1. Nazi Germany Nazi terror and german mathematicians A brochure Terror and Exile published for the1998 International Congress of Mathematicians held in Berlin (Germany) lists 130 Germanspeaking mathematicians forced by the Nazi regime to emigrate. http://mason.gmu.edu/~ikatcha1/Nazi-terror.html

Nazi terror and German mathematicians : A brochure Terror and Exile published for the 1998 International Congress of Mathematicians held in Berlin (Germany) lists 130 German-speaking mathematicians forced by the Nazi regime to emigrate. The absolute majority of them were Jewish by Nazi definitions. Seventy five German-speaking mathematicians emigrated to the United States. These included such leading mathematicians as Courant, von Neumann, Emmy Noether, Goedel, Menger, Mises, Szego, Weyl. Nine perished in concentration camps: Berwald , a professor at the he German University in Prague, Blumenthal, Froehlich, Grelling, Kahn, Nelli Neumann, Pick, Remak, and Tauber. Five mathematicians committed suicide for political reasons: Hausdorff, a professor at the University of Bonn, Eckart, Epstein, Haenzel, and Hartogs. The rest emigrated to other countries not allied with Nazi Germany. Many leading German-speaking physicists, such as Einstein, as well as social scientists, shared the fate of mathematicians. Einstein, Hadamard, and others helped mathematicians from Germany in emigrating to the US and UK. As a result of the emigration of European mathematicians, US became the main center of mathematics in the world. The International Congress of mathematicians was held in Germany in 1998, after almost a century intermission. The international boykott was the results of Germany's role in World War One and Nazy policies.

2. Die Nacht Der Scheiterhaufen 10 May 1933. Greatness And Tragedy Of The Case of german mathematicians Jurgen Brauer* andDharma Thiruvairayu**BellSouth Faculty Colloquium of the German mind for the case of german mathematicians. Another purpose is http://www.aug.edu/~sbajmb/paper-bellsouth-3.PDF

3. Buy Mathematicians Under The Nazis By Sanford L. Segal At Walmart.com Mathematicians Under the Nazis by Sanford L. Segal in Hardcover. ISBN 069100451X. Contrary to popular beliefand despite the expulsion, emigration, or death of many german mathematicians http://rdre1.inktomi.com/click?u=http://na.link.decdna.net/n/3532/4200/www.walma

4. Sample Chapter For Segal, S.L.: Mathematicians Under The Nazis. if anything, about Germany and mathematics provoked these german mathematicians to their opinions the pedagogical concerns of German university mathematicians in the late 1920s and http://www.pupress.princeton.edu/chapters/s7558.html

PRINCETON University Press SEARCH: Keywords Author Title More Options Power Search Search Hints E-MAIL NOTICES NEW IN PRINT E-BOOKS ... HOME PAGE Mathematicians under the Nazis Sanford L. Segal Book Description Endorsements Class Use and other Permissions . For more information, send e-mail to permissions@pupress.princeton.edu This file is also available in Adobe Acrobat PDF format Chapter 1 WHY MATHEMATICS? in vacuo , so to speak, according to its own stringent rules of logic: the scientific method. In the past thirty years, however, this naive assumption of the autonomy of scientific development has begun to be critically examined. A general investigation of this topic is impossible, even if the conclusion were indeed the total divorce of theoretical science from other aspects of culture. Hence the proposal to study one particular microcosm: the relationship between mathematics and the intensity of the Nazi Weltanschauung Mathematics also has a notion of strict causality: if A , then B . It is true that the standards of rigor, the logical criteria used to determine whether or not a proof is valid, that is, to determine whether or not B truly follows from A , have changed over time; nevertheless, the notion that it is conceivable that

5. Landau Center For Research In Mathematical Analysis: Visitors Visits of german mathematicians to the Hebrew University. The followingGerman scientists visited colleagues in Jerusalem 20032004. http://www.ma.huji.ac.il/~landau/visitg.html

Home About the center People Members Post-doctoral fellows Visitors Activities The Landau lecture series Conferences and schools Preprints Related links ... The Hebrew University of Jerusalem The Edmund Landau Minerva Center for Research in Mathematical Analysis and Related Areas Visitors Visits of German mathematicians to the Hebrew University Visits of German Mathematicians to the Hebrew University The following German scientists visited colleagues in Jerusalem: Name Affiliation Area of Interest Host Period of Visit Dr. Heike Mildenberger Set theory Prof. S. Shelah Dr. Udo Baumgartner Topological groups, discrete subgroups of Lie groups Prof. A. Lubotzky Thomas Weigel Universita degli studi di Milano-Bicocca Algebraic number theory, group theory, cohomology Prof. A. Lubotzky Name Affiliation Area of Interest Host Period of Visit Alexander Gurevich MPI, Bonn Number theory Prof. E. de Shalit Dennis Gaitsgory Geometric Langlands correspondence Prof. D. Kazhdan Name Affiliation Area of Interest Host Period of Visit Jorge Salazar Magdeburg PDE Prof. M. Ben-Artzi

6. Landau Center For Research In Mathematical Analysis: Conference 1999 The workshop brought together 15 german mathematicians and a similar number of Israelis,all working in the area of spectral and scattering theory related to http://www.ma.huji.ac.il/~landau/conf/spect-99.html

The Hebrew University of Jerusalem The Edmund Landau Minerva Center for Research in Mathematical Analysis and Related Areas German-Israeli Workshop on Spectral and Scattering Theory Dates : May 10-14, 1999. Organizers : M. Ben-Artzi (Jerusalem), M. Demuth (Clausthal). The workshop brought together 15 German mathematicians and a similar number of Israelis, all working in the area of spectral and scattering theory related to the mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics. In addition, some talks were given by visitors to the Hebrew University, such as Prof. Victor Ivrii (Toronto, Canada), Prof. A. Laptev (Stockholm, Sweden) and Prof. V. Maz'ya (Linkoping, Sweden). The talks covered a broad spectrum of topics. The main ones were: Operators with random potentials and Markov operators (K.T. Strum, M. Demuth, Y. Last, W. Kirsch, M. Klein) Estimates of Eigenvalues (V. Ivrii, Y. Pinchover, A. Noll) Electric and magnetic fields (J. Nemirovsky, R. Hempel, H. Leschke) General theory of Schrodinger operators (V. Maz'ya, A.W. Renger, A. Laptev, R. Nagel)

7. Meeting (2003): AHA Session 104: German/Swiss And American Interaction In Higher 104. German/Swiss and American Interaction in Higher Education in the Nineteenth and American Mathematicians in Germany, german mathematicians in the U.S. Interactions in Higher http://www.theaha.org/annual/2003/AHA104.HTM

American Historical Association Annual Meeting Sessions 104. German/Swiss and American Interaction in Higher Education in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries Palmer House, Private Dining Room 18 Joint session with the Conference Group for Central European History Chair: Konrad H. Jarausch, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Papers: The Development of the PhD Program on the German Model in the United States from 1862 and How PhD Training Evolved to Influence German Programs in the Twentieth Century Anne J. MacLachlan, University of California at Berkeley American Mathematicians in Germany, German Mathematicians in the U.S.: Interactions in Higher Education and Science in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries Annette Vogt, Max Planck Institute for the History of Science The Benefits of Foreign Study: American Women in Swiss Universities before 1914 Natalia Tikonov, University of Geneva Etikettenschwindel: The Invention of Tradition of Newly Established Research Institutions in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries in Germany and the United States Peter Walther, Humboldt University

8. International Congress Of Mathematicians JANUARY1999NOTICES OF THEAMS39International Congress ofMathematiciansAbout 3 500 people attended the 1998 Interna great. deal to german mathematicians, as it provided an http://www.ams.org/notices/199901/comm-icm.pdf

9. H-Net Review: Volker R. Remmert On Sanford L. Segal, Mathematicians Under The Na Sanford L. Segal.Mathematicians under the Nazis. Princeton Princeton University Press, 2003 the question of whether or not german mathematicians and/or the DMV should attend the http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=220081064463863

10. Comision Matematicas 4 Hashagen had intimate relations with each other. german mathematicians studied in Paris (e.g between French and german mathematicians. Many german mathematicians emphasized later, that http://www.smhct.org/Programa Cientifico/comision_matematicas_hashagen.htm

Number: SC 9 Title: "On the history of the relationship of French and German mathematics from the 18th to the 20th Century" Organizer: Prof. Ulf Hashagen, (Chief Curator Calculating Machines, Computers, Mathematics, Heinz Nixdorf Museums Forum, Germany) ABSTRACTS Participants: Date: July 13th Room: C7, Palacio de Minería Sergio Nobre Biografías de matemáticos franceses en la grand enciclopedia alemana del siglo XVIII: elementos para la historografía de las matemáticas Ronald Calinger Leonhard Euler´s First Decade in Berlin Hans Niels Jahnke Early German Reactions to Cauchy´s Rigorous Analysis up to around 1860 Ulf Hashagen German and French Mathematicians in the 1870s and 1880s Norbert Schappacher Arithmetization: a Comparison of Germany and France, from 1872 until the Wake of WW I Reinhard Siegmund-Schultze Maurice Fréchet and the University of Strasbourg in the 1920s: a Tailed Attempt at Breaking German Dominance in Mathematics Rüdiger Thiele David Hilbert and French Mathematics ca. 1900

11. Declining Student Numbers Worry German Mathematics Departments Declining Student NumbersWorry GermanMathematics Departments364NOTICES OF THEAMSVOLUME47, NUMBER dents have occurred, german mathematicians do. not seem to have any easy http://www.ams.org/notices/200003/comm-jackson.pdf

12. KEITH MATTHEWS' MATHEMATICAL GATEWAYS TO THE WWW Finding Addresses of Mathematicians; Finding german mathematicians)(Mathnet); Historical things Mactutor History of Mathematics, St. http://www.numbertheory.org/ntw/gateways.html

Keith Matthews' Mathematical Gateways to the WWW Publishers/Booksellers/Libraries MathSciNet (for subscribers only) sci.math.research (via google) Maths Departments Journals and Contents Pages ScienceDirect (access to Academic Press journals) (for subscribers only) LINK (Springer's journal information service) (for subscribers only) JSTOR (for subscribers only) Search the web MathSearch (Jim Richardson's Search Program) Google Eric Weisstein's World of Mathematics e-MATH Home Page MathSciNet (for subscribers only) Mathematics Subject Classification AMS Combined Membership List Search AMS Mathematics Calendar AMS Bookstore ... Mathematics Archives (no longer being updated) Mathematics Archives MSDOS Software The European Mathematical Society The Electronic Library of Mathematics The Jahrbuch Project Internet resources Mathematics Information Servers (Pennsylvania State University) Maths Forum: Internet Resource Collection (An annotated guide) BUBL , Catalogue of Internet Mathematical Resources Yahoo mathematics directory Math-Net (Internet Information Services for Mathematicians) The World-Wide Web Virtual Library: Mathematics (Florida State University) MathGuide Atlas Mathematical Conference Abstracts Atlas Mathematical List of Conferences Terence Tao's list of conferences ... National Symposia Website (The Newton Centre's list of UK Symposia etc) Number Theory Web Graphs: Theory - Algorithms - Complexity (Thomas Emden-Weinert) Graph Theory Resources (Daniel Sandars) World Combinatorics Exchange The Probability Web (Founded by Phil Pollett)

13. MATHEMATICS DEPARTMENTS AND SOCIETIES für Mathematik und Rechneranwendung, Univertsität der Bundeswehr Map of GermanMathematics Departments Finding german mathematicians (Mathnet) Deutsche http://www.numbertheory.org/math_depts.html

