81. NUMBERS: THEIR HISTORY AND MEANING that the indian or Hindu system was known in the Arab world as early as the middleof the seventh century, the work which the great Arab mathematician al http://home.c2i.net/greaker/comenius/9899/indiannumerals/india.html

Project: The history of Indian numerals Written by: Berat Jusufi, Jon-Fredrik Stryker, Vegard Larsen NUMBERS: THEIR HISTORY AND MEANING History of numerals coming from India: It is now universally accepted that our decimal numbers derive from forms, which were invented in India and transmitted via Arab culture to Europe, undergoing a number of changes on the way. We also know that several different ways of writing numbers evolved in India before it became possible for existing decimal numerals to be marred with the place-value principle of the Babylonians to give birth to the system which eventually became the one which we use today. Because of lack of authentic records, very little is known of the development of ancient Hindu mathematics. The earliest history is preserved in the 5000-year-old ruins of a city at Mohenjo Daro, located Northeast of present-day Karachi in Pakistan. Evidence of wide streets, brick dwellings an apartment houses with tiled bathrooms, covered city drains, and community swimming pools indicates a civilisation as advanced as that found anywhere else in the ancient Orient. These early peoples had systems of writing, counting, weighing, and measuring, and they dug canals for irrigation. All this required basic mathematics and engineering.

82. Myths, Lies, And Truths Some 250 years prior to Newton and Liebnitz, a 15th century indian mathematician,Madhava of Kerala, derived infinite series for and for some trigonometric http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/myths_lies.html

MYTHS, LIES, AND TRUTHS ABOUT Third U.S. president Thomas Jefferson in 1792 (when he was Secretary of State): "Comparing them by their faculties of memory, reason, and imagination, it appears to me that in memory [the Negro] are equal to the whites; in reason much inferior, as I think one could scarcely be found capable of tracing and comprehending the investigations of Euclid; and that in imagination they are dull, tasteless, and anomalous." Present day AND ancient achievements contradict such statments. In response, these web page have been created to exhibit accomplishments of the peoples of Africa and the African Diaspora within the Mathematical Sciences. Mathematics Historian W. Rouse Ball : The history of mathematics cannot with certainty be traced back to any school or period before that of the ... Greeks. Mathematician Morris Kline : [The Egyptians] barely recognized mathematics as a distinct discipline ... [Mathematics] finally secured a new grip on life in the highly congenial soil of Greece and waxed strongly for a short period . . . With the decline of Greek civilization the plant remained dormant for a thousand years . . . when he plant was transported to Europe proper and once more imbedded in fertile soil. [Also see Mathematical Thought from Ancient to Modern Times

83. Vidyapatha :: Indian Scientists : India's Largest Portal On Educational Informat It was the indian mathematician Bhaskara who proved that it is infinity.Theboy who asked the intriguing question was Srinivasa Ramanujan. http://www.vidyapatha.com/scientists/ramanujun.php

Vidyapatha Home About Us Indian Institutes Indian Universities ... Contact Us Channels Vidyapatha Mail Vidyapatha News Indian Scientists Vicharpatha ... Next S.Ramanujun The arithmetic class was in progress. The teacher was solving questions on division. On the blackboard were drawn three bananas. "We have three bananas, " the teacher said, "and we i have three boys.Can you tell me how many each will get?" A smart boy in the front row replied, "Each will get one." "Right, " the teacher said. "Now, similarly, if 1,000 i bananas are distributed among 1,000 boys, each will get one, Isn't that so?" While the teacher was explaining, a boy sitting in one corner raised his hand and stood up. The teacher stopped and waited for the boy to speak. "Sir, " the boy asked, "if no banana is distributed among no one, will everyone still get one banana?" There was a roar of laughter in the class. What a silly question to ask! "Quiet," the teacher said loudly and thumped the desk. "There's nothing to laugh at. I will just explain what he means to say. For the division of bananas, we divided three by three, saying that each boy will get one banana. Similarly, we divided 1,000 by 1,000 to get one. What he is asking is that if zero banana is divided among zero, will each one get one? The answer is 'no'. Mathematically, each will get an infinite number of bananas!"

84. SRINIVASA RAMANUJAN Finally he met with modest success when the indian mathematician Ramachandra Raoprovided him with first a modest subsidy, and later a clerkship at the Madras http://www.usna.edu/Users/math/meh/ramanujan.html

Srinivasa Ramanujan It is one of the most romantic stories in the history of mathematics: in 1913, the English mathematician G. H. Hardy received a strange letter from an unknown clerk in Madras, India. The ten-page letter contained about 120 statements of theorems on infinite series, improper integrals, continued fractions, and number theory (Here is a .dvi file with a sample of these results). Every prominent mathematician gets letters from cranks, and at first glance Hardy no doubt put this letter in that class. But something about the formulas made him take a second look, and show it to his collaborator J. E. Littlewood. After a few hours, they concluded that the results "must be true because, if they were not true, no one would have had the imagination to invent them". Thus was Srinivasa Ramanujan (1887-1920) introduced to the mathematical world. Born in South India, Ramanujan was a promising student, winning academic prizes in high school. But at age 16 his life took a decisive turn after he obtained a book titled A Synopsis of Elementary Results in Pure and Applied Mathematics . The book was simply a compilation of thousands of mathematical results, most set down with little or no indication of proof. It was in no sense a mathematical classic; rather, it was written as an aid to coaching English mathematics students facing the notoriously difficult Tripos examination, which involved a great deal of wholesale memorization. But in Ramanujan it inspired a burst of feverish mathematical activity, as he worked through the book's results and beyond. Unfortunately, his total immersion in mathematics was disastrous for Ramanujan's academic career: ignoring all his other subjects, he repeatedly failed his college exams.

85. LookSmart - Directory - Other Mathematicians A-B Aryabhata The Aryabhatiya Gives details about the ancient Indianmathematical work of Aryabhata. Includes links to related sites. http://search.looksmart.com/p/browse/us1/us317914/us328800/us518756/us554952/

@import url(/css/us/style.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); Home IN the directory this category YOU ARE HERE Home Sciences Mathematics Mathematicians Other Mathematicians A-B - Learn about other noted mathematicians with surnames beginning A or B. Directory Listings About Agnes Scott College - Annie Dale Biddle Andrews Get the biography of this mathematician, the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of California at Berkeley. Agnes Scott College - Clara Latimer Bacon Learn about the life of this professor of mathematics at Goucher University. Includes photograph. Agnes Scott College - Florence Eliza Allen Brief biography of the Wisconsin mathematician, noted for the paper entitled "Closure of the Tangential Process on the Rational Plane Cubic." Agnes Scott College - Hertha Marks Ayrton Details the life of the mathematician who was the first female member of the Institution of Electrical Engineers. Ayrton invented a device for dividing lines equally. Argand, Jean Robert Accountant and amateur mathematician, who came to fame for his geometrical interpretation of complex numbers. Aryabhata - The Aryabhatiya Gives details about the ancient Indian mathematical work of Aryabhata. Includes links to related sites.

86. CSFA - 2004 1000/ will be awarded to an indian mathematician (below 45 year of age) workingat an indian University/Institute for his paper published/accepted in the http://www.ssfa.gq.nu/csfa.html

Free Web site hosting - Freeservers.com Web Hosting - GlobalServers.com Choose an ISP NetZero High Speed Internet ... Dial up $14.95 or NetZero Internet Service $9.95 Conference on SPECIAL FUNCTIONS and their APPLICATIONS February 8 - 10, 2004 Organized by Society for Special Functions and Their Applications, India Venue International Advisory Committee Organizing Committees Call for Papers Call for Open Problems ... PROGRAM Hypergeometric Function, q - Series, Orthogonal Polynomials, Combinatorics, Numerical Methods, Group theoretic aspect of Special Functions, Application to Physics and Engineering. The primary aim of the Conference is to bring together eminent worker doing pioneering research in the field of Special Function and their applications and to provide young researcher an opportunity for interaction with many mathematicians in their field of interest beside acquainting oneself with the current development in the field. The academic programs of the conference include invited lectures, oral and poster presentation of research papers and a session of open problems Back to top International Advisory Committee R. P. Agarwal (India), George Andrews (USA), Walter Van Assche (Belgium), S. Bhargava (India), Robert Gustafson (USA), M. H. Ismail (USA), J. Van Der Jeugt (Belgium), S. Kanemitsu (Japan), C. Kratenthaler (Austria), Martin Muldoom (Canada), P. E. Ricci (Italy), S. P. Singh (Canada), H. M. Srivastava (Canada), N. K. Thakre (India), Michel Waldschmidt (France), Maasaki Yoshida (Japan)

87. ISHM | Ganita Bharati | Contents Heritage (Reviewed by Ivo Schneider) 125–126 The Bakshali Manuscript An Ancientindian Mathematical Treatise (Reviewed RC Gupta) 126128 indian Mathematics http://www.indianshm.com/ganitabharati/toc/show.php?id=000040

88. TMRF Proposal Submission Information A natural expectation of all those concerned is that each programme will beof benefit to the indian mathematical community in a variety of ways. http://pune.sancharnet.in/kpr_tmrf/proposal.html

Technomathematics Research Foundation Submission of Proposals The Technomathematics Research Foundation invites proposals for organising conferences/ workshops/ seminars/ research programmes in any branch of applicable mathematics and computer science. From its inception, it has been intended that the TMRF should be devoted to the Mathematical Sciences in the broad sense, i.e. all areas of mathematics including computer science. In this respect the TMRF differs significantly from similar institutes in other countries. The range of sciences in which mathematics plays a significant role is enormous, too large for an Institute of modest size to cover adequately at any one time. In making the necessary choices, important principles are that no topic is excluded a priori and that scientific merit is to be the deciding factor. One of the main purposes of the TMRF is to overcome the normal barriers presented by departmental structures in Universities. In consequence, an important, though not exclusive, criterion in judging the `scientific merit' of a proposed research programme for the TMRF is the extent to which it is `interdisciplinary'. Often this will involve bringing together research workers with very different backgrounds and expertise; sometimes a single mathematical topic may attract a wide entourage from other fields. The Scientific Committee, which consists of trustee members and well-known scientists, therefore works within the following guidelines: (a) the mixing together of scientists with different backgrounds does not per

89. SuccessLink-Great Ideas World War II. E. Srinivasa Ramanujan, , indian mathematicianwho taught himself much of the math he learned. F. Euclid, , http://www.successlink.org/great/g195.html

Great Teaching Ideas Mathematician Scavenger Hunt Submitted by: Ann McCoy Henry Elementary Clinton R-III School District E-Mail: ann@clinton.k12.mo.us Materials Needed: Scavenger Hunt and a Computer Grade Level: Upper Elementary (4-6) Show Me Standard: MA 4 GOAL 1.2, GOAL 2.7, GOAL 1.4 Description: This internet scavenger hunt provides information about the lives and work of some mathematicians and allows practice in the use of the Internet. Implementation: This Internet scavenger hunt could be used as a whole class activity to provide practice in using the Internet. It could also be used as an enrichment activity for students needing "extras". Students would need to be familiar with the use of the Internet. Evaluation: Progress is evaluated informally through teacher observation as the students complete the activity and more formally through their answers to the scavenger hunt. Mathematicians Scavenger Hunt Use the following web sites to match the mathematicians with the fact about his/her life. Good luck!!! http://www.siue.edu/~dcollin/mathfame.html

90. Search Results For Albert Einstein - Encyclopædia Britannica 14), Bose, Satyendra Nath indian mathematician and physicist noted for his collaborationwith Albert Einstein in developing a theory regarding the gaslike http://www.britannica.com/search?query=albert einstein&fuzzy=N&ct=igv&start=6&sh

91. Prof. Dr. Hans Maaß - Wissenschaftliche Veroeffentlichungen Translate this page Bestimmung der Dirichletreihen mit Größencharakteren zu den Modulformen n-ten Grades19 pdf ps in Journal of the indian Mathematical Society (1955), 1-23 23 http://www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de/~t91/maass/maass.html

pdf ps Abhandlungen Vorlesungsmanuskripte ABHANDLUNGEN Beweis des Normensatzes in einfachen hyperkomplexen Systemen pdf ps Konstruktion ganzer Modulformen halbzahliger Dimension mit V-Multiplikatoren in einer und zwei Variablen (Dissertation, 1. Teil) pdf ps Konstruktion ganzer Modulformen halbzahliger Dimension mit V-Multiplikatoren in einer und zwei Variablen (Dissertation, 2. Teil) pdf ps in: Mathematische Zeitschrift (1938), 709-738 pdf ps in: Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, 1940, 2. Abhandlung (Habilitationsschrift) pdf ps in: Mathematische Annalen (1940), 538-578 pdf ps in: Mathematische Annalen (1941), 65-84 pdf ps pdf ps in: Mathematische Annalen (1942), 312-318 pdf ps in: Mathematische Annalen (1942), 518-543 pdf ps pdf ps in: Mathematische Zeitschrift (1948), 233-254 pdf ps in: Mathematische Zeitschrift (1948), 255-261 Automorphe Funktionen und indefinite quadratische Formen pdf ps in: Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, 1949, 1. Abhandlung pdf ps in: Mathematische Annalen (1949), 141-183

92. Matches For: S. Narayana Iyer, Chief Accountant of the Madras Port Trust Office, who first communicatedRamanujan s work to the Journal of the indian Mathematical Society. http://www.ams.org/bookstore-getitem/item=HMATH-22

Quick Search Advanced Search Browse by Subject General Interest Number Theory Analysis Differential Equations Probability Applications Mathematical Physics Ramanujan: Essays and Surveys Edited by: Bruce C. Berndt University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL , and Robert A. Rankin University of Glasgow, Scotland "The book under review assembles a fine collection of essays by several distinguished authors on a variety of topics that range over Ramanujan's remarkable life and contributions ... This book is a worthy sequel to Ramanujan: Letters and Commentary . It also nicely complements Hardy's classic Ramanujan: Twelve Lectures on Subjects Suggested by His Life and Work and Ramanujan's Collected Papers ... Selberg's ... article provides many insights and is a magnificent tribute to Ramanujan ... This book, with its delightful collection of essays and surveys relating to Ramanujan's life and mathematics, is accessible to, and an inspiration for, laymen, students, and professional mathematicians alike." MAA Monthly Description This book contains essays on Ramanujan and his work that were written especially for this volume. It also includes important survey articles in areas influenced by Ramanujan's mathematics. Most of the articles in the book are nontechnical, but even those that are more technical contain substantial sections that will engage the general reader.

93. History Of Mathematics India This page is currently unavailable. http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/mathhist/india.html

This page is currently unavailable.

94. Born In India/Pakistan http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BirthplaceMaps/Places/Lahore.html

95. Ancient India - Mathematics Between 1000 BC and 1000 AD various treatises on mathematics were authored by Indianmathematicians in which were set forth for the first time, the concept of http://www.crystalinks.com/indiamathematics.html

Ancient India - Mathematics In India, mathematics has its roots in Vedic literature which is nearly 4000 years old. Between 1000 B.C. and 1000 A.D. various treatises on mathematics were authored by Indian mathematicians in which were set forth for the first time, the concept of zero, the techniques of algebra and algorithm, square root and cube root. A method of graduated calculation was documented in the Pancha-Siddhantika (Five Principles) in the 5th Century. But the technique is said to be dating from Vedic times circa 2000 B.C. The rudiments of Geometry - called Rekha-Ganita in ancient India - were formulated and applied in the drafting of Mandalas for architectural purposes. They were also displayed in the geometric patterns used in many temple motifs. Many motifs in Hindu Temples and Palaces display a mix of floral and Geometric patterns. The technique of calculation, called algorithm, which is today widely used in designing soft ware programs (instructions) for computers was also derived from Indian mathematics. In this chapter we shall examine the advances made by Indian mathematicians in ancient times. In India around the 5th century A.D. a sys tem of mathematics that made astronomical calculations easy was developed. In those times its application was limited to astronomy as its pioneers were Astronomers. As tronomical calculations are complex and involve many variables that go into the derivation of unknown quantities. Algebra is a short-hand method of calculation and by this feature it scores over conventional arithmetic.

96. Persian Miniatures arithmetic series. In 1911 Ramanujan approached the founder of theIndian Mathematical Society for advice on a job. After this he http://www.cmi.univ-mrs.fr/~owhadi/alternate.html

Owhadi Houman Persian Miniatures Omar Khayyam Rubayyat The Moving Finger writes; and, having writ, Moves on : nor all thy Piety nor Wit Shall lure it back to cancel half a Line, Nor all thy Tears wash out a Word of it. Je ne me suis jamais privé de donner mon temps aux sciences, Par la science j'ai dénoué les quelques noeuds d'obscurs secrets, Après soixante-douze années de réflexion sans jour de trêve, Mon ignorance je la sais ... Srinivasa Aiyangar Ramanujan Born: 22 Dec 1887 in Erode, Tamil Nadu state, India Died: 26 April 1920 in Kumbakonam, Tamil Nadu state, India Don't click Here Images Dust in the wind Nine Pointed Star "The existence and validity of human rights is not written in the stars ... therefore the struggle for ... human rights [is] an eternal struggle ..." Albert Einstein The resume of Ramine Owhadi : Your company needs an engineer mastering computer science , information technologies and mathematics, contact him ! (en français cliquez ici

97. MSN Encarta - Mathematics Mathematics in India was largely a tool for astronomy, yet Indianmathematicians discovered a number of important concepts. Their http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761578291_4/Mathematics.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Money Web Search: logoImg('http://sc.msn.com'); Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade to Encarta Premium Search Encarta Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Send us feedback Related Items Algebra Arithmetic more... Magazines Search the Encarta Magazine Center for magazine and news articles about this topic Further Reading Editors' Picks Mathematics News Search MSNBC for news about Mathematics Internet Search Search Encarta about Mathematics Search MSN for Web sites about Mathematics Also on Encarta Editor's picks: Good books about Iraq Compare top online degrees What's so funny? The history of humor Also on MSN Summer shopping: From grills to home decor D-Day remembered on Discovery Switch to MSN in 3 easy steps Our Partners Capella University: Online degrees LearnitToday: Computer courses CollegeBound Network: ReadySetGo Kaplan Test Prep and Admissions Encyclopedia Article from Encarta Advertisement Page 4 of 6 Mathematics Multimedia 45 items Article Outline Introduction Mathematics: The Language of Science Branches of Mathematics History of Mathematics A Roman Mathematics The Alexandrian period of Greek civilization ended in 31 bc with Rome’s conquest of Egypt, the last of Alexander’s kingdoms. Roman orator

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