41. The Math Forum - Math Library - Calculus (SV) MacTutor Math History Archives Linked essay describing the history of calculus fromthe Greeks through Newton and Leibniz, with 28 references (books/articles). http://mathforum.org/library/topics/svcalc/

Browse and Search the Library Home Math Topics : Calculus (SV) Library Home Search Full Table of Contents Suggest a Link ... Library Help Subcategories (see also All Sites in this category Differentiation Integration Sequences and Series Selected Sites (see also All Sites in this category Calculus and Differential Equations (MathPages) - Kevin Brown About 40 "informal notes" by Kevin Brown on calculus and differential equations: limit paradox, proofs that pi and e are irrational, Ptolemy's Orbit, leaning ladders, how Leibniz might have anticipated Euler, and many more. more>> CALCULUS@INTERNET - WebPrimitives, Cambridge, Massachusetts Calculus on the Web. Contents include: PreCalculus (functions, algebra, trigonometry); Calculus Topics (differential and integral calculus, sequences and series, multivariable calculus, differential equations); Assistance (student, instructor); Curriculum Material; Technology (graphing calculators, CAS); Assessment; Courses; Reference Material; Applications; Pedagogy; Advanced Mathematics (analysis, algebra, number theory); links for Kids and Recreation. more>> Calculus - Math Forum Links to some of the best Internet resources for calculus: classroom materials, software, Internet projects, and public forums for discussion.

42. About "The Rise Of Calculus" Linked essay describing the history of calculus from the Greeksthrough Newton and Leibniz, with 28 references (books/articles)....... http://mathforum.org/library/view/5796.html

The Rise of Calculus Library Home Full Table of Contents Suggest a Link Library Help Visit this site: http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/HistTopics/The_rise_of_calculus.html Author: MacTutor Math History Archives Description: Linked essay describing the history of Calculus from the Greeks through Newton and Leibniz, with 28 references (books/articles). Levels: High School (9-12) College Languages: English Resource Types: Articles Bibliographies Math Topics: Calculus (Single Variable) History and Biography Home The Math Library ... Contact Us http://mathforum.org/

43. Math History Guide To history of calculus. Topic essays and biographies keyed to the chapters and content of the 10th edition of Thomas's Calculus. http://occ.awlonline.com/bookbind/pubbooks/thomas_awl/chapter1/medialib/custom3/

Thomas' Calculus This guide to the history of calculus is keyed to the chapters and content of the 10th edition of Thomas' Calculus . This electronic document highlights important events and people in the development and use of calculus. Learn about the history of calculus The history of calculus is rich and full of considerable human effort. By investigating this guide, through the sections containing a timeline, essays on the development of the major elements and topics of the subject, biographies of over 100 contributors and users of the subjects, and a set of over 100 problems (questions keyed to chapters in the book) to investigate in the history of calculus, you can learn more about the subject and how it has been used to help society. Use with the textbook These history modules (topic essays and biographies) can be used to supplement a reading assignment or lecture or with the problem exercises can supplement the outside class work. They are excellent sources for written or oral projects. The textbook contains icons that indicate good places where history modules can be used.

44. MathSeek.com - Site Profile For The History Of Calculus Discusses the development of analytic geometry, derivative...... The history of calculus Site Profile. Title The history of calculus. http://www.mathseek.com/profiles/3552.php

@import url(http://www.animationseek.com/style.css); Search Directory Forum The History Of Calculus Site Profile Title: The History Of Calculus Description: Discusses the development of analytic geometry, derivative and integral functions dating from Archimedes to Newton. Url: http://www.nd.edu/~hahn/ Category: Science/Math/Calculus Add / Update Url Become an Editor Link to Us ... MathSeek.com - Math Search Engine - Seeking Sites about Math,Applications,Education,Recreations,Statistics,Algebra,Analysis,Chaos,Fractals,Combinatorics,Differential,Equations,Geometry,Logic,Foundations,Number,Theory,Numerical,Analysis,Operations,Research,Precalculus. PhysicsSeek.com SocialScienceSeek.com TechnologySeek.net BaseballSeek.com ... MartialArtsSeek.com

