61. Baruch Spinoza Baruch Spinoza (16321677) Baruch Spinoza was one of the great philosophers of the age of Rationalism and a major influence thereafter, as on, paradoxically, both of the bitter enemies Arthur Schopenhauer and G.W.F. Hegel. name "Benedict " which in Latin (Benedictus) would mean "spoken well of" or http://www.friesian.com/spinoza.htm

Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) Baruch Spinoza was one of the great philosophers of the age of Rationalism and a major influence thereafter, as on, paradoxically, both of the bitter enemies Arthur Schopenhauer and G.W.F. Hegel . From a Portuguese Jewish family that had fled to the relative tolerance of the Netherlands, one of the most famous things about Spinoza was his expulsion from the Dutch Jewish community. This is often called an "excommunication," though, as I used to have a high school teacher protest, there is really no such thing as "excommunication" in Judaism. Nevertheless, Spinoza was expelled from the Jewish community and anathematized. Although he is today recognized as one of the greatest Jewish philosophers ever, and the chief Rabbis of Israel have been petitioned to formally lift the curse upon him, this has not happened: Spinoza remains a controversial person in Judaism, for very much the same reasons that led to his expulsion in the first place. Spinoza's God is not the God of Abraham and Isaac, not a personal God at all, and his system provides no reason for the revelatory status of the Bible or the practice of Judaism, or of any religion, for that matter. Spinoza's alienation from his community is reflected in an alternative version of his name. "Baruch" in Hebrew (

62. Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) - By Miles Hodges BENEDICT (BARUCH) Spinoza (16321677). Spinoza was born in 1632 in Amsterdam of aJewish blessed, which translates into the Latin as Benedictus. He grew up http://www.newgenevacenter.org/biography/spinoza2.htm

BENEDICT (BARUCH) SPINOZA (1632-1677) CONTENTS Spinoza: An Overview His Life and Works His Major Ideas His Legacy Links to Spinoza's Writings and More Information SPINOZA: AN OVERVIEW Spinoza was a free-thinking individual who lived an a rather intolerant time. He grew up as a Jew in the Christian Netherlandsbut found his first encounter with intolerance was within his own Jewish community, which itself was not tolerant of his non-conforming theology. He was a pantheistseeing God in everything. He was a moral relativist, who did not believe in some set of transcending religious or civil laws that we ought to conform ourselves to, but who instead believed in following out our own natural personal imperativesthat noone else had a right to pass judgment on. This was not a philosophy designed to make the religiously conservative community around him very happy. But it certainly spoke to those souls who were tiring rapidly of the mean spiritedness of the religiously orthodoxa growing number of youthful minds who hoped to rise to truths which were vastly higher than the traditional variety that had brought Europeans to war against each other mercilessly. HIS LIFE AND WORKS His Youth Spinoza was born in 1632 in Amsterdam of a Jewish family that had moved to the Netherlands from Portugal to escape persecution. He was given the Hebrew name "Baruch," meaning "blessed," which translates into the Latin as "Benedictus." He grew up in comfortfor his father was a prosperous merchant. But his mother died when he was only 6 years old. He attended a local Jewish school where he was taught a Hebrew curriculumfrom the Talmud, to mathematics, to Jewish mysticism. At age 11 his father diedand his stepsister laid claim to the entire family fortune. Thus Spinoza was on his own at an early age.

63. UBA - Spinoza Voor een uitgebreid overzicht over leven en werk van Spinoza, zie het artikelBenedictus de Spinoza (16321677) van Piet Steenbakkers. Werken http://cf.uba.uva.nl/nl/digitalebib/wijsbegeerte/spinoza.html

Home Actueel Over de UBA Op bezoek ... English Benedictus de Spinoza Index Wijsbegeerte Vakspecialistische bronnen Persoonlijke selectie: Filosofiebeoefening in Nederland Descartes Spinoza Leven Werken Bibliotheken Internet Leven Benedictus de Spinoza is de grootste Nederlandse filosoof. Hij werd geboren op 24 november 1632 te Amsterdam en stierf op 21 februari 1677 te 's-Gravenhage. Spinoza groeide op in een Joods milieu, maar kwam in de loop van de jaren vijftig steeds meer in conflict met het dogmatische geloof. In 1656 werd hij uit de Joodse gemeenschap verstoten. Spinoza vertrok uit Amsterdam en vestigde zich vanaf 1661 achtereenvolgens te Rijnsburg, