41. LookSmart - Directory - Other Mathematicians F-K Carl Friedrich Gauss, 17771855 Look through details on achievements, life, works,and background of the german mathematician, physicist, and astronomer. http://search.looksmart.com/p/browse/us1/us317914/us328800/us518756/us558054/

@import url(/css/us/style.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); Home IN the directory this category YOU ARE HERE Home Sciences Mathematics Mathematicians Other Mathematicians F-K - Survey profiles of mathematicians with surnames beginning with the letters F through K. Directory Listings About allRefer Reference - Baron Fourier, Jean Baptiste Joseph Discover details on the achievements and works of the French mathematician and physicist. allRefer Reference - Carl Friedrich Gauss, 1777-1855 Look through details on achievements, life, works, and background of the German mathematician, physicist, and astronomer. Read on number theory. allRefer Reference - David Hilbert, 1862-1943 Take a look at details on works, life, background, and achievements of the German mathematician. allRefer Reference - Kurt Godel, 1906-78 Get access to details on achievements, works, background, and life of the American mathematician and logician. allRefer Reference - Leonardo Fibonacci Learn about the achievements and works of the Italian mathematician who was also known as Leonardo da Pisa. Amiannoying.com - Kurt Godel

42. Carl Friedrich Gauss --  Encyclopædia Britannica original name Johann Friedrich Carl Gauss german mathematician, generally regardedas one of the greatest mathematicians of all time for his contributions to http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=117281

43. Mathematicians And Other Strange Beasts Cantor, Georg german mathematician who first examined the notion of infinities andshowed that not all infinities are equal some are more equal then others. http://math.bu.edu/INDIVIDUAL/jeffs/mathematicians.html

Mathematicians and Other Oddities of Nature Banach-Tarski Paradox : In 1924, two Polish mathematicians, Stefan Banach and Alfred Tarski, proved a rather peculiar result: you could decompose a sphere (or any polyhedral figure) into a finite number of pieces, then from those pieces, reconstruct a similar sphere of larger volume. Since this would imply that all volumes are the same, this upset a number of people. Cantor, Georg : German mathematician who first examined the notion of infinities and showed that not all infinities are equal: some are more equal then others. Cardano, Giralamo : Italian mathematician, best known for his Ars Magna , a compendium of algebra published in 1545 (right on the heels of Vesalius De Fabrica Corporis Humanis and Copernicus' De Revolutionibus : the 1540s were a banner decade for scientific advance.) Cardano is best known for having published in Ars Magna Niccolo Tartaglia's rule for solving cubic equations , much to Tartaglia's annoyance. (Cardano gave Tartaglia full credit, though not very loudly...in those days, practitioners of mathematics got their fame by being able to solve problems no one else could, and if every Tomas, Riccardo, and Enrico could solve a cubic, Niccolo's reputation would be worthless). Tartaglia spent the rest of his life trying to discredit Cardano. Cubic Equations Galois and Abel were able to show that solutions to the fifth or higher degree equations were impossible. Solving the cubic was fraught with

44. Emmy Noether not. One of these women mathematicians was germanborn Emmy Noether.Emmy Noether was born in Erlangen, germany on March 23, 1882. http://www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/noether.htm

Emmy Noether March 23, 1882 - April 14, 1935 Written by Mandie Taylor, Class of 1998 (Agnes Scott College) Traditionally, people consider mathematicians to be men. This, however, is not entirely true. Throughout history, there have been many women mathematicians who have contributed just as much as their male-counterparts. Even though their names might have been forgotten, their contributions to mathematics have not. One of these women mathematicians was German-born Emmy Noether. Emmy Noether was born in Erlangen, Germany on March 23, 1882. She was named Amalie, but always called "Emmy". She was the eldest of four children, but one of only two that survived childhood. Her brother, Fritz also made a career of mathematics. Her father was Max Noether, a noted mathematician of his time. Her mother was Ida Amalie, for whom Emmy was named. As a child, Emmy Noether did not concentrate on mathematics. She spent her time in school studying languages, with a concentration on French and English. Her mother taught her the traditional skills of a young woman of that time. She learned to cook, clean, and play the clavier. At the time of her graduation from high school, she passed a test that allowed her to teach both French and English at schools for young women. At the age of 18, Emmy Noether decided to take classes in mathematics at the University of Erlangen. Her brother, Fritz, was a student there, and her father was a professor of mathematics. Because she was a woman, the university refused to let Emmy Noether take classes They granted her permission to audit classes. She sat in on classes for two years, and then took the exam that would permit her to be a doctoral student in mathematics. She passed the test, and finally was a student in good standing at the University. After five more years of study, she was granted the second degree to a woman in the field of mathematics. The first graduated a year earlier.

45. Mathematicians Gottlob Frege, german, 18481925, Father of Mathematical Logic , TheFoundations of Arithmetic (1884), The Basic Laws of Arithmetic (L). http://members.fortunecity.com/kokhuitan/mathematicians.html

Great Mathematicians and Their Achievements Mathematics exist before 1900 BC, in great civilizations everywhere, including China, India, Babylon etc. However, the first record of Mathematical manuscripts is found in Egypt, namely, the Moscow Papyrus and the Rhind Papyrus. In the 'Achievement' column below, the notations are as follows: AG = Analytic Geometry Al = Algebra Ar = Arithmetic As = Astronomy C = Calculus DE = Differential Equation FM = Foundation of Mathematics G = Geometry GT = Group Theory L = Logic M = Mechanics N = Number Theory P = Probability RM = Recreational Mathematics S = Statistic ST = Set Theory T = Topology The list here is not exhaustive. The mathematicians listed here are either pioneers in various fields of Mathematics, or those who have contributed to almost all fields, or those who have settled unsolved problems. For a more complete list of mathematicians, click on index of mathematicians Name Nationality Year Achievements Egyptian 1900 BC Moscow Papyrus (25 problems on G Ahmes Egyptian 1700 BC Rhind Papyrus (84 problems on Ar, Al, G

46. Images Of Mathematicians On Postage Stamps Society. Mathematische Philatelie in german; Mathematical Stamp Collecting;Firstday covers with World Mathematical Year stamps; Mathematiker http://jeff560.tripod.com/

Images of Mathematicians on Postage Stamps RECENT CHANGES: On March 20, Francisco gomes_teixeira1.jpg and gomes_teixeira2.jpg were added. On March 17, lagrange.jpg, monge.jpg, and keldysh.jpg were replaced with better quality images. monge.jpg now has the block of four stamps in the set. On March 15, caratheodory.jpg and thales.jpg were replaced with higher quality images (actually both files were replaced with the same image, showing both stamps unseparated). On March 15, democ2.jpg, democ3.jpg, zu_chongzhi.jpg, zhang_heng.jpg, and nunes4.jpg were added. On March 13, avicenna7.jpg was added. On March 7, gazeta1.jpg and gazeta2.jpg were replaced with higher quality images. Thanks to Bert Jagers for these images. On Feb. 26, goldensection.jpg, moebius2.jpg, moebius3.jpg, impossible4.jpg, keldysh3.jpg, metric25.jpg, petrovic.jpg, schmidt2.jpg, calculate1.jpg, icm90.jpg, and bougainville.jpg were added. Thanks to Magnus Waller for these images. ABEL, Niels Henrik. Issued by Norway on April 6, 1929, upon the death centenary abel1.jpg

47. Science & Technology At Scientific American.com: Math's Most Wanted -- A Trio Of century followup to german mathematician David Hilbert s famous stumpers, presentedin 1900 to the Second International Congress of mathematicians in Paris. http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=000A85BF-7F1C-1E90-8EA5809EC5880000

48. Invitation By F. Hirzebruch Dear Colleagues The german Mathematical Society invites the InternationalCongress of mathematicians 1998 to Berlin. I herewith http://elib.zib.de/ICM98/Welcome/invitation.html

ICM'98 To the Executive Committee of the International Mathematical Union Dear Colleagues: The German Mathematical Society invites the International Congress of Mathematicians 1998 to Berlin. I herewith submit to you the official application with all the necessary information. I do this on behalf of the Provisional Organizing Committee which was appointed by the German Mathematical Society. As a formerly divided City Berlin is a symbol for the improved cooperation between East and West. The congress and its satellite congresses will play an important role for this cooperation and, of course, for the international cooperation of mathematicians in general. The organizing committee plans to provide fellowships for young mathematicians and for mathematicians - young and senior - who come from countries with difficult financial conditions. Berlin is a wonderful city with lakes and woods, historical buildings, museums, theatres and concerts. There will be enough to do and to see for the accompanying member and for the ordinary member if the mathematical activities leave free time for her or him. The German Mathematical Society hopes to see you all in Berlin for ICM 1998.

49. Minutes Of The Final Meeting Deutsche MathematikerVereinigung DMV (german Society of mathematicians)Speaker Prof. Grötschel. The next goals of the society http://www.iuk-initiative.org/980316-hh/iukhpr-e.htm

Minutes of the final meeting Workshop of the Electronic Information and Communication Initiative (IuK) of the German Professional Scientific Societies, 16.-18.03.1998 in Hamburg "Integrated Scientific Information Systems" Important conclusions from the workshop are The IuK-Cooperation of the learned societies plays an increasingly important role in building up an integrated information-and communication culture in Germany. In its conferences, it provides for the exchange of experience, conceptions, strategies and possible solutions. It provides a forum for the international interchange of ideas. It provides a wide range of ideas for the participating learned societies and for a general public consisting of scholars/ scientists, librarians, documentalists and persons active in education administration. It supports coordination between the learned societies, libraries, and professional information providers. It supports Global-Info substantially and encourages the formation of new supporting programmes. It generates considerable synergy-effects.

50. Southampton ECS UCAS: LC326A:GERM9017 German For Mathematicians And Engineers LC326AGERM9017 german for mathematicians and Engineers. Basic Information.School, Sect Centre for Language Study. Known as, LC326AGERM9017. http://www.ecs.soton.ac.uk/ucas/syllabus.php?unit=LC326A:GERM9017

51. HighBeam Research: ELibrary Search: Results early Hindu and Arab mathematicians. Ptolemy the Alexandrian astrologer, greatlyextended the subject and german astronomer Regiomontanus made it a science http://www.highbeam.com/library/search.asp?FN=AO&refid=ency_refd&search_thesauru

52. HighBeam Research: ELibrary Search: Results Sanskrit considerable value by german, French and US mathematicians being formulated by german mathematician Georg particularly http://www.highbeam.com/library/search.asp?FN=AO&refid=ency_refd&search_dictiona

53. APPLICANT 1 Born of a mathematical family, she audited university courses because at that timewomen were not allowed to attend german universities; nevertheless she was http://www.forsyth.k12.ga.us/schools/vickery_middle/teacherwebpages/cosullivan/m

FAMOUS MATHEMATICIANS CAN YOU GUESS WHO THESE MATHEMATICIANS ARE? Applicant 1 Applicant 2 Applicant 3 Applicant 4 ... Applicant 7 Lewis Carroll Albert Einstein Amalie Noether Pythagoras Khwarizmi Rene Descartes Benjamin Banneker APPLICANT German Mathematician, noted for her work in abstract algebra. Born of a mathematical family, she audited university courses because at that time women were not allowed to attend German universities; nevertheless she was granted a Ph.D. by the University of Erlangen. She lectured at Bryn Mawr College and the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, N.J. Her work on the theory of invariants was used by Albert Einstein in formulating some of his relativistic concepts. Top APPLICANT African-American farmer, self taught mathematician and astronomer. Born in Maryland and spent most of his life on the tobacco farm he inherited from his father. Although he received little schooling, he demonstrated exceptional scientific ability. At age 22 he constructed a clock made entirely of wood, with each gear carved entirely by hand. He was commissioned by a famous President to plan the construction of and help survey the site of our Nation’s capital city. He has become widely know for his writings in many American publications. He became acclaimed for his publication in which he protested slavery and disputed the claim that blacks were intellectually inferior to whites. Top APPLICANT Arab mathematician born in Khwarizm. He was a librarian at the court of Caliph al-mamun and astronomer at the Baghdad observatory. His works on algebra, arithmetic and astronomical tables greatly advanced mathematical thought, and he was the first to use for mathematical purposes the expression

