1. Zitkala-Sa Or Gertrude Simmons Bonnin Gertrude Simmons Bonnin (ZitkalaSa) (1876-1938). . American LiteratureSites Foley Library Catalog Zitkala-Sa Biography and links http://www.gonzaga.edu/faculty/campbell/enl311/zitkala.htm

Literary Movements Timeline American Authors English 310/510 ... English 462/562 Gertrude Simmons Bonnin (Zitkala-Sa) (1876-1938) American Literature Sites Foley Library Catalog Zitkala-Sa Biography and links at the Native American Authors Project Biography by Roseanne Hoefel and bibliography at the The Online Archive of Nineteenth-Century U.S. Women's Writings. (Image courtesy of this site.) Biographical sketch by Melessa Rae Henderson at the Voices from the Gaps: American Women of Color site. Kristin Herzog's general commentary on teaching Zitkala-Sa from the Heath Anthology site. General Bibliography of Native American Literature Works Available Online An Indian Teacher Among Indians Atlantic Monthly ( 1900), Volume 85. Impressions of an Indian Childhood Atlantic Monthly Old Indian Legends (1901) Old Indian Legends at Project Gutenberg School Days of an Indian Girl Atlantic Monthly Soft Hearted Sioux Harper's Monthly , New York (1901 )

2. Fiction: Zitkala-Sa Back to List ZitkalaSa (1876-1938) LINKS Internet Public Library Native AmericanAuthors Project http//www.ipl.org/cgi/ref/native/browse.pl/A91 http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/litlinks/fiction/zitkala.htm

MM_preloadImages('../images/m_research_o.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../images/m_related_o.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../images/m_literary_o.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../images/m_critical_o.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../images/m_essays_o.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../images/m_poetry_o.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../images/m_drama_o.gif'); MM_preloadImages('../images/m_fiction_o.gif'); Zitkala-Sa LINKS Internet Public Library: Native American Authors Project http://www.ipl.org/cgi/ref/native/browse.pl/A91 This page, part of a much larger educational site on Native Americans, features a brief biography and a list of online resources by or about Zitkala-Sa. South Dakota: A Guide to the Great Sioux Nation http://www.state.sd.us/state/executive/tourism/sioux/sioux.htm Read about the Yankton Sioux tribe, of which Zitkala-Sa was a member. BIOGRAPHY Zitkala-Sa [Gertrude Simmons Bonnin, (1876-1938)] was born at the Yankton Sioux Agency in South Dakota, the third child of Tate I Yohin Win (Reaches for the Wind), a full-blood Dakota woman, and a white man who deserted the mother before her daughter's birth. Zitkala-Sa was raised in the Dakota Sioux tribe, but in 1884 she was persuaded to follow missionaries back to a Quaker boarding schools for Indians in Wabash, Indiana. After six years at the boarding school, Zitkala-Sa studied at Earlham College in Richmond, Indiana, from 1895 to 1897 and then began to teach at Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania in 1899. There, under the Lakota name Zitkala-Sa (Red Bird), she started to publish autobiographical stories in magazines. In 1900

3. Heath Anthology Of American Literature 4/e Gertrude Bonnin (Zitkala-Sa; Sioux) Textbook Site for The Heath Anthology of American Literature, Fourth EditionPaul Lauter, General Editor. Gertrude Bonnin (ZitkalaSa; Sioux) (1876-1938) http://college.hmco.com/english/lauter/heath/4e/students/author_pages/late_ninet

Site Orientation Heath Orientation Timeline Access Author Profile Pages by: Fourth Edition Table of Contents Concise Edition Table of Contents Authors by Name Authors by Year ... Internet Research Guide Textbook Site for: The Heath Anthology of American Literature , Fourth Edition Paul Lauter, General Editor Gertrude Bonnin (Zitkala-Sa; Sioux) Meanwhile, the estrangement from her mother and the old ways of the reservation had grown, as had her indignation over the treatment of American Indians by the state, church, and population at large. Around 1900 she began to express her feelings publicly in writing. In articles in the Atlantic Monthly and other journals she struggled with the issues of cultural dislocation and injustice that brought suffering to her people. But her authorial voice was not merely critical. She was earnestly committed to being a bridge builder between cultures, for example, by writing Old Indian Legends, published in 1901. "I have tried," she says in the introduction to that work, "to transplant the native spirit of these tales—root and all—into the English language, since America in the last few centuries has acquired a second tongue." In the following decades, Zitkala-Sa's writing efforts were increasingly part of, and finally supplanted by, her work as an Indian rights activist. She had accepted a clerkship at the Standing Rock Reservation, where she met and married Raymond T. Bonnin, another Sioux employee of the Indian service. The Bonnins then transferred to a reservation in Utah where they became affiliated with the Society of American Indians. Zitkala-Sa was elected secretary of the Society in 1916, and the Bonnins moved to Washington, D.C., where she worked with the Society and edited the

4. Images Of Zitkala-Sa Images of ZitkalaSa. In the last years of the nineteenth century, photographer Gertrude Käsebier (1852-1934) began photographing members of Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show in New York City. Käsebier had met Zitkala-Sa (1876-1938) in New York in the last years Käsebier's portraits of Zitkala-Sa reflect Zitkala-Sa's complicated multiple identities. Zitkala-Sa (or "Red http://www.library.csi.cuny.edu/dept/history/lavender/zitkalasaimages.html

Images of Zitkala-Sa Harper's Bazaar In Keiley's portrait of her, he presents Zitkala-Sa as a dreamy, unfocused representative of Indian womanhood. Among the several portraits Keiley took of Zitkala-Sa are four photographs of her in Chinese dress; these represent Keiley's view of her as an exotic "type" without regard to her individual identity or her Lakota origins. Recommended reading: Barbara L. Michaels, (New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1992), especially pp. 25-44. Prepared by Professor Catherine Lavender for HSS 502 (Honors SeminarAmerican Frontiers and Borderlands), The Department of History , The College of Staten Island of The City University of New York. Send email to lavender@postbox.csi.cuny.edu Last modified: Wednesday 13 September 2000.

5. ZITKALA-SA AS TOLD BY ZitkalaSa. Zitkala-Sa (Red Bird), Gertrude Simmons Bonnin, 1876-1938, was born at the In 1916 Zitkala was elected secretary-treasurer of the Society of American http://www.y-indianguides.com/pfm_ik_zitkalasha.html

Chat directly with Big Eagle if icon is blinking Big Eagle's Y-INDIAN MEDALLIONS INDIAN GUIDES PRINCESS MAIDENS BRAVES ... TRAILBLAZERS Click medallion for Home Page Click on the fire E-mail Big Eagle, sign his guest book or phone 888-222-8228. To tell a friend about his site, click here THE IKTOMI LEGENDS AS TOLD BY ZITKALA-SA Zitkala-Sa (Red Bird), Gertrude Simmons Bonnin, 1876-1938, was born at the Yankton Reservation in South Dakota where she was raised as a Lakota Sioux. She attended a Quaker missionary school in Indiana, White's Manual Labor Institute. She later attended Earlham College, 1895-1897, also in Indiana, then taught at Carlisle Indian Training School. In 1916 Zitkala was elected secretary-treasurer of the Society of American Indians, also editing their journal, American Indian Magazine. In 1921 she founded her own political organization, the National Council of American Indians. Much more information about Red Bird can be found here ". . . I prefer to their dogma my excursions into the natural gardens where the voice of the Great Spirit is heard in the twittering of birds, the rippling of mighty waters, and the sweet breathing of flowers. If this is Paganism, then at present, at least, I am a Pagan."

