1. Favorite French Mathematicians A List of My FAVORITE french mathematicians. Cauchy, AugustinLouis(1789-1857). Cauchy s contributions to mathematics make him one http://www.jazzie.com/sds/reference/mathematicians/french.html

A List of My F AVORITE F RENCH M ATHEMATICIANS Cauchy , Augustin-Louis Cauchy's contributions to mathematics make him one of the most important mathematicians of the nineteenth century. His work includes almost 800 papers covering vast areas of mathematics, but the singular contribution which makes him one of my favorites was his work using a precise concept of the limit of a sequence. It's possible Cauchy was the first to comprehend the implications of this concept's modern definition. (Briefly, that sequence a has the limit l if, for any epsilon no matter how small, there is some N such that, for all n greater than N , the n th term of a lies within epsilon of l Laplace , Pierre-Simon, Marquis de Some people believe Laplace should be remembered primarily for his , a five volume work on planetary motion. Others feel he should be remembered for his contributions to the theory of probability. They may be right, but I think first of the linear transform which bears his name. The amazing properties of the Laplace transform (and its inverse) can be used to solve some systems of linear differential equations by transforming them into the Laplace domain, performing simple algebraic operations on them there, and then applying the inverse Laplace transform to obtain the solution in the original domain. Pascal , Blaise Although he did not invent Pascal's Triangle it came to the attention of many Europeans through Pascal's use of it in studies of combinatorics and probability, and thus it bears his name. His religious philosophy is beyond the scope of this discussion, but his

2. French Mathematicians french mathematicians. post a message on this topic. post a message on a new topic. 28 Jan 1998 french mathematicians, by Kristen Wottreng. 28 Jan 1998. Re french mathematicians, by Judith Grabiner . http://mathforum.com/epigone/math-history-list/dwoohuror

a topic from math-history-list French Mathematicians post a message on this topic post a message on a new topic 28 Jan 1998 French Mathematicians , by Kristen Wottreng 28 Jan 1998 Re: French Mathematicians , by Judith Grabiner 29 Jan 1998 Re: French Mathematicians , by Daniel E. Otero 29 Jan 1998 Re: French Mathematicians , by Fernando Q. Gouvea 29 Jan 1998 Re: French Mathematicians , by Julio Gonzalez Cabillon 30 Jan 1998 Re: French Mathematicians , by Ubiratan D'Ambrosio The Math Forum

3. Paris - Places That Commemorate Famous French Mathematicians By Chew Kia Khang Paris Places that Commemorate Famous french mathematicians by Chew Kia Khang. reply to this message. post a message on a new topic. Back to k12.ed.math http://mathforum.com/epigone/k12.ed.math/spoiclalve

Paris - Places that Commemorate Famous French Mathematicians by Chew Kia Khang reply to this message post a message on a new topic Back to k12.ed.math Subject: Paris - Places that Commemorate Famous French Mathematicians Author: chewkk@singnet.com.sg Organization: Singapore Telecom Internet Service Date: Sun, 18 May 1997 23:24:27 GMT I will be visiting Paris this June. I would like to find out whether there are any places in Paris (houses, museums, monuments or even cemetry) that are related to famous French scientists and mathematicians such as Madam Curie, Poincare, Lagrange, Laplace, Galois and the "Boubakis". I would appreciate if anyone could give the address and opening hours of some of these places in Paris, if they are accessable to the public. Thank you. Chew Kia Khang The Math Forum

4. The Scientist - French Lament Decline Of Mathematics 30 Fields medals awarded by the International Mathematicians' Congress since 1950, but only one has come A number of young french mathematicians have left the country, often coming http://www.the-scientist.com/yr1988/feb/dorozynski_p5_880222.html

