (1961), Sir John Carew Eccles (1963), Alan Lloyd Hodgkin (1963).Andrew Fielding Huxley (1963), Ragnar Granit (1967), Haldan Keffer Hartline (1967). http://physiology.by.ru/foto_nobel.html

"Íîðìàëüíàÿ ôèçèîëîãèÿ" S.B.Nazarov. e-mail Albrecht Kossel (1910) Allvar Gullstrand (1911) Robert Barany (1914) Schack August Steenberg Krogh (1920) Archibald Vivian Hill (1922) Otto Fritz Meyerhof (1922) Frederick Grant Banting (1923) John James Richard Macleod (1923) Willem Einthoven (1924) Christiaan Eijkman (1929) Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins (1929) Karl Landsteiner (1930) Otto Heinrich Warburg (1931) Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (1932) Edgar Douglas Adrian (1932) Sir Henry Hallett Dale (1936) Otto Loewi (1936) Albert von Szent-Gyorgyi Nagyrapolt (1937) Corneille Jean Francois Heymans (1938) Henrik Carl Peter Dam (1943) Edward Adelbert Doisy (1943) Joseph Erlanger (1944) Herbert Spencer Gasser (1944) Bernardo Alberto Houssay (1947) Walter Rudolf Hess (1949) Edward Calvin Kendall (1950) Tadeus Reichstein (1950) Philip Showalter Hench (1950) Georg von Bekesy (1961) Sir John Carew Eccles (1963) Alan Lloyd Hodgkin (1963) Andrew Fielding Huxley (1963) Ragnar Granit (1967) Haldan Keffer Hartline (1967) George Wald (1967) Sir Bernard Katz (1970) Ulf von Euler (1970) Julius Axelrod (1970) Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. (1971)

66. Past Honors Recipients B. Bangs, Jack L. Bankson, Nicholas W. bekesy, georg von Bergman, Moe Berlin, CharlesI. Berry, Mildred F. Bess, Fred H. Beukelman, David R. Black, John Wilson http://www.asha.org/about/leadership-projects/awards/Alphabetical-List-of-Honore

@import url( /styles/importmenuA.css ); Skip to: content navigation Our site's pages are optimized for Web browsing software that supports current Web standards, as established by the World Wide Web Consortium (http://www.w3c.org/) . Content is accessible from older or less standards-compliant technologies, but its presentation will not be identical to visitors with standards-compliant software. Read more on our site's changes and accessiblity. My Account Find a Professional Shop Logged in as: Guest Login Search for: ADVANCED SEARCH Home About ASHA Awards of the Association Alphabetical List of Recipients of Honors of the Association 1944-2001 A Ainsworth, Stanley H. Anderson, Jean L. Andrews, Moya L. Arnold, Godfrey E. Aronson, Arnold E. B Bangs, Jack L. Bankson, Nicholas W. Bekesy, Georg von Bergman, Moe Berlin, Charles I. Berry, Mildred F. Bess, Fred H. Beukelman, David R. Black, John Wilson Blakeley, Robert W. Blom, Eric D. Bloodstein, Oliver Bloom, Lois Bloomer, H. Harlan Bluemel, Charles S.

67. ƒm[ƒxƒ‹ˆãŠwÜ Brian Medawar. 1961, G.von, , georg von bekesy.1962, FHC., , Francis Harry Compton Crick.JD http://www.eps4.comlink.ne.jp/~simoyama/novelig-e.htm