Mathematics Departments and Societies Maintained by Keith Matthews Institutes and Centres Mathematics Archives List of Mathematics Departments University of Helsinki's list of Mathematics Departments ... College and University Home Pages (Christine de Mello) A B C D ... Z Algeria Algerian Mathematical Society Argentina Universidades Argentinas Universidad de Buenos Aires Australia Australian Mathematics Departments List of Australian based mathematicians Australian Mathematical Sciences Institute Australian Mathematical Society ... Australian Mathematics Trust Austria Mathematics Departments Web Servers in Austria Austrian Mathematical Society Belarus Byelorussian Mathematical Society Belgium Mathematical Departments in Belgium Belgian Mathematical Society Brazil (IMPA) (UEL) Universidae Estadual de Londrina (UEL) (UFF) (UFPb) (UFSCar) (UFC) (UFMG) (UFRGS) (UnB) Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) (USP) Bulgaria Department of Mathematics, Plovdiv University Union of Bulgarian Mathematicians Canada The Canadian Mathematical Society Canadian Mathematical Institutes and Departments Other Canadian Mathematics Departments College of New Caledonia , Prince George, British Columbia Chile Universidad de Chile China Chinese Mathematical Society Harbin Institute of Technology Nanjing University Nanjing Normal University ... University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui

14. MSN Encarta - Print Preview - Calculus (mathematics) The English and german mathematicians, respectively, Isaac Newton and GottfriedWilhelm Leibniz invented calculus in the 17th century, but isolated results http://encarta.msn.com/text_761568582___5/Calculus_(mathematics).html

Print Preview Calculus (mathematics) Article View On the File menu, click Print to print the information. Calculus (mathematics) V. Development of Calculus The English and German mathematicians, respectively, Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz invented calculus in the 17th century, but isolated results about its fundamental problems had been known for thousands of years. For example, the Egyptians discovered the rule for the volume of a pyramid as well as an approximation of the area of a circle. In ancient Greece, Archimedes proved that if c is the circumference and d the diameter of a circle, then 3 d c d . His proof extended the method of inscribed and circumscribed figures developed by the Greek astronomer and mathematician Eudoxus. Archimedes used the same technique for his other results on areas and volumes. Archimedes discovered his results by means of heuristic arguments involving parallel slices of the figures and the law of the lever. Unfortunately, his treatise The Method was only rediscovered in the 19th century, so later mathematicians believed that the Greeks deliberately concealed their secret methods. During the late middle ages in Europe, mathematicians studied translations of Archimedes’ treatises from Arabic. At the same time, philosophers were studying problems of change and the infinite, such as the addition of infinitely many quantities. Greek thinkers had seen only contradictions there, but medieval thinkers aided mathematics by making the infinite philosophically respectable.

15. Read This: Mathematicians Under The Nazis But how about the behavior of the german mathematicians remainingin academic positions in Germany? In fact, the mathematicians http://www.maa.org/reviews/mathnazis.html

Search MAA Online MAA Home Read This! The MAA Online book review column Mathematicians under the Nazis by Sanford L. Segal Reviewed by Reinhard Siegmund-Schultze Once again, and in more than one respect, this voluminous book raises the question of how the history of mathematics can or should be written, and for whom? Very wisely, the author chose to call it a book on "mathematicians", not on mathematics While arguably the emigration of Jewish mathematicians from Germany and German-occupied Europe after 1933, and the war with its military applications of mathematics, were the two most important effects of National Socialism (henceforth NS) for mathematics as a whole, the American mathematician Segal deliberately excludes the first theme "except as this is important to other topics" (p.xv) and does not say much on the second one. Not requiring "any advanced knowledge about mathematics" (xi), the book's foremost intent is to oppose the "general but perverse social view of mathematicians as disembodied intellects" (xi). Certainly no period in history seems more appropriate to be considered in this respect than Nazi rule in Germany, when neither the most apolitical and aloof stance nor the most opportunistic attitude would have helped a mathematician get along with the regime, or even to survive, if he/she happened to be a Jew. But how about the behavior of the German mathematicians remaining in academic positions in Germany? In fact, the "mathematicians" discussed in the book are for the most part non-Jewish