54. The Reception Of German And Spanish-speaking Mathematicians Migrating To The Uni The reception of german and Spanishspeaking mathematicians migrating to theUnited States in the 1930s. Eduardo L. Ortiz. Imperial College London. http://www.brera.unimi.it/MilanWorkshop2003/Ortiz

The reception of German and Spanish-speaking mathematicians migrating to the United States in the 1930s Eduardo L. Ortiz Imperial College London I concentrate on a narrow segment of scientific migrants: mathematicians, and discuss some aspects of their reception by colleagues and from university administrators in America. On the German-speaking side, I consider the reception given in America to mathematicians emigrating because of the Nazis gaining political control in Germany. I discuss the various local attitudes towards a group of young graduates as well as to more senior- although still young- mathematicians struggling to find a permanent position in academia there in the early 1940s. The relevant documents speak of the intense solidarity showed by some American mathematicians, as well as the reservations, apprehension, and even open hostility of others. Arguments given in support of, or rejecting, these visitors are discussed in some detail.

55. Economist.com | Mathematics In 1900, David Hilbert, a german mathematician and contemporary of Einstein s, ina famous speech to the International Congress of mathematicians, presented a http://www.economist.com/printedition/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=1907656

56. Documenta Mathematica In 1998, the International Congress of mathematicians (ICM 98) was organizedby the german Mathematical Society. This congress takes http://library.cern.ch/HEPLW/8/papers/3/

High Energy Physics Libraries Webzine Home Editorial Board Contents Issue 8 HEP Libraries Webzine Issue 8 / October 2003 Documenta Mathematica A Community-Driven Scientific Journal Ulf Rehmann Abstract: Documenta Mathematica is an electronically produced, peer-reviewed, scientific journal, founded in 1996 by the German Mathematical Society (DMV). It is produced and distributed without any commercial publisher. Its foundation was one of the responses of the scientific community in order to cope with the ever increasing prices of scientific journals. Since May 1996, Documenta Mathematica is freely available on the Internet, and printed versions of its annual volumes are available at low cost. In this article we describe its management and its 'business model'. Documenta Mathematica, a Free Scientific Journal Documenta Mathematica [ ] was founded in 1996 by the German Mathematical Society (Deutsche Mathematiker-Vereinigung, DMV). It is peer reviewed and edited by an international editorial board. It is electronically produced and offers its articles in various formats such as dvi, postscript, and pdf free of charge on the Internet. Its main servers are located in Bielefeld, Germany (

57. HContest.htm along with the original german version in order to facilitate further translationsby mathematicians whose knowlege of german might otherwise prove inadequate. http://topo.math.u-psud.fr/~lcs/Hilbert/HContest.htm