6. Zitkala-Sa "The old legends of America belong quite as much to the blueeyed little patriot as to the black-haired aborigine. From Old Indian Legends by Zitkala-Sa. Zitkala-Sa Gertrude Simmons Bonnin 1876-1938 Zitkala-Sa was born at the Yankton http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/dept/english/CLit/ZITKALA/zitkala.html

"The old legends of America belong quite as much to the blue-eyed little patriot as to the black-haired aborigine. And when they are grown tall like the wise grown-ups may they not lack interest in a further study of Indian folklore, a study which so strongly suggests our near kinship with the rest of humanity and points a steady finger toward the great brotherhood of mankind, and by which one is so forcibly impressed with the possible earnestness of life as seen through the teepee door! If it be true that much lies "in the eye of the beholder," then in the American aborigine as in any other race, sincerity of belief, though it were based upon mere optical illusion, demands a little respect." From Old Indian Legends by Zitkala-Sa

7. Gertrude Bonnin (Zitkala-Sa) (Sioux) (1876-1938) Gertrude Bonnin (ZitkalaSa) (Sioux) (1876-1938). Contributing EditorKristin Herzog. Classroom Issues and Strategies. Without a knowledge http://www.georgetown.edu/faculty/bassr/heath/syllabuild/iguide/bonnin.html

Gertrude Bonnin (Zitkala-Sa) (Sioux) (1876-1938) Contributing Editor: Kristin Herzog Classroom Issues and Strategies Without a knowledge of Zitkala-Sa's life and the near impossibility for an American Indian woman of her time to publish independently, students will wonder where these stories fit in. It is important to point out the extreme difficulties of a writer trying to preserve a tribal heritage and yet to communicate to a white audience. Besides dealing with matters of biography, history, and style, I think approaching these early American Indian authors from the religious perspective (Native American spirituality versus enforced assimilation to Christian beliefs) is effective in helping students to sense the very basic dilemma of a writer, a problem of cultural and spiritual identity that goes deeper than mere issues of civil rights, important as they are. Students easily identify with the aspect of social criticism or rebellion, but may not find the style particularly attractive because they do not know the historical and biographical background and the tastes of the literary market at this time. Major Themes, Historical Perspectives, and Personal Issues

8. Gertrude Bonnin (Zitkala-Sa) (Sioux) (1876-1938) Gertrude Bonnin (ZitkalaSa) (Sioux) (1876-1938) Contributing Editor Kristin Herzog Without a knowledge of Zitkala-Sa's life and the near impossibility for an American Indian woman http://www.georgetown.edu/bassr/heath/syllabuild/iguide/bonnin.html

Gertrude Bonnin (Zitkala-Sa) (Sioux) (1876-1938) Contributing Editor: Kristin Herzog Classroom Issues and Strategies Without a knowledge of Zitkala-Sa's life and the near impossibility for an American Indian woman of her time to publish independently, students will wonder where these stories fit in. It is important to point out the extreme difficulties of a writer trying to preserve a tribal heritage and yet to communicate to a white audience. Besides dealing with matters of biography, history, and style, I think approaching these early American Indian authors from the religious perspective (Native American spirituality versus enforced assimilation to Christian beliefs) is effective in helping students to sense the very basic dilemma of a writer, a problem of cultural and spiritual identity that goes deeper than mere issues of civil rights, important as they are. Students easily identify with the aspect of social criticism or rebellion, but may not find the style particularly attractive because they do not know the historical and biographical background and the tastes of the literary market at this time. Major Themes, Historical Perspectives, and Personal Issues

9. Browse Top Level > Texts > Project Gutenberg > Authors > Z > Zitkala-Sa, 1876-19 There is no description available for this text. Author ZitkalaSa, 1876-1938Keywords Authors Z Zitkala-Sa, 1876-1938; Titles O ; Subject Gypsies. http://www.archive.org/texts/textslisting-browse.php?collection=gutenberg&cat=Au

10. Backflip Publisher Tonkteacher Folder Zitkala-Sa About Gertrude Simmons Bonnin (ZitkalaSa) (1876-1938) About arts and literature Library Native American Authors Project Zitkala Sa , 1876-1938 Sioux Dakota Zitkala Sa was born at http://www.backflip.com/members/tonkteacher/9721224/sort=0

11. PROJECT GUTENBERG - Catalog By Author - Zitkala-Sa, 1876-1938 Etexts by Author. ZitkalaSa, 1876-1938 AKA Bonnin, Gertrude (Zitkala-Sa) Z Index Main Index Old Indian Legends LANGUAGE http://www.informika.ru/text/books/gutenb/gutind/TEMP/zitkalasa_.html