16. 16th International Mathematical Olympiad, German Democratic Republic, 1974, Repo The german mathematicians who performed this formidable task workedin groups of three, each group dealing with just one question. http://www.imo-register.org.uk/1974-report-st.html

INTERNATIONAL MATHEMATICAL OLYMPIAD 1974 Table 1. The British Team Marks Michael P. Allen, Woking County School for Boys. Andrew B. Apps, II Michael Beasley, Kingston Grammar School. III John E. Cremona, The Perse School, Cambridge. III Michael A. Gray, The Perse School, Cambridge. Richard C. Mason, Manchester Grammar School. David J. Seal, Winchester College. Antony J. Wassermann, Royal Grammar School, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. III II = 2nd prize III = 3rd prize Table 2. The National Order. Total mark Prizes I II III Soviet Union United States of America Hungary German Democratic Republic Yugoslavia Austria Rumania France Great Britain Sweden Bulgaria Czechoslovakia North Vietnam Poland Netherlands Finland Cuba Mongolia Teams with less than eight members Tables reproduced from Science Teacher volume 18 number 1 (October 1974) page 4. 16th INTERNATIONAL MATHEMATICAL OLYMPIAD 1974 DR. DAVID MONK, Deputy Leader of the British Team Eighteen countries, the largest number ever, took part in the 16th International Mathematical Olympiad in the German Democratic Republic in July. Newcomers were the United States of America and North Vietnam. Each country was represented by a team of eight school students, accompanied by a leader and deputy leader. Weimar, a smaller town about 12 miles east of Erfurt, is rich in literary and musical associations. Goethe, Schiller and Liszt lived there at various times and their houses are carefully preserved as tourist attractions. Sightseeing interludes during the mathematical activities therefore presented no problems! There is a College of Architecture where the jury met, and working rooms were provided for the delegations.

17. Copyright renowned German mathematician, in the debate over intuitionism (mentioned in ChapterTwo); and the question of whether or not german mathematicians and/or the http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/reviewstr65.htm

//Dynamic-FX slide in menu v6.5 (By maXimus, maximus@nsimail.com) //Site: http://www.absolutegb.com/maximus //For full source, and 100's more DHTML scripts, visit http://www.dynamicdrive.com Sanford L. Segal. Mathematicians under the Nazis Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003. xxii + 530 pp. Photographs, notes, bibliography, index. $79.50 (cloth), ISBN 0-691-00451-X. Reviewed by Volker R. Remmert , Arbeitsgruppe Geschichte der Mathematik und der Naturwissenschaften, Universität Mainz. Published by H-German (September, 2003) Mathematicians under the Nazis Thorough historical studies of other disciplines (such as Ute Deichmann's magisterial work on chemistry and biochemistry) have shown how systematic disciplinary histories can shed significant light on issues that are intensively debated by historians of science. In the context of the Nazi period, these include questions of continuities between 1933 and 1945; the practice and effect of dismissals and emigration; the safeguarding of existing, and the availability of new resources during the period; the process of nazification in the sciences; research important to the war effort; and the practice of what has recently been termed "normal science."[ ] For mathematics, an extensive study addressing these issues and building both on preceding results and the extended base of sources, would fill what is still a yawning gap in the field's historiography. The mathematician Sanford E. Segal hopes to accomplish some of this with his monograph

18. Segal, S.L.: Mathematicians Under The Nazis. Contrary to popular beliefand despite the expulsion, emigration, or death ofmany german mathematicianssubstantial mathematics was produced in Germany http://pup.princeton.edu/titles/7558.html