The Scientist 2[4]:5, Feb. 22, 1988 News French Lament Decline of Mathematics By Alexander French Lament Decline of Mathematics AUTHOR: ALEXANDER DOROZYNSKI Date: February 22, 1988 PALAISEAU, FRANCE—France takes great pride in its mathematical tradition. But its position has slipped since the days of Blaise Pascal, Pierre Fermat, Evariste Galois and the fictitious Bourbaki. Frenchman have collected five of 30 Fields medals awarded by the International Mathematicians' Congress since 1950, but only one has come in the past 20 years. And the number of mathematicians has declined precipitously since the 1970s, triggering a shortage that threatens the country’s position in a technology-based world economy. The problem was the subject of a December meeting here sponsored by the French Mathematics Society and the Society of Applied and Industrial Mathematics. Attendees cited a lack of interest by students, low pay, a dearth of attractive jobs and a significant brain drain as causes, and at the end of the meeting promised a report to attract the government’s attention. A somber harbinger was seen in a list of 2,269 mathematicians kept by the Higher University Council. A mere 139—6 percent—were born in 1950 or later. Teaching careers are so unattractive to graduates that the admission mark for the primary school teaching examination has been lowered to 3.5 out of a possible 20. The change has turned those who would have flunked math into teachers of the subject.

5. French Mathematicians a topic from mathhistory-list french mathematicians. post a messageon this topic post a message on a new topic 28 Jan 1998 French http://mathforum.org/epigone/math-history-list/dwoohuror

a topic from math-history-list French Mathematicians post a message on this topic post a message on a new topic 28 Jan 1998 French Mathematicians , by Kristen Wottreng 28 Jan 1998 Re: French Mathematicians , by Judith Grabiner 29 Jan 1998 Re: French Mathematicians , by Daniel E. Otero 29 Jan 1998 Re: French Mathematicians , by Fernando Q. Gouvea 29 Jan 1998 Re: French Mathematicians , by Julio Gonzalez Cabillon 30 Jan 1998 Re: French Mathematicians , by Ubiratan D'Ambrosio The Math Forum

6. French Mathematicians By Kristen Wottreng french mathematicians by Kristen Wottreng. reply to this message posta message on a new topic Back to messages on this topic Back http://mathforum.org/epigone/math-history-list/dwoohuror/Pine.NXT.3.94.980127230

French Mathematicians by Kristen Wottreng reply to this message post a message on a new topic Back to messages on this topic Back to math-history-list Subject: French Mathematicians Author: kwottren@babe.math.uic.edu Date: The Math Forum

7. Comision Matematicas 4 Hashagen the 19th century German and french mathematicians had intimate relations with each Dirichlet), corresponded intensively with french mathematicians (e.g. Jacobi) and visited Paris http://www.smhct.org/Programa Cientifico/comision_matematicas_hashagen.htm

Number: SC 9 Title: "On the history of the relationship of French and German mathematics from the 18th to the 20th Century" Organizer: Prof. Ulf Hashagen, (Chief Curator Calculating Machines, Computers, Mathematics, Heinz Nixdorf Museums Forum, Germany) ABSTRACTS Participants: Date: July 13th Room: C7, Palacio de Minería Sergio Nobre Biografías de matemáticos franceses en la grand enciclopedia alemana del siglo XVIII: elementos para la historografía de las matemáticas Ronald Calinger Leonhard Euler´s First Decade in Berlin Hans Niels Jahnke Early German Reactions to Cauchy´s Rigorous Analysis up to around 1860 Ulf Hashagen German and French Mathematicians in the 1870s and 1880s Norbert Schappacher Arithmetization: a Comparison of Germany and France, from 1872 until the Wake of WW I Reinhard Siegmund-Schultze Maurice Fréchet and the University of Strasbourg in the 1920s: a Tailed Attempt at Breaking German Dominance in Mathematics Rüdiger Thiele David Hilbert and French Mathematics ca. 1900

8. A Short History Of Probability A gambler s dispute in 1654 led to the creation of a mathematical theory of probabilityby two famous french mathematicians, Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat http://www.cc.gatech.edu/classes/cs6751_97_winter/Topics/stat-meas/probHist.html

A Short History of Probability From Calculus, Volume II by Tom M. Apostol nd The Dutch scientist Christian Huygens, a teacher of Leibniz, learned of this correspondence and shortly thereafter (in 1657) published the first book on probability; entitled De Ratiociniis in Ludo Aleae , it was a treatise on problems associated with gambling. Because of the inherent appeal of games of chance, probability theory soon became popular, and the subject developed rapidly during the 18th century. The major contributors during this period were Jakob Bernoulli (1654-1705) and Abraham de Moivre (1667-1754). In 1812 Pierre de Laplace (1749-1827) introduced a host of new ideas and mathematical techniques in his book, . Before Laplace, probability theory was solely concerned with developing a mathematical analysis of games of chance. Laplace applied probabilistic ideas to many scientific and practical problems. The theory of errors, actuarial mathematics, and statistical mechanics are examples of some of the important applications of probability theory developed in the l9th century. Like so many other branches of mathematics, the development of probability theory has been stimulated by the variety of its applications. Conversely, each advance in the theory has enlarged the scope of its influence. Mathematical statistics is one important branch of applied probability; other applications occur in such widely different fields as genetics, psychology, economics, and engineering. Many workers have contributed to the theory since Laplace's time; among the most important are Chebyshev, Markov, von Mises, and Kolmogorov.