45. Calculus @ SchoolAtlas school mathematics; The Rise of Calculus history of calculus, math, algerba,numbers, pi, linear equations; Mathematica Track -mathematics http://www.schoolatlas.com/search2/Math/Calculus/

home world news books sitemap ... office Reference Nation Maps Nation Reports Nation Flags World Maps ... Writing Center ii Academic Subjects Reference Geography History Government ... Math College Search Here: Academic Websites Yahoo! Google Ask Jeeves About.com Alta Vista Lycos Excite HotBot Infoseek Northern Light DejaNews Lawcrawler Metacrawler Look Smart Math Calculus Mr. Calculus -Mr. Calculus is in! Need helpwith your math question for any subject up to and including Advanced Placement CalculusQuest -An expedition exploring first term Differential Calculus. Graphics for the Caluclus Classroom -calculus, graphics, exponential, derivative, differential, cross section, integral, limit, Archimedes, pi, secant, tangent Visual Calculus -mathematics, algebra, trigonometry, calculus, linear algebra, matrix algebra, differential equations, complex numbers, college mathematics, high school mathematics The Rise of Calculus -history of calculus, math, algerba, numbers, pi, linear equations Mathematica Track -mathematics, algebra, trigonometry, calculus, linear algebra, matrix algebra, differential equations, complex numbers, college mathematics, high school mathematics

46. Historical Essays In Calculus And Precalculus Classroom. Through a study of the history of calculus, students can seewhat physical questions prompted Newton to invent calculus. (Motz http://www.aug.edu/dvskel/Garnerii1997.htm

Historical Essays In Calculus And Precalculus: Teaching Mathematics Through History Mary Garner Division of Educational Studies Emory University A paper presented at Interface '95, Atlanta, October, 1995. Abstract This paper presents three historical topics suitable for research and discussion in a precalculus or calculus class. The possible value of these topics in deepening the students' understanding and appreciation of mathematics is also presented. One attempt to incorporate historical research and an historical essay in a calculus class is discussed, and some samples of students' work are provided. A study of the history of mathematics has a great deal to offer both students and teachers of mathematics. By considering in depth the historical development of calculus or algebraic notation, students may be brought to a more meaningful understanding of these areas. They might also gain insight into how pure mathematics feeds applied mathematics what seems abstract and without application in one century, opens doors in the next century. The purpose of this paper is to describe how three historical topics can be of value to both the teacher and student of mathematics. The three topics are algebraic notation, complex numbers, and the beginnings of calculus. An attempt to incorporate a study of history into a Calculus I class is also discussed, with the goal of elucidating the practical pitfalls of such an endeavor.

47. BSU Math Department I Calculus History II Calculus History III Calculus History IV History Topics IndexIndexes of Biographies Outline of the history of calculus The History of http://math.boisestate.edu/~tconklin/CalculusHistory.html

CALCULUS HISTORY Calculus History Earliest Uses of Symbols of Calculus Calculus History I Calculus History II Calculus History III ... Calculus Historical Topics Math Forum Zeno's Paradox Stellar Distances - Parallax Zeno and the Paradox of Motion Zeno's Paradox Resolved ... Famous Curves Index Mathematicians and Physicists Archimedes Archimedes Archimedes' Approximation of Pi Archimedes Home Page Archimedes' Method ... Archimedes Quotations Ptolemy LacusCurtius • Ptolemy's Geography Ptolemy Ptolemy, the Man Ptolemy's Table of Chords Fibonacci Science News Online (6-12-99) Fibonacci at Random The Fibonacci Numbers The Fibonacci Numbers and Golden section in Nature - 1 Galileo The Galileo Project, Homepage Galileo Galileo and Einstein Home Page Galileo Galilei Astronomer and Physicist Kepler Johannes Kepler His Life, His Laws and Times Kepler Kepler and Astronomical Tables Kepler Mission A Search for Terrestrial Planets ... Johannes Kepler Newton Isaac Newton (1642 - 1727) Newton Newton, Isaac (1642-1727) from Eric Weisstein's World of S Sir Isaac Newton - Home ... Newton Quotations Leibniz Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Leibniz Leibniz Links - Menu Liebniz Quotations Descartes Rene Descartes (1596 - 1650) René Descartes [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] Descartes' Meditations Home Page Descartes Gauss Gauss Gauss, Carl Friedrich.