12. Old Indian Legends Old Indian Legends ZitkalaSa, 1876-1938 1876-1938 Zitkala-Sa http://rdre1.inktomi.com/click?u=http://www.archive.org/texts/texts-details-db.p

13. Reader's Companion To American History - -BONNIN, GERTRUDE The Reader s Companion to American History. BONNIN, GERTRUDE. (18761938), YanktonSioux writer and pan-Indian activist. Bonnin, or Zitkala-Sa, was the author of http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/rcah/html/ah_011300_bonningertru.htm

Entries Publication Data Advisory Board Contributors ... World Civilizations The Reader's Companion to American History BONNIN, GERTRUDE , Yankton Sioux writer and pan-Indian activist. Bonnin, or Zitkala-Sa, was the author of Old Indian Legends (1901) and American Indian Stories (1921), and a leader in the first twentieth-century political pan-Indian movement, the Society of American Indians (1916-1919). She also founded and served as president of the National Council of American Indians (1926-1938). Zitkala-Sa rose to national prominence in the early decades of the twentieth century as a proponent of cultural pluralism and Indian self-determination in defiance of long-prevailing government acculturation policies. Almost alone among both Indian and white Progressive Era reformers, she rejected the efforts of well-meaning but ethnocentric government and philanthropic assimilationists who sought to "save" the Indian. Throughout her life she demanded American recognition of the continuing viability of Indian societies and an Indian identity. Zitkala-Sa kept the reform pan-Indian movement alive in the decades between the demise of the Society of American Indians in the 1920s and the formation of subsequent organizations. The National Council of American Indians, which she founded in 1926, identified crucial land and resources issues facing Indian peoples while developing techniques to attract public attention. Throughout the 1920s, she worked with the General Federation of Women's Clubs to establish their nationally active Indian Welfare Committee. She participated in an investigation of government abuses endured by Oklahoma Indian peoples and wrote much of the final report published in 1924

14. American Passages - Unit 8. Regional Realism: Authors Authors ZitkalaSa (Gertrude Simmons Bonnin) (1876-1938) 1801 JNChoate, Group of Omaha boys in cadet uniforms, Carlisle Indian http://www.learner.org/amerpass/unit08/authors-10.html

Home Channel Video Catalog About Us ... Contact Us Select a Different Unit 1. Native Voices 2. Exploring Borderlands 3. Utopian Promise 4. Spirit of Nationalism 5. Masculine Heroes 6. Gothic Undercurrents 7. Slavery and Freedom 8. Regional Realism 9. Social Realism 10. Rhythms in Poetry 11. Modernist Portraits 12. Migrant Struggle 13. Southern Renaissance 14. Becoming Visible 15. Poetry of Liberation 16. Search for Identity Regional Realism Unit Overview Using the Video ... Activities Authors: Zitkala-Sa (Gertrude Simmons Bonnin) (1876-1938) ] J. N. Choate, Group of Omaha boys in cadet uniforms, Carlisle Indian School, Pennsylvania (1880), courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration [NWDNS-75-IP-1-10]. Zitkala-Sa Activities This link leads to artifacts, teaching tips and discussion questions for this author. Writer, musician, educator, and Indian rights activist, Zitkala-Sa (or Red Bird) was born on the Sioux Pine Ridge Reservation in South Dakota. After her white father abandoned the family, she was brought up by her Indian mother in traditional Sioux ways. At the age of eight, Zitkala-Sa's life was transformed when white missionaries came to Pine Ridge and convinced her to enroll in a boarding school in Wabash, Indiana. Part of a movement to "civilize" Indian children by removing them from their native culture and indoctrinating them in Euro-American ways, the school trained Indian pupils in manual labor, Christianity, and the English language. Zitkala-Sa found it a hostile environment and struggled to adapt.