9. HighBeam Research: ELibrary Search: Results developed by the french mathematicians Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat in the17th century It is named after the French mathematician Blaise Pascal. http://www.highbeam.com/library/search.asp?FN=AO&refid=ency_refd&search_dictiona

10. A Fate Of The Great Mathematical Discoveries Galois sent his works to the Paris Academy of Sciences. However even the greatestfrench mathematicians Cauchy and Fourier cannot understand Galois works. http://www.goldenmuseum.com/1103MathDiscover_engl.html

A fate of the great mathematical discoveries Nikolay Lobatchevski (1792 - 1856) Mikhail Ostrogradski (1801 - 1862) And during all his life Lobatchevski was subjected to ridicule on the part of the official Russian academic science of that period. Lobatchevski's recognition came from the West science due the genius mathematician Gauss who became the only mathematician who could access properly Lobatchevski's works in geometry. According to Gauss' proposal Lobatchevski was chosen by the Corresponding Member of the Gettingen scientific society. It was other example from the history of the French 19th century mathematics. The name of the French mathematician Evarist Galois is well-known in mathematics. His mathematical works gave the origin of modern algebra. However at his life Evarist Galois was well-known as revolutionary. For public speeches against royal regime he was twice in prison. In 1832 in the age of 21 he was killed on the duel organized by his enemies. His basic mathematical works named later by his name Evarist Galois obtained in the age of 16-18 when he studied in the Lyceum. Galois sent his works to the Paris Academy of Sciences. However even the greatest French mathematicians Cauchy and Fourier cannot understand Galois works. According to legend, academician Cauchy threw out all mathematical Galois' works to the garbage. Cauchy (1789 - 1857) Galois (1811-1832) Galois' works were read and published for 14 years later of his died. In 1870, that is for 38 years later of his died the famous French mathematician Jordan wrote the book on mathematical Galois' investigations and due this book Galois' theory became common property of the world.

11. Lucas And Binet's Mathematical Researches mathematics increases. The scientific works of the french mathematiciansLucas and Binet are especially noticeable in this respect. In the http://www.goldenmuseum.com/0504MathResearch_engl.html

Lucas and Binet's mathematical researches In the 19th century the interest in Fibonacci numbers and golden section in mathematics increases. The scientific works of the French mathematicians Lucas and Binet are especially noticeable in this respect. In the "Biographic dictionary of the figures in the field of mathematics" (writers Borodino and Bugay) (1979) we can find the brief Lucas biography. "Francois-Edouard-Anatole Lucas (4.4.1842 - 8.10.1891) is the French mathematician, professor. He was born in Àmjen. He worked in the lyceum of Lunle-Gran in Paris. The major works of Lucas fall into number theory and indeterminate analysis. In 1878 Lucas gave the criterion for definition of the primality of Mersenn's numbers of the kind Ì - 1. Applying his method Lucas established, that the number of Ì - 1 is the prime one. During 75 years this number was the greatest prime number known for science. Also he found the 12th perfect number and formulated a number of interesting mathematical problems. Lucas believed that with the help of machines or other devises the addition is more convenient to perform in the binary number system, than in the decimal one". Let's give some explanations to Lucas' scientific outcomes. It is well known that the prime numbers are called such numbers, which have not other divisors except for themselves and the unit of 1, namely: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, ... . Still Pephagoreans proved that a number of the prime numbers is infinite (the proof of this statement is contained in the "Euclidean Elements"). The analysis of the prime numbers and finding out of their distribution in the natural number series is rather difficult problem of number theory. Therefore scientific outcome obtained by Lucas in the field of the prime numbers, doubtlessly, belonged to category of outstanding mathematical achievements.

12. NRICH Mathematics Enrichment Club (4741.html) french mathematicians. By Marcos Charalambides on Friday, September 27, 2002 0333 pm Hi I actually did my French oral on two french mathematicians! http://nrich.maths.org/askedNRICH/edited/4741.html

@import url(../../styles/default.css); @import url(../../styles/minimal.css); @import url(../../styles/speech.css); Asked NRICH Home This month's problems Index of archived threads French Mathematicians By Marcos Charalambides on Friday, September 27, 2002 - 03:33 pm: This isn't really maths as such but I was wondering if anyone could tell me some french mathematicians/philosophers/physicists (or french-related ones) as I'm thinking of doing a biographical account (or something) of one of them for my French AS Oral I've only come up with Rene Descartes... Any help would be appreciated By Arun Iyer on Friday, September 27, 2002 - 03:51 pm: http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/BirthplaceMaps/Places/France.html i think this site should help with your needs.. love arun By Vicky Neale on Sunday, October 13, 2002 - 03:33 pm: Hi Another possibility would be Mersenne, a very important number theorist (and monk).

13. History Of Algebra Important contributions to their study were made by the french mathematicians Galoisand Augustin Cauchy, the British mathematician Arthur Cayley, and the http://www.algebra.com/algebra/about/history/

History of Algebra Algebra.Com Algebra History of Algebra Tell Your Friends About This Site support us, please click on the banner above My Homework! See the latest 20 problems that you have done. Talk to Splotchy Bored? Talk to our amazing artificial intelligence robot with funny voice Word Problems Solve and practice cracking word problems. The history of algebra began in ancient Egypt and Babylon, where people learned to solve linear ( ax b ) and quadratic ( ax bx c ) equations, as well as indeterminate equations such as x y z , whereby several unknowns are involved. The ancient Babylonians solved arbitrary quadratic equations by essentially the same procedures taught today. They also could solve some indeterminate equations. The Alexandrian mathematicians Hero of Alexandria and Diophantus continued the traditions of Egypt and Babylon, but Diophantus's book Arithmetica is on a much higher level and gives many surprising solutions to difficult indeterminate equations. This ancient knowledge of solutions of equations in turn found a home early in the Islamic world, where it was known as the "science of restoration and balancing." (The Arabic word for restoration, al-jabru

14. April 29 - Today In Science History and physicist who proposed a theory dealing with the transmission of heat in crystalstructures based on the work of the french mathematicians JeanBaptiste http://www.todayinsci.com/4/4_29.htm

APRIL 29 - BIRTHS Harold C. Urey (source) Born 29 Apr 1893; died 5 Jan1981. Harold Clayton Urey was an American scientist awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1934 for his discovery of deuterium, the heavy form of hydrogen (1932). He was a key figure in the development of the atomic bomb. He made fundamental contributions to a widely accepted theory of the origin of the Earth and other planets. In 1953, Stanley L. Miller and Urey simulated the effect of lightning in the prebiotic atmosphere of Earth with an electrical discharge in a mixture of hydrogen, methane, ammonia, and water. This produced a rich mixture of aldehydes and carboxylic and amino acids (as found in proteins, adenine and other nucleic acid bases). Urey calculated the temperature of ancient oceans from the amount of certain isotopes in fossil shells. Forest Ray Moulton (source) Born 29 Apr 1872; died 7 Dec 1952. American astronomer who collaborated with Thomas Chamberlin in advancing the planetesimal theory of the origin of the solar system (1904). They suggested filaments of matter were ejected when a star passed close to the Sun, which cooled into tiny solid fragments, "planetesimals". Over a very long period, grains collided and stuck together. Continued accretion created pebbles, boulders, and eventually larger bodies whose gravitational force of attraction accelerated the formation of protoplanets. (This formation by accretion is still accepted, but not the stellar origin of the planetesimals.) Moulton was first to suggest that the smaller satellites of Jupiter discovered by Nicholson and others in the early 20th century were captured asteroids - now widely accepted.

15. France, Land Of Mathematicians through the Association for the Dissemination of French Thought (ADPF), a major exhibitionwith the title Mathematics and Contemporary french mathematicians . http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/label_france/ENGLISH/SCIENCES/mathematiciens/mathe

Little known by the general public, the French school of mathematics is the heir to a long tradition and occupies one of the very top positions in the world. The Bourbaki Group "This ancient French tradition" "remained practically uninterrupted up to our time, except in the period that followed the First World War: indeed, a number of young academics from all disciplines were killed. (...) It was the founding of the Bourbaki group that made it possible to reestablish a tradition that was in the process of disappearing." The Elements of Mathematics, In contrast to its German counterpart, its great pre-war rival, the French mathematical community did not emerge completely stifled from the Second World War. On the contrary, greatly stimulated by the intellectual excitement that the Bourbakists and a few independent thinkers, such as Jean Leray, continued to sustain, France was, when peace returned, to accumulate honours. Most notably, between 1950 and 1966, it picked up one third of the Fields medals The Paris region, a veritable "Mathematics Valley"

16. Fermat with French mathematician, Father Mersenne (pronounced Merseen ) who was tryingto increase discussion and the exchange of ideas among french mathematicians. http://www.math.wichita.edu/history/men/fermat.html

Pierre de Fermat Pierre de Fermat (pronounced Fer-mah') was born in southwestern France in 1601. His father was a wealthy leather merchant who made it possible for Pierre to receive a monastery education and to attend the University of Toulouse. By the time he was 30, Pierre was a civil servant whose job was to act as a link between petitioners from Toulouse to the King of France and an enforcer of royal decrees from the King to the local people. Evidence suggests he was considerate and merciful in his duties. Since he was also required to act as an appeal judge in important local cases, he did everything he could to be impartial. To avoid socializing with those who might one day appear before him in court, he became involved in mathematics and spent as much free time as he could in its study. He was so skilled in the subject that he could be called a professional amateur. He was mostly isolated from other mathematicians, though he wrote regularly to two English mathematicians, Digby and Wallis. He also corresponded with French mathematician, Father Mersenne (pronounced Mer-seen') who was trying to increase discussion and the exchange of ideas among French mathematicians. One was Blaise Pascal who, with Fermat, established a new branch of math - probability theory. Fermat himself was secretive and, since he rarely wrote complete proofs or explanations of how he got his answers, was mischievously frustrating for others to understand. He loved to announce in letters that he had just solved a problem in math but then refused to disclose its solution, leaving it for others to figure out.

17. Annuaire De La Communaute Mathematique Francaise Award for mathematician is the proving of a 300year-old conjecture, known as the Waring Conjecture,that he found in 1986 in association with french mathematicians Jean-Marc http://annuaire.math.cnrs.fr/

ACM Annuaire MaTeXo MathDoc Postes SMAI ... Liens Recherche Organisme : Tous CNRS, Département Sciences Physiques et Mathématiques MARS, Opération Postes MATEXO Société Mathématique de France Amiens - Laboratoire Amienois de Mathématique Fondamentale et Appliquée Angers - Laboratoire Angevin de REcherche en MAthématiques Besançon - Département de Mathématiques Bordeaux - A2X laboratoire de Théorie des Nombres et d'Algorithmique Arithmétique Bordeaux - Institut de Mathématiques de Bordeaux Bordeaux - Laboratoire Bordelais d'Analyse et Géométrie Bordeaux - Mathématiques Appliquées de Bordeaux Brest - Laboratoire de Mathématiques Caen - Laboratoire de Mathématiques Nicolas Oresme Chambery - LAboratoire de MAthématiques Clermont-Ferrand - Laboratoire de Mathématiques Appliquées Clermont-Ferrand - Laboratoire de Mathématiques Pures Dijon - Institut de Mathématiques de Dijon Grenoble - Cellule Mathdoc Grenoble - Institut Fourier Idf Dauphine - CEntre de REcherche en MAthématiques de la DEcision Idf Jussieu - Equipe de Logique Mathématique Idf Jussieu - Institut Henri Poincaré Idf Jussieu - Institut de Mathématiques de Jussieu Idf Jussieu - Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions Idf Jussieu - Laboratoire de Statistique Théorique et Appliquée Idf Jussieu - Preuves Programmes et Systèmes Idf Jussieu - Probabilités et Modèles Aléatoires Idf Léonard de Vinci - Ecole Supérieure d'Ingénieurs Léonard de Vinci Idf Marne la Vallée - Laboratoire d'Analyse et de Mathématiques Appliquées Idf Orsay - Département de Mathématiques d'Orsay Idf Panthéon Sorbonne - Statistique Appliquée et MOdelisation Stochastique