48. :: Ez2Find :: Calculus URL http//www.math.hmc.edu/calculus/; The history of calculus Site Info -Translate - Open New Window Discusses the development of analytic geometry http://ez2find.com/cgi-bin/directory/meta/search.pl/Science/Math/Calculus/

Guide : Calculus Global Metasearch Any Language English Afrikaans Arabic Bahasa Melayu Belarusian Bulgarian Catala Chinese Simplified Chinese Traditional Cymraeg Czech Dansk Deutsch Eesti Espanol Euskara Faroese Francais Frysk Galego Greek Hebrew Hrvatski Indonesia Islenska Italiano Japanese Korean Latvian Lietuviu Lingua Latina Magyar Netherlands Norsk Polska Portugues Romana Russian Shqip Slovensko Slovensky Srpski Suomi Svenska Thai Turkce Ukrainian Vietnamese Mode All Words Any Word Phrase Results Timeout Depth Adult Filter Add to Favorites Other Search Web News Newsgroups Images Guides Calculus ez2Find Home Directory Science Math : Calculus Calculus of Variations Differential Equations Differential Geometry Help ... People Related Categories Science: Math: Analysis Science: Math: Applications Web Sites Understanding Calculus [Site Info] [Translate] [Open New Window] Features introduction to function limits, derivatives, and integration. Includes finding maxima and minima, area approximations, resource tables and related links. URL: http://www.bloom-enterprises.com/Math/calculus.html All Experts Calculus: Questions and Answers [Site Info] [Translate] [Open New Window] Free calculus question and answer service.

49. Math Links Dictionaries. The MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive Includes topicssuch as history of calculus. Perhaps a thesis topic lies within? http://mathcenter.washcoll.edu/mathlinks.html

Math Related Links The links below are sorted by general topic and, toward the bottom, by the course they are related to. If there is something missing you would like to see added - or if you have a site to add - please contact us History of Mathematics, Biographies of Mathematicians, Mathematics Dictionaries The MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive - Includes topics such as history of calculus. Perhaps a thesis topic lies within? History of Mathematics - Euclid's Elements included here as well as cultural information. One master among many M * A * T * H ** F * I * L * E - a little humor, info on fractals, and biographies of mathematicians including a database of female mathematicians Math Dictionary - straightforward definitions of terminology and examples of notation - includes proofs behind the definitions; for those who keep asking "why? why? why?" Foray's into Mathematics - paradoxes, mathematical concepts and simple explanations to encourage thinking about mathematics. Mathemania - discussions and tutorials on topics from graph theory, knot theory, sorting networks, and finite state machines.

50. Calculus And Pizza 7474 functions, increasing and decreasing, 36 fundamental theorem of calculus, 97God s formula, 61 growth, exponential, 119-126 history of calculus, xii-xiv http://sprott.physics.wisc.edu/pickover/calcad.html

Contact News! Books Home Calculus and Pizza A Math Cookbook for the Hungry Mind Clifford A. Pickover Order from Amazon.com. "Taking mathematics from the beginning of the world to the time of Newton, what he has done is much the better half." Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, co-discoverer of calculus "If I have seen further than others, it is by standing upon the shoulders of giants." Isaac Newton, the other discoverer of calculus "If I have not seen as far as others, it is because giants were standing on my shoulders." Hal Abelson, MIT Professor Delicious fast food for the mind that makes learning calculus as easy as eating a slice Click here to see the book at Amazon.Com! "Non-cooks think it's silly to invest two hours' work in two minutes' enjoyment; but if cooking is evanescent, well, so is the ballet." Julia Child, US chef, author, TV hostess If you obtain this book, you will hold a special book in your hands. Sure, there are plenty of other excellent Introductory calculus books for sale. But I have found that none of them have all the features of Calculus and Pizza. Let's consider a few trends: Many Intro calculus books are too big. Most people don't read big books.

51. ENC Online: Curriculum Resources: Readings For Calculus (ENC-020288, Overview) of the MAA (Mathematics Association of America) NOTES series, provides teachersof calculus with a series of essays on the history of calculus and mathematics http://www.enc.org/resources/records/0,1240,020288,00.shtm

Skip Navigation You Are Here ENC Home Curriculum Resources Search the Site More Options Classroom Calendar Digital Dozen ENC Focus ... Ask ENC Explore online lesson plans, student activities, and teacher learning tools. Search Browse About Curriculum Resources Read articles about inquiry, equity, and other key topics for educators and parents. Create your learning plan, read the standards, and find tips for getting grants. Readings for calculus Series: Resources for Calculus Grades: 12 Post-Sec. ENC#: ENC-020288 Publisher: Mathematical Association of America (MAA) Date: Ordering Information Similar Records Featured in ENC Focus Subjects: Mathematics Calculus. History. Integrated/interdisciplinary approaches Humanities. Resource Type: Professional development; Resource materials for math or science. Media Type: Print material. Abstract: This resource book, part of the MAA (Mathematics Association of America) NOTES series, provides teachers of calculus with a series of essays on the history of calculus and mathematics, as well as the place of mathematics in human knowledge. The series features collections of materials that address topics and themes of interest to those involved with undergraduate mathematics. This book is part of a five-book collection containing supplementary materials for enriching the study of calculus. This volume consists of thirty-six essays in four sections, namely History, Learning Calculus, Calculus in Society, and About Mathematics. The topics of the essays include biographical material about such mathematicians as Fermat and Euler, mathematical fallacies, the sociology of mathematics, beauty in mathematics, and applied mathematics. Each of the essays has a short introduction and contains a set of exercises and problems. (Author/MM)