15. American Passages - Unit 8. Regional Realism: Authors Go ZitkalaSa (Gertrude Simmons Bonnin) (1876-1938) Writer, musician, educator, andIndian rights activist, Zitkala-Sa (or Red Bird) was born on the Sioux Pine http://www.learner.org/amerpass/unit08/authors.html

Home Channel Video Catalog About Us ... Contact Us Select a Different Unit 1. Native Voices 2. Exploring Borderlands 3. Utopian Promise 4. Spirit of Nationalism 5. Masculine Heroes 6. Gothic Undercurrents 7. Slavery and Freedom 8. Regional Realism 9. Social Realism 10. Rhythms in Poetry 11. Modernist Portraits 12. Migrant Struggle 13. Southern Renaissance 14. Becoming Visible 15. Poetry of Liberation 16. Search for Identity Regional Realism Unit Overview Using the Video ... Activities Authors The information for each author includes biographical and contextual materials and activities. Charles W. Chesnutt (1858-1932) Charles W. Chesnutt was a pioneer among African American fiction writers, addressing controversial issues of race in a realist style that commanded the attention and respect of the white literary establishment of the late nineteenth century. Born in Cleveland, Ohio, Chesnutt was the son of free parents who had... Kate Chopin (1851-1904) Writing at the end of the nineteenth century at the height of the popularity of "local color" fiction, Kate Chopin introduced American readers to a new fictional setting with her evocations of the diverse culture of Cajun and Creole Louisiana. But while much of Chopin's work falls into the category of regionalism , her...

16. Glynis Carr, Ed. Online Archive 19th C. U.S. Women's Writings ZitkalaSa (Gertrude Bonnin) (1876-1938) A Biography, by Roseanne Hoefel. Impressions of an Indian Childhood, from The Atlantic Monthly (1900). http://www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/gcarr/19cUSWW/

The Online Archive of Nineteenth-Century U.S. Women's Writings Edited by Glynis Carr www.facstaff.bucknell.edu/gcarr/19cUSWW/ Bucknell University, Department of English Lewisburg, PA. Last update: August 29, 2001. Preface Editorial Practices and Textual Notes Conditions of Use Contributors ... Acknowledgements Table of Contents Lydia Maria Child (1802-1880) "Slavery's Pleasant Homes" and other writings from The Liberty Bell , including "Charity Bowery," "The Quadroons," and "The Stars and Stripes: A Melo-Drama" (1839-1858). Headnote by Kathy Davis. Elizabeth Stuart Phelps (1815-1852) "The Angel Over the Right Shoulder" (1852). Designed by Kate Barmak. Headnote by Katherine Mary Kennedy Harriet Prescott Spofford (1835-1921) "Circumstance" Headnote by Jacob Frechette and Jon C. Adams. "These brambles and thorns have torn my dress," a poem in response to Spofford's "Circumstance." By Jacob Frechette. Sarah Orne Jewett (1849-1909) "A White Heron" (1891). Designed by Courtney Curzi. Kate Chopin (1851-1904) The Vogue Stories Charlotte Perkins Gilman (1860-1935) "The Giant Wistaria" from The New England Magazine Headnote by Glynis Carr "The Yellow Wall-Paper" from The New England Magazine Victoria Earle Matthews (1861-1907) "Aunt Lindy: A Story Founded on Real Life" (1893). Designed by Jennifer L. Ciotta.

17. Why I Am Pagan By Zitkala-Sa Why I Am Pagan by ZitkalaSa (Gertrude Bonnin) (1876-1938). Writtenin 1902. When the spirit swells my breast I love to roam leisurely http://13moons.org/bos/why_i_am_pagan.htm

H ome Tarot Readings 13 Moons Message Forum ... Shop for your witchcraft and pagan supplies with us at Why I Am Pagan by Zitkala-Sa (Gertrude Bonnin) (1876-1938) Written in 1902. When the spirit swells my breast I love to roam leisurely among the green hills; or sometimes, sitting on the brink of the murmuring Missouri, I marvel at the great blue overhead. With half closed eyes I watch the huge cloud shadows in their noiseless play upon the high bluffs opposite me, while into my ear ripple the sweet, soft cadences of the river's song. Folded hands lie in my lap, for the time forgot. My heart and I lie small upon the earth like a grain of throbbing sand. Drifting clouds and tinkling waters, together with the warmth of a genial summer day, bespeak with eloquence the loving Mystery round about us. During the idle while I sat upon the sunny river brink, I grew somewhat, though my response be not so clearly manifest as in the green grass fringing the edge of the high bluff back of me. At length retracing the uncertain footpath scaling the precipitous embankment, I seek the level lands where grow the wild prairie flowers. And they, the lovely little folk, soothe my soul with their perfumed breath.