18. Mathematicians Resources toledo oh; french mathematicians; a list of black mathematicians andscientists; names of famous mathematicians; MATHEMATICIANS; what http://www.free-email-accounts-directory.com/mathematicians.html

mathematicians CLICK HERE TO ENTER MATHEMATICIANS RESOURCES Top 500 Related Search Terms - If you did not find the content you were looking for, scan through these commonly searched terms. Copy the term into the Google Search Box and see if this helps. mathematicians famous mathematicians Famous Mathematicians Mathematicians great mathematicians greek mathematicians Famous Mathematicians John Napier black mathematicians famous black mathematicians female mathematicians Famous mathematicians women mathematicians african-american mathematicians famous women mathematicians Black Mathematicians african american mathematicians history of mathematicians famous female mathematicians mathematicians + toledo oh french mathematicians a list of black mathematicians and scientists names of famous mathematicians MATHEMATICIANS what are the names of the three most famous mathematicians early mathematicians mathematicians 582 b.c. to 507 b.c. male mathematicians most famous mathematicians African American Mathematicians hispanic mathematicians biographies mathematicians islamic mathematicians arab mathematicians history on the chinese mathematicians mathematicians of the past list of mathematicians mathematicians/gauss FAMOUS MATHEMATICIANS pictures of famous mathematicians what do mathematicians do Greek Mathematicians ancient mathematicians early mathematiciansalgebra mathematicianstaussky-todd famous mathematicians in asia famous woman mathematicians geometry mathematicians modern mathematicians

19. George Boole from the local Mechanic s Institute, Boole struggled with Isaac Newton s Principia and the works of 18th and 19th century french mathematicians PierreSimon http://www.kerryr.net/pioneers/boole.htm

People ASCII-HTML Binary Boolean ... Home George Boole (1815 - 1864) The original Working Class Boy Made Good, Boole was born in the wrong time, in the wrong place, and definitely in the wrong class - he didn't have a hope of growing up to be a mathematical genius, but he did it anyway. Born in the English industrial town of Lincoln, Boole was lucky enough to have a father who passed along his own love of math. Young George took to learning like a politician to a pay-rise and, by the age of eight, had outgrown his father's self-taught limits. A family friend stepped in to teach the boy basic Latin, and was exhausted within a few years. Boole was translating Latin poetry by the age of twelve. By the time he hit puberty, the adolescent George was fluent in German, Italian and French. At 16 he became an assistant teacher, at 20 he opened his own school. Over the next few years, depending mainly on mathematical journals borrowed from the local Mechanic's Institute, Boole struggled with Isaac Newton's "Principia" and the works of 18th and 19th century French mathematicians Pierre-Simon Laplace and Joseph-Louis Lagrange. He had soon mastered the most intricate mathematical principles of his day. It was time to move on.

20. Age And Origin Of The Solar System Major contributions came from the french mathematicians and astronomers PierreSimon de Pierre Simon Laplace (17491827), Joseph Louis Lagrange (1736-1813 http://calspace.ucsd.edu/virtualmuseum/ita/05_1.shtml

Calspace Courses Part One Part Two Introduction to Astronomy Introduction to Astronomy Syllabus Introduction How Science is Done The Big Bang ... Discovery of the Galaxy 5.0 Age and Origin - Solar System 5.1 - Discovery of the Solar System 5.2 - Age of the Solar System 5.3 - Clues from Meteorites 5.4 - Clues from Comets ... Glossary: Life in Universe Discovery of the Solar System The Copernican System (Courtesy of Rice University The discovery of the solar system belongs to the period called the "Renaissance", when philosophers decided to admit nothing but observation and logic in building the science enterprise, and to reject tradition. Perhaps the best-known exponent of this new (and courageous) approach is the French mathematician, philosopher and scientist René Descartes (1596-1650). His statement "cogito ergo sum" (I think therefore I am) is symbolic for the Renaissance attitude. (Some have pointed out that you can't just think without thinking of something , so that it is impossible to start science with pure logic. Anyway, Descartes tried it and came up with lots of interesting results, and some pretty strange notions, too.) General acceptance of the sun-centered system of celestial motions took several hundred years. The main idea of the solar system was proposed by the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) who said that "the Sun is the center of the Universe" and made the

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