52. BUBL LINK / 5:15 Internet Resources: Calculus including online tutorials and classes, sample problems and exams, explanationsof concepts, tools and software, and material on the history of calculus. http://bubl.ac.uk/link/c/calculus.htm

BUBL LINK / 5:15 Catalogue of Internet Resources Home Search Subject Menus A-Z ... About Calculus A-Z Index Titles Descriptions Advanced Calculus and Analysis Boole: Calculus of Logic Calculus Applied to Probability and Statistics for Liberal Arts and Business Majors calculus.org ... World Lecture Hall: Mathematics Page last updated: 17 March 2003 Comments: bubl@bubl.ac.uk Advanced Calculus and Analysis Study notes on advanced calculus and analysis, covering sequences, monotone convergence, limits and continuity, differentiability, infinite series, power series, differentiation of functions of several variables, and multiple integrals. Author: Ian Craw, Aberdeen University Subjects: calculus DeweyClass: ResourceType: guide Location: uk Last checked: Boole: Calculus of Logic An article by George Boole concerning propositional calculus, first published in Cambridge and Dublin Mathematical Journal Vol. III (1848). The article is available in HTML, LaTeX, DVI, and PostScript formats. Author: George Boole and David R Wilkins Subjects: calculus, mathematical logic

53. Earliest Uses Of Symbols Of Calculus Earliest Uses of Symbols of calculus. Last revision Oct. (This information comesfrom Julio González Cabillón; Cajori indicates in his history of Mathematics http://members.aol.com/jeff570/calculus.html

Earliest Uses of Symbols of Calculus Last revision: Oct. 5, 2001 Derivative. The symbols dx, dy, and dx/dy were introduced by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) in a manuscript of November 11, 1675 (Cajori vol. 2, page 204). f'(x) for the first derivative, f''(x) for the second derivative, etc., were introduced by Joseph Louis Lagrange (1736-1813). In 1797 in the symbols f'x and f''x are found; in the Oeuvres, Vol. X, "which purports to be a reprint of the 1806 edition, on p. 15, 17, one finds the corresponding parts given as f(x), f'(x), f''(x), f'''(x) " (Cajori vol. 2, page 207). In 1770 Joseph Louis Lagrange (1736-1813) wrote for in his memoir In 1772 Lagrange wrote u' du dx and du u'dx Nouveaux Memoires de l'Academie royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Berlin. History of Mathematics that Arbogast introduced this symbol, but it seems he does not show this symbol in A History of Mathematical Notations. D was used by Arbogast in the same work, although this symbol had previously been used by Johann Bernoulli (Cajori vol. 2, page 209). Bernoulli used the symbol in a non-operational sense (Maor, page 97). Partial derivative.

54. Calculus History A history of the calculus. Analysis index. history Topics Index. The main ideas which underpin the calculus developed over a very long period of time indeed. The first steps were taken by Greek mathematicians. http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/The_rise_of_calculus.html

A history of the calculus Analysis index History Topics Index The main ideas which underpin the calculus developed over a very long period of time indeed. The first steps were taken by Greek mathematicians. To the Greeks numbers were ratios of integers so the number line had "holes" in it. They got round this difficulty by using lengths, areas and volumes in addition to numbers for, to the Greeks, not all lengths were numbers. Zeno of Elea , about 450 BC, gave a number of problems which were based on the infinite. For example he argued that motion is impossible:- If a body moves from A to B then before it reaches B it passes through the mid-point, say B of AB. Now to move to B it must first reach the mid-point B of AB . Continue this argument to see that A must move through an infinite number of distances and so cannot move. Leucippus Democritus and Antiphon all made contributions to the Greek method of exhaustion which was put on a scientific basis by Eudoxus about 370 BC. The method of exhaustion is so called because one thinks of the areas measured expanding so that they account for more and more of the required area.