18. Timeline 18471931), Parade of Buffalo Bill s Wild West Show (1898) Zitkala-Sa (1876-1938), Impressions of an Indian Childhood (1900about 1870s-1880s) Mary Austin http://www.library.csi.cuny.edu/dept/history/lavender/time502.html

Timeline for Readings By Date of Production Mary Rowlandson (c. 1635-c. 1678), "Indian Captivity" (1676) The Declaration of Independence (1776) The Constitution of the United States of America (1789) Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826), "Instructions to Meriwether Lewis" (1803) Meriwether Lewis (1774-1809) and William Clark (1770-1838), Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition Lydia Maria Child, Hobomok James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851), The Last of the Mohicans Frederick Douglass (1817?-1895), Narrative Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811-1896), Uncle Tom's Cabin Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862), Walden Walt Whitman (1819-1892); Leaves of Grass Bret Harte (1836-1902), "The Luck of Roaring Camp" and Other Short Stories Brooklyn Bridge (1883) Mark Twain (1835-1910), Roughing It Frederick Jackson Turner(1861-1932), "The Significance of the Frontier in American History" (1893) Thomas Edison (1847-1931), Parade of Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show Zitkala-Sa (1876-1938), "Impressions of an Indian Childhood" (1900about 1870s-1880s) Mary Austin (1868-1934)

19. Gertrude Simmons Bonnin (Zitkala-Sa) - Voices From The Gaps GERTRUDE SIMMONS BONNIN (ZitkalaSa) 1876-1938. A Christianity pugilist commentedupon a recent article of mine, grossly perverting the spirit of my pen. http://voices.cla.umn.edu/newsite/authors/BONNINgertrudesimmons.htm

PROJECT WRITERS CLASSROOM SUBMIT RESOUND OPPORTUNITIES ... by significant dates GERTRUDE SIMMONS BONNIN (ZITKALA-SA) A 'Christianity' pugilist commented upon a recent article of mine, grossly perverting the spirit of my pen. Still I would not forget that the pale-faced missionary and the hoodooed aborigine are both God's creatures, though small indeed their own conceptions of Infinite Love. A wee child toddling in a wonder world, I prefer to their dogma my excursions into the natural gardens where the voice of the Great Spirit is heard in the twittering of birds, the rippling of mighty waters, and the sweet breathing of flowers. If this is Paganism, then at present, at least, I am a Pagan. - "Why I Am A Pagan" Gertrude Simmons Bonnin (Zitkala-Sa) Photo credits Click to go to: Biography - Criticism Selected Bibliography Related Links BIOGRAPHY - CRITICISM Gertrude Simmons Bonnin, Zitkala Sha (Red Bird), was an extraordinarily talented and educated Native American woman who struggled and triumphed in a time when severe prejudice prevailed toward Native American culture and women. Her talents and contributions in the worlds of literature, music, and politics challenge long-standing beliefs in the white man's culture as good, and Native Americans as sinful savages. Bonnin aimed at creating understanding between the dominant white and Native American cultures. As a woman of mixed white and Native American ancestry, she embodied the need for the two cultures to live cooperatively within the same body of land. Her works criticized dogma, and her life as a Native American woman was dedicated against the evils of oppression.

20. Backflip Publisher Tonkteacher Folder Zitkala-Sa Native American Authors Zitkala Sa the Internet Public Library Native American AuthorsProject Zitkala Sa , 18761938 Sioux Dakota Zitkala Sa was born at the http://www.backflip.com/members/tonkteacher/9721224/page=1/sort=0/linkspp=25

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