PRINCETON University Press SEARCH: Keywords Author Title More Options Power Search Search Hints E-MAIL NOTICES NEW IN PRINT E-BOOKS ... HOME PAGE Mathematicians under the Nazis Sanford L. Segal Shopping Cart Reviews Chapter 1 [HTML] or [PDF format] Contrary to popular beliefand despite the expulsion, emigration, or death of many German mathematicianssubstantial mathematics was produced in Germany during 1933-1945. In this landmark social history of the mathematics community in Nazi Germany, Sanford Segal examines how the Nazi years affected the personal and academic lives of those German mathematicians who continued to work in Germany. Presenting a wealth of previously unavailable information, this book is a large contribution to the history of mathematicsas well as a unique view of what it was like to live and work in Nazi Germany. Sanford L. Segal is Professor of Mathematics at the University of Rochester and the author of Nine Introductions in Complex Analysis Reviews: "The strength of the book lies in its many individual stories and case histories. . . . [It] offer[s] disturbing and important accounts of the life of science and scientists under the Nazis." The Economist "The remarkable feature of this book is that in spite of the temptation, the story-telling never succumbs to simplistic descriptions of events or people. The analysis avoids the sentimentality and moral superiority that so often accompany descriptions of the Nazi years. . . . Perhaps this is why

19. Journey Through Genie: German Advancements In Science And Mathematics and moderns been more clearly stated. (5) An antimath sentiment in general wasevolving among the science community, causing german mathematicians to unite http://personal.nbnet.nb.ca/michaels/german.htm

Journey Through Genie: German Advancements in Science and Mathematics written for Dr. R. Hempel, History 2601 on March 31, 1997 by Andrew RW Sharpe References below Another great German mathematician, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716), is today given partial credit for the discovery of calculus along with Isaac Newton. However, this was not the case druing his life, as he was accused of plagiarism. Leibniz was a man far ahead of his time; along with his involvement in the birth of calculus, he also designed a model of a digital computing machine, invented determinants, had a hand in the origin of complex numbers, developed combinatorics, was a great philosopher and a tremendous tribute to his nation. Even today, two hundred and eighty-one years after his death, we still underestimate his contribution to modern science and mathematics. A rivalry between Britain and the German states began to evolve in the late nineteenth century, sparked both by August Borsig's railway plant and Friedrich Krupp's steel production. Borsig's locomotives became known all over Europe as the fastest and most powerful, a distinction previously held by the British. Krupp and sons' cannons were also known as the finest in Europe, and he sold them to many neighbouring nations who later used them against Germany. This rivalry would later extend to the ship building industry, and serve as a catalyst in the outbreak of World War I. "On the threshold of the age of modern empirical science in Germany stands Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1850)."

20. Mathematical Institutes In Berlin The german mathematicians are proud that, at the end of this century, with BerlinGermany was again chosen as the site of an ICM and as a symbol of a new and http://elib.zib.de/ICM98/Org/math-in-berlin.html

ICM'98 Mathematical Institutes in Berlin There are three universities in Berlin. The oldest is the , founded in 1809, one of whose first professors of mathematics was Dirichlet, the , founded in 1879, and the , which started in 1948 in the American sector and which today is one of the largest universities in Germany. Besides the university departments there are two major research institutes, the , and the . Berlin also hosts the editorial office of the . In 1991 a new university was founded in Potsdam, a city neighboring Berlin, which, after the German reunification, became the capital of the newly formed state of Brandenburg. Potsdam University also has an active mathematics department. For the current mathematical events in Berlin and Potsdam, please have a look at the Schedule of Events About 2500 students study mathematics at the various institutions, and there are many jointly conducted research projects. Today Berlin has all the attributes to again become an outstanding center of learning and research with a lively exchange from East and West. The international community of mathematicians assembled for the first time in Germany at Heidelberg in 1904. The German mathematicians are proud that, at the end of this century, with Berlin Germany was again chosen as the site of an ICM and as a symbol of a new and ever closer relationship in all matters, political, human, and scientific.

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