55. Why Study Calculus? A Brief History Of Math Why Do We Study calculus? or, a brief look at some of the history of mathematics. an essay by Eric Schechter. version of September 10, 1999. The question I am asked most often is, "why do we study this?" ( or its variant, "will this be on the exam?"). Probably we should put more history into our calculus courses. There is http://math.vanderbilt.edu/~schectex/courses/whystudy.html

Why Do We Study Calculus? or, a brief look at some of the history of mathematics an essay by Eric Schechter version of September 10, 1999 The question I am asked most often is, "why do we study this?" (or its variant, "will this be on the exam?"). Though some students will eventually use integrals and derivatives in their work in physics, chemistry, or economics, most will never use epsilons and deltas. Applied mathematicians may use a theorem such as "the limit of the product is the product of the limits"; we only need epsilons and deltas to prove such theorems. If the applied mathematician takes the attitude that "I trust the pure mathematicians who say they have proved this theorem," then the applied mathematician does not need to study epsilons and deltas at all. But calculus is not a just vocational training course. In part, students should study calculus for the same reasons that they study Darwin, Marx, Voltaire, or Dostoyevsky: These ideas are a basic part of our culture; these ideas have shaped how we perceive the world and how we perceive our place in the world. To understand how that is true of calculus, we must put calculus into a historical perspective; we must contrast the world before calculus with the world after calculus. (Probably we should put more history into our calculus courses. There is a growing movement among mathematics teachers to do precisely that.) The earliest mathematics was perhaps the arithmetic of commerce: If I am willing to trade 3 of my goats for one of your cows, how many goats will 4 cows cost me? The ancient Greeks did a great deal of clever thinking, but very few experiments; this led to some errors. For instance, Aristotle observed that a rock falls faster than a feather, and concluded that heavier objects fall faster than lighter objects. Aristotle's views persisted for centuries, until the discovery of air resistance.

56. Why Study Calculus? A Brief History Of Math Why Do We Study calculus? or, a brief look at some of the history of mathematics. (Probably we should put more history into our calculus courses. http://www.math.vanderbilt.edu/~schectex/courses/whystudy.html

Why Do We Study Calculus? or, a brief look at some of the history of mathematics an essay by Eric Schechter version of September 10, 1999 The question I am asked most often is, "why do we study this?" (or its variant, "will this be on the exam?"). Though some students will eventually use integrals and derivatives in their work in physics, chemistry, or economics, most will never use epsilons and deltas. Applied mathematicians may use a theorem such as "the limit of the product is the product of the limits"; we only need epsilons and deltas to prove such theorems. If the applied mathematician takes the attitude that "I trust the pure mathematicians who say they have proved this theorem," then the applied mathematician does not need to study epsilons and deltas at all. But calculus is not a just vocational training course. In part, students should study calculus for the same reasons that they study Darwin, Marx, Voltaire, or Dostoyevsky: These ideas are a basic part of our culture; these ideas have shaped how we perceive the world and how we perceive our place in the world. To understand how that is true of calculus, we must put calculus into a historical perspective; we must contrast the world before calculus with the world after calculus. (Probably we should put more history into our calculus courses. There is a growing movement among mathematics teachers to do precisely that.) The earliest mathematics was perhaps the arithmetic of commerce: If I am willing to trade 3 of my goats for one of your cows, how many goats will 4 cows cost me? The ancient Greeks did a great deal of clever thinking, but very few experiments; this led to some errors. For instance, Aristotle observed that a rock falls faster than a feather, and concluded that heavier objects fall faster than lighter objects. Aristotle's views persisted for centuries, until the discovery of air resistance.

57. The History Of The Calculus And The Development Of Computer Algebra Systmes The history of the calculus and the Development of Computer Algebra Systems.0. Introduction 1. history of the Integral from the 17 th Century. http://www.math.wpi.edu/IQP/BVCalcHist/calctoc.html

The History of the Calculus and the Development of Computer Algebra Systems Introduction History of the Integral from the 17 th Century ... Conclusions A. Bibliography Return to the Main Page

58. Innovative Teaching Exchange: Volumes And History Volumes and history a calculus project using original source reading(a contribution to the Innovative Teaching Exchange series). http://www.maa.org/t_and_l/exchange/ite5/hodgson.html