ƒm[ƒxƒ‹ˆãŠwE¶—ŠwÜ ”N“x ˆãŠwE¶—ŠwÜ E.A.vonƒx[ƒŠƒ“ƒO ƒhƒCƒc Emil Adolf von Behring R.ƒƒX ƒCƒMƒŠƒX Ronald Ross N.ƒtƒBƒ“ƒZƒ“ Niels Ryberg Finsen I.P.ƒpƒuƒƒt ƒƒVƒA Ivan Petrovich Pavlov R.ƒRƒbƒz ƒhƒCƒc Robert Koch C.ƒSƒ‹ƒW ƒCƒ^ƒŠƒA Camillo Golgi S.ƒ‰ƒ‚ƒ“EƒCEƒJƒnƒ‹ ƒXƒyƒCƒ“ Santiago Ramon y Cajal C.L.A.ƒ‰ƒuƒ‰ƒ“ ƒtƒ‰ƒ“ƒX Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran P.ƒG[ƒ‹ƒŠƒq ƒhƒCƒc Paul Ehrlich E.ƒƒ`ƒjƒRƒt ƒƒVƒA Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov E.T.ƒRƒbƒqƒƒ[ ƒXƒCƒX Emil Theodor Kocher A.ƒRƒbƒZƒ‹ ƒhƒCƒc Albrecht Kossel A.ƒOƒ‹ƒXƒgƒ‰ƒ“ƒh ƒXƒEƒF[ƒfƒ“ Allvar Gullstrand A.ƒJƒŒƒ‹ ƒtƒ‰ƒ“ƒX Alexis Carrel C.R.ƒŠƒVƒF ƒtƒ‰ƒ“ƒX Charles Robert Richet R.ƒoƒ‰ƒj[ ƒI[ƒXƒgƒŠƒA Robert Barany ƒxƒ‹ƒM[ Robert Barany A.ƒNƒ[ Schack August Steenberg Krogh A.V.ƒqƒ‹ ƒCƒMƒŠƒX Archibald Vivian Hill ƒhƒCƒc Otto Fritz Meyerhof F.ƒoƒ“ƒeƒBƒ“ƒO ƒJƒiƒ_ Frederick Grant Banting ƒCƒMƒŠƒX John James Richard Macleod W.ƒAƒCƒ“ƒgƒz[ƒtƒFƒ“ ƒIƒ‰ƒ“ƒ_ Willem Einthoven J.ƒtƒB[ƒrƒK[ Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger J.W.vonƒ„ƒEƒŒƒbƒO ƒI[ƒXƒgƒŠƒA Julius Wagner-Jauregg C.J.H.ƒjƒRƒ‹ ƒtƒ‰ƒ“ƒX Charles Jules Henri Nicolle F.G.ƒzƒvƒLƒ“ƒY

68. Resources: Books And Articles On Acoustics, Etc. Recommended By Keith Yates Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 29 (4), 489501. von bekesy,georg. (1957). The Ear. Scientific American, 197 (2), 66-78. http://www.keithyates.com/resource.htm

A select bibliography. I've highlighted my dozen "personal picks" by including a scanned graphic of the cover. Tip: Looking for a particlar author? Use your browser's "find" feature. ACOUSTICS AND PSYCHOACOUSTICS Ando, Y. (1998). Architectural Acoustics: Blending Sound Sources, Sound Fields and Listeners . New York: Springer-Verlag. Attempting to fuse art and science, Ando combines subjective and objective factors involved in concert hall design with special attention to a model of the auditory-brain system. Backus, J. (1969). The Acoustical Foundations of Music . New York: Norton. Bech, S. (1998). Spatial Aspects of Reproduced Sound in Small Rooms Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Part of a suite [see following] of important reports on the audibility of individual sound reflections off nearby walls in domestic-sized rooms. Bech, S. (1995). Timbral Aspects of Reproduced Sound in Small Rooms, I Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

69. A Basic Bibliography For Sonic Studies Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 29 (4), 489501. von bekesy, georg.(1957). The Ear. Scientific American, 197 (2), 66-78. von bekesy, G. (1962). http://interact.uoregon.edu/MediaLit/wfae/bibliographies/bibsonic.html

A Basic Bibliography for Sonic Studies School of Communication Simon Fraser University Burnaby, B.C., Canada Click on a general area of interest: Acoustics and Psychoacoustics Listening and Sound Cognition Soundscape Studies Noise and Community Design ... Media Studies Acoustics and Psychoacoustics American Society for Testing and Materials. (1978). Acoustical Environment in the Open-Plan Office. Soundolier Inc., 3-10. Backus, J. (1969). The acoustical foundations of music. New York: Norton. Benade, A. H. (1976). Fundamentals of musical acoustics. London: Oxford Univ. Press. Bodlund, K. (1985). Alternative Reference Curves for Evaluation of the Impact Sound Insulation Between Dwellings. Journal of Sound and Vibration., 102 (3), 381-402. Case, J. (1966). Sensory mechanisms. New York: Academic Press. Christovich, L. (1984). Central auditory processing of perpherial vowel spectra. J. of the Acoustical Society of America, 77 (3), 789-805. Clynes, M. (1978). Sentics. New York: Doubleday. Clynes, M., ed. (1982). Music, mind, and brain: The neuropsychology of music. New York: Plenum.

70. Europa - Forschung - Info Translate this page Franken verliehen. 1972 hatte georg von bekesy, Nobelpreisträgerin Medizin 1961, ihr sein gesamtes Vermögen vermacht. Im Jahr http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/news-centre/de/soc/01-09-soc01.html

de en fr EUROPA Europäische Kommission ... Forschung und Gesellschaft Nobel 1901-2001 ALS WELTBÜRGER lebte er nach dem Motto: "My home is where I work and I work everywhere". 1833 in Schweden geboren, verbringt Alfred Nobel seine Kindheit in Sankt Petersburg, hat eine Fabrik in Hamburg, lässt sich in Paris nieder und stirbt - an einem 10. Dezember - in San-Rémo; bis heute werden jedes Jahr zu diesem Datum die Nobelpreise für Physik und Chemie verliehen. Wissenschaften und Humanismus Im übrigen hatte er den Wunsch, jene zu belohnen, die "der Menschheit die größten Wohltaten beschert haben", sei es im Bereich der Wissenschaften, in der Literatur oder in der Friedensarbeit. Die Preise für Physik und Chemie sollen von der schwedischen Akademie der Wissenschaften vergeben werden, der für Physiologie oder Medizin vom Karolinska Institut und der für Literatur von der Stockholmer Akademie. Der Friedenspreis hingegen entgeht Nobels' Heimatland. Diesen vertraut er lieber dem norwegischen Parlament, dem Storting, an, "einer der wenigen wirklich demokratischen Versammlungen in Europa". Und der "Preis für Wirtschaftswissenschaften im Gedenken an Alfred Nobel" wurde 1968 von der schwedischen Zentralbank eingeführt.

71. References 71/CP 2500 W 245 of historical interest bekesy, georg von (1967) Sensoryinhibition Princeton, NJ Princeton Univ.Pr. 0X, 265 Sm.Abb. http://rpssg3.psychologie.uni-regensburg.de/frames_version/drosler/references.ht

72. Hiru.com - B bekesy, georg von; bel; bel canto; Bela; Belalcázaro Benalcázar, Sebastián de; Belarús; Belau; Belaúnde Terry, Fernando; http://www.hiru.com/hiztegiak/enciclopedia/B?query_start=501

73. Vietnam,Set,Photos,War,Boston,Peace,HB,USA More great books and deals in our Store!! Sensory Inhibition is a hard back bookwritten by georg von bekesy and published by the Princeton University Press. http://www.reviewtvs.com/items/3592120590.html

Vietnam,Set,Photos,War,Boston,Peace,HB,USA Price: $5.95 More great books and deals in our Store!! "Psychological experiments carried out over a period of nearly forty years have led Dr. Bekesy to realize that inhibition interconnects, at least in one respect, the fields of vision, hearing, skin sensation, taste and smell. This book indeed creates the field of sensory inhibition as a significant one for study, bringing understanding to many observations that formerly seemed uncertain and unrelated and raising many problems still to be solved..." This book also includes 6 chapters, 625 pages and graphs-pictures throughout the book. Several chapters include: Adaptation and Inhibition as a means of suppressing an excess of information, The Inhibition of simultaneous stimuli, Inhibition as a result of time delay, Funneling and inhibition in hearing and much more!! If you find yourself not interested in this book, please check out our other auctions and Ebay Store!! Please note that all S/H charge are based on US sales only!! If NON-US, please email us with or for your out of country shipping rate before you bid!! Thank you and good luck!!

74. Chap VI Helmholtz s theory was tested by direct observation of the mechanical vibration patternsof the inner ear by the Hungarian physicist, georg von bekesy, a feat http://www.neurophys.wisc.edu/h&b/textbook/chap-6.html

BACK VI. THE INNER EAR: THE COCHLEA Objectives: At the end of this section you should be able to: 1. Describe the structure of the Organ of Corti, including the following: Reissner's membrane, stria vascularis, tectorial membrane, hair cells, supporting cells, tunnel of Corti, VIII nerve fibers, spiral ganglion, basilar membrane, osseous spiral lamina. 2. Describe the traveling wave pattern of vibration on the basilar membrane. Know the physical properties of the cochlear partition that are responsible for this form of mechanical displacement. 3. Describe the excitation process: how basilar membrane vibration leads to depolarization of the hair cells and stimulation of auditory nerve fibers. Know the structural arrangements in the organ of Corti that make this possible. 4. Describe the innervation pattern within the cochlea. ... 6. State what is meant by otoacoustic emissions. Objective 1: Structure of the cochlea Figure VI-1 illustrates increasingly expanding cross sections of the cochlea. In Figures VI-1B and C are seen the scala vestibuli and scala tympani separated by the cochlear partition, except in the apical turn where the two scalae are in continuity via the helicotrema. Within the modiolus is seen the spiral ganglion. The central processes of spiral ganglion neurons form the cochlear nerve and exit the temporal bone in the internal acoustic meatus. The cochlear partition, which includes the endolymph-filled scala media, is bounded by Reissner's membrane and the basilar membrane, on which sits the auditory receptor organ, the organ of Corti.

75. PSY 461: History And Systems Of Psychology Sensory/ Perceptual psychologists Louis L. Thurstone, S. Smith Stevens, Ewald Hering,Christine LaddFranklin, EG Wever, georg von bekesy, David Katz, george http://www.cwu.edu/~tolin/PSY 461/461termpapersuggestions.htm

PSY 461: History and Systems of Psychology Some Possible topics (feel free to expand this list) Freud's visit to Clark University in 1909. Origins of/early research in a given field o f psychology (e.g., forensic psychology, industrial psychology, sport psychology). Some topic drawn from material we will not cover (an aspect of Eastern psychology). The role of women in psychology The role of minorities in psychology Reinforcement theory vs. unconditional pos itive regard Administration of electroconvulsive shock (ECS) therapy The beginning of the American Psychological Association (APA) The concept of idiocy The use of lobotomies Behaviorism and American culture The eugenics movement, with particular emphasis on the role of Psychology Sigmund Freud or William James on religion What will psychology be like in 2025? Where are current trends leading? If writing about an individual: For major psychologists, you generally should deal with just one aspect of his/her work; otherwise you will be overwhelmed with material. For less visible psychologists you may need to scramble to find enough material for a paper. There does seem to be a tendency for the same people to be covered again and again (some of the more “popular”: Karen Horney, Abraham Maslow, Jean Piaget, Carl Rogers, John B. Watson, and Sigmund Freud).

76. Brain, Nobel Prize, Neuroscience, ³ú, ½Å°æ°úÇÐ, µÎ³ú, ³ëº§»ó internal organs) 1961 von bekesy, georg Hungarian, Amer. Functionof the cochlea 1963 Eccles, John Carew Australian Mech. of http://www.hallym.ac.kr/~neuro/kns/tutor/nobeltxt.html

Nobel Prize - Neuroscience YearName-Nationality/CitizenshipWork 1906: [Golgi, Camillo] Italian [Structure of the Nervous System] 1906: [Ramon y Cajal, Santiago] Spanish [Structure of the Nervous System] 1911: [Gullstrand, Allvar] Swedish [Optics of the eye] 1914: [Barany, Robert] Austrian [Vestibular apparatus] 1927: [Wagner-Jauregg, J.] Austrian [Malaria to treat dementia para.] 1932: [Adrian, Edgar Douglas] British [Function of neurons (messages)] 1932: [Sherrington, Charles S.] British [Function of neurons (brain)] 1936: [Dale, Henry Hallett] British [Chemical transmission (nerves)] 1936; [Loewi, Otto] German, Amer. [Chemical transmission (nerves)] 1944: [Erlanger, Joseph] American [Functions of single nerve fiber] 1944: [Gasser, Herbert Spencer] American [Functions of single nerve fiber] 1949: [Egas Moniz, A.C.A.F.] Portuguese [Leucotomy for certain psychoses] 1949: [Hess, Walter Rudolph] Swiss ["Interbrain" (internal organs)]

77. Physicists Translate this page Beer, August, 1825, 1863. Bekenstein, Jacob, 1946, bekesy, georg von, 1899, 1972.Bense, Max, 1910, 1990. Bernacchi, Louis Charles, 1876, 1942. Bernoulli, Daniel,1700, 1782. http://www-user.tu-chemnitz.de/~masti/physicists.shtml

Physicists On this page i tried putting together data of some physicists (and other (natural) scientists and philosophers). Beside the name and first name the year of birth and the year of death is available. For the names, first of all that of the russian scientists, the german writing is preferred. Occasionally the english notation is used. Abbe Ernst Karl Aberdeen Joseph Abrikosov Alexei A. Adair John Frederick Adams John C. Aitchison Gordon James Alder Keith Frederick d'Alembert Jean-Baptiste Le Rond Allen James Bernard Allen Natalie Constance Bowen Allen William Douglas Alhazen Ibn al Haitham Alferov Zhores I. Alfvén Hannes Olof Gosta Alvarez Luis W. Amici Giovanni Battista Ampère André Marie Anderson Carl David Anderson Philip W. Anders Jonas Appleton Edward V. Sir Arago Dominique Archimedes (von Syrakus) Aristarch (von Samos) Aristoteles Arrhenius Svante August Arnot Frederick Latham Aston Francis W. Aston Ronald Leslie Auger Pierre Avogadro Amedeo dei Quaregne e Ceretto Baade Walter Babinet Jacques Bailey John Eric Bailey Victor Albert Balmer Johann Jakob Baker Stanley Charles Baker William George Bannon Joseph Bardeen James Maxwell Bardeen John Barker John Adair Barkla Charles Glover Basov Nikolai Gennadievich Baxter Rodney James Becquerel Antoine Henri Bednorz J. Georg

78. AldeaEducativa.com | Contenidos Y Consultas Educativas Translate this page Technische Hochschule Munich, Alemania e Instituto de Tecnologíade California. Pasadena, CA, Estados Unidos. bekesy, georg von. http://www.aldeaeducativa.com/aldea/Nobel1e.asp?Which=1961

79. British Section Of The Audio Engineering Society This became known as the Place theory of pitch perception and appeared to be supported,some years later, by direct observations made by georg von bekesy. http://www.aes.org/sections/uk/meetings/0599.html

18th May 1999 - Periodicity coding at the lower limit of pitch perception Katrin Krumbholz, Centre for the Neural Basis of Hearing The UK Section's May lecture was given by Katrin Krumbholz, a Research Associate at the Medical Research Council's Centre for the Neural Basis of Hearing. Katrin's lecture considered how we perceive pitch at low frequencies and how recent experimental techniques have shed light on the complex workings of the ear-brain system. Katrin started by giving a brief overview of the hearing mechanism with particular emphasis on the complex workings of the inner ear. Sound vibrations pass to the inner ear's oval window via the stapes. This is the final bone in the familiar chain of middle ear bones. The inner ear contains many chambers which perform the main functions of balance and orientation and, of course, hearing. The most intricate part of the inner ear is the cochlea which is encased in bone and is spiral in shape. The cochlea spiral comprises two main fluid-filled cavities separated by a partition for most of the length. The partition is bounded by two membranes. One of these membranes, the basilar membrane, supports the main receiving organ known as the organ of Corti. The cochlea contains a multitude of inner hair cells which bend under the influence of the fluid pressure waves originating at the oval window and activate nerve impulses that get routed to the auditory cortex of the brain via the auditory nerve. (The nerve responses appear to be polarised and trigger at a particular point in the pressure cycle thus phase locking nerve firing to the stimulus. A single cell does not 'recover' fast enough to respond to every cycle of the incoming signal at high frequencies but large numbers of cells tend to group together to provide continuous sampling. To complicate matters further there are also outer hair cells which appear to react to signals fed back from the brainstem by altering their length and, consequently, affecting the resonant characteristics of the system. The cochlea is not simply a passive receptor but is an active device capable of generating its own acoustic output in response to brainstem stimuli - a kind of super-regenerative receiver.)

80. Interrogation Du Catalogue: Dspshape=rows&loc=1&titl=1&cote=728**. © Ircam - Ce 12. BEHNE, KlausErnst, Musikpsycholoie Jahrbuch der Deutschen Gesellschaftfür, Livre, 1987. 13. bekesy, georg von, Experiments in hearing, Livre, 1960.14. http://mediatheque.ircam.fr/cgi-bin-loris/bibinterro.pl?dspshape=rows&loc=1&titl

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