David Hilbert's Radio Broadcast A Friendly Contest The 1998 International Congress Mathematicians in Berlin was a "best approximation" to the first centenial of David Hilbert's hugely influential set of twenty-three problems In his broadcast, Hilbert answered, with poetic clarity, some basic questions on the nature of mathematics, which, for the politics of science in society, are as vital today as they were in 1930. This broadcast is similar to the concluding paragraphs of a long address "Naturerkennen und Logik", which Hilbert gave on the same day, 8 Sept For an extended commentary on this broadcast, see a forthcoming article "We Shall Know: Hilbert's Apology" by Victor Vinnikov in Mathematical Intelligencer. The precise text of this broadcast seems relatively little known even in 1998, and even among mathematicians. It is more tightly constructed than the corresponding subset of the full address, which appears in Hilbert's collected works. We are unaware of any early publication of it as an autonomous tract, or of any early translations of it. To make amends for this unfortunate neglect, the editors here propose, as a challenge to mathematicians, the translation of this broadcast into the many languages in which mathematics is practised. In the last few years, translations

58. FANTASY & SCIENCE FICTION: PERSONS MENTIONED IN ISAAC ASIMOV'S SCIENCE COLUMN (b of the Eggheads, Gauss, Karl Friedrich, (17771855) german mathematician astronomer;considered one of the three or four greatest mathematicians of history. http://www.sfsite.com/fsf/bibliography/fsfsciencewho01.htm

Index Abbreviations Issue Date Column Title Person Comments 1958 DEC Catching Up With Newton Newton, Isaac 1958 NOV Dust of Ages, The Petterson, Hans his atmosphere's meteoric dust measurements, reported in Nature, 1 FEB 1958 1959 DEC Thin Air Aristotle 1959 DEC Thin Air 1959 DEC Thin Air Appleton, Edward Victor 1959 DEC Thin Air Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis 1959 DEC Thin Air Jeffries, John American hot-air balloonist took a barometer up with him 1959 DEC Thin Air (1740-1810; 1745-1799) brothers whose hot-air balloon made the first human flight on 21 NOV 1783 1959 DEC Thin Air Boyle, Robert 1959 DEC Thin Air Guericke, Otto von 1959 DEC Thin Air Torricelli, Evangelista (1608-1647) Italian physicist, secretary for Galileo, in 1643 discovered that air has weight, invented the barometer to measure atmospheric pressure, at the same time created the first decent vacuum (the 'Torricelli vacuum') 1959 DEC Thin Air de Bort, Leon P. Teisserenc French meteorologist, in the 1890's divided the atmosphere into 2 layers, the lower being the troposphere, or 'the sphere of change', and the upper the stratosphere, or 'sphere of layers', separated by the tropopause, or 'end of change'(10 miles up) 1959 DEC Thin Air Galilei, Galileo

59. Mathematicians Dispute Proof Of Century-old Problem: Mystery Remains As Journal presented itself as a solution to the second part of Hilbert s sixteenth problem,one of a set of challenges laid out by german mathematician David Hilbert in http://www.nature.com/nsu/031208/031208-4.html

updated at midnight GMT search nature science update advanced search Mathematicians dispute proof of century-old problem Mystery remains as journal withdraws paper. 9 December 2003 JOHN WHITFIELD Exclusive from the news section of the journal Nature David Hilbert set out 23 problems to drive mathematical research. A mathematics journal has withdrawn a paper that claimed to crack one of the discipline's great mysteries after reviewing and accepting the work and publishing it online. On 18 November, Nonlinear Analysis published a paper by Elin Oxenhielm - a postgraduate student in mathematics at the University of Stockholm, Sweden - which presented itself as a solution to the second part of Hilbert's sixteenth problem, one of a set of challenges laid out by German mathematician David Hilbert in 1900. If a solution were validated, mathematicians agree, it would be a significant step towards a complete solution to the problem. Oxenhielm predicts just that: "We could find one in a year or so, if we're lucky," she says. The work was described in a 24 November press release from Oxenhielm and covered in several media outlets including the BBC. But the paper immediately came under fire from mathematicians. "It's completely inadequate - I can't imagine who would have thought it was a proof," says John Mather of Princeton University, New Jersey.

60. List Of Societies By Date Of Foundation 1887 Mathematical Association of Tokyo 1888 New York Mathematical Society 1890 StPetersburg Mathematical Society 1890 german Mathematical Society 1890 Kazan http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Societies/societies_list.html

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