Volumes and History: A Calculus Project Involving Reading an Original Source Elyn Rykken Mathematical Sciences Department Muhlenberg College Allentown, PA 18104 and Jody Sorensen Department of Mathematics and Statistics Grand Valley State University Allendale, MI 49401 While conducting a survey of old calculus books in the rare book room at American University, we came across James Hodgson's The Doctrine of Fluxions. While the book was originally published in 1726, we looked at a posthumous 1756 edition. We were looking for various calculus books' presentations of volumes of solids of revolution. While Hodgson's notation and language are awkward to our modern eyes, his geometric explanations are clear. Furthermore, he employs a wide variety of techniques that are still taught today. These include the methods using "disks", "washers", and "shells". We decided to use several pages of this text as a reading assignment for our students. What follows is a summary of what we hope to achieve by the project, along with links to the text, including both images of the actual book and our transcribed copy of the pages. We've also included the assignment we give to our students, a summary of the difficulties they have encountered, and their reactions. When teaching our students how to find volumes of solids of revolution, we emphasize visualizing the geometry that is involved. We teach them to consider a representative slice of the region which is to be rotated, and then to imagine what shape this slice will generate when rotated. This naturally leads to the use of disks, washers or shells, depending on the particular slice that is considered. When we discovered Hodgson's treatment of this topic in his text, we were pleased to see that he uses the same approach. We decided that reading this text would be a good exercise for our students. It would reinforce the idea of a representative slice, and it would serve as an introduction to the history of mathematics as a discipline, and to the history of calculus in particular.

59. Projects-Based Calculus At Cornell: A Cross-Referenced History ProjectsBased calculus at Cornell. A Cross-referenced history. (Othershave brought Multivariable calculus with Maple to Cornell). http://www.math.cornell.edu/~projcalc/calc-reform-hist.html

Projects-Based Calculus at Cornell A Cross-referenced History (Others have brought Multivariable Calculus with Maple to Cornell) Spring 93: In his second consecutive semester of teaching second semester calculus (math 112), graduate student instructor Harel Barzilai introduces student activities in groups and oral exams (presentations at the board by students to him) in his class. (Also took students to Dept Seminar) Fall 93: Graduate students Harel Barzilai and Maria Gargova attend a talk at the Occasional Seminar on Undergraduate Teaching (OSUT) by Cynthia Woodburn of the University of New Mexico (UNM) about Student Projects in Calculus. Maria and Harel discuss, during office hours, their positive impressions of Cynthia's talk, and whether these ideas can be brought to Cornell. First Email. (Nov 4 93) Fellow graduate student and math 112 instructor Lisa Orlandi and others interested are sent a report about Maria's and Harel's activities... ...and about the problems with the current math 112 Harel writes up and sends the First Draft Proposal to reform math 112 Harel and Maria talk to Tom Rishel, Director of Undergraduate Teaching at the Math Department, about the idea of bringing calculus reform to Cornell.

60. A Short History Of Probability A Short history of Probability. From calculus, Volume II by Tom M.Apostol (2 nd edition, John Wiley Sons, 1969 ) A gambler s http://www.cc.gatech.edu/classes/cs6751_97_winter/Topics/stat-meas/probHist.html

A Short History of Probability From Calculus, Volume II by Tom M. Apostol nd The Dutch scientist Christian Huygens, a teacher of Leibniz, learned of this correspondence and shortly thereafter (in 1657) published the first book on probability; entitled De Ratiociniis in Ludo Aleae , it was a treatise on problems associated with gambling. Because of the inherent appeal of games of chance, probability theory soon became popular, and the subject developed rapidly during the 18th century. The major contributors during this period were Jakob Bernoulli (1654-1705) and Abraham de Moivre (1667-1754). In 1812 Pierre de Laplace (1749-1827) introduced a host of new ideas and mathematical techniques in his book, . Before Laplace, probability theory was solely concerned with developing a mathematical analysis of games of chance. Laplace applied probabilistic ideas to many scientific and practical problems. The theory of errors, actuarial mathematics, and statistical mechanics are examples of some of the important applications of probability theory developed in the l9th century. Like so many other branches of mathematics, the development of probability theory has been stimulated by the variety of its applications. Conversely, each advance in the theory has enlarged the scope of its influence. Mathematical statistics is one important branch of applied probability; other applications occur in such widely different fields as genetics, psychology, economics, and engineering. Many workers have contributed to the theory since Laplace's time; among the most important are Chebyshev, Markov, von Mises, and Kolmogorov.

Page 3     41-60 of 182    Back | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | 6  | 7  | 8  | 9  | 10  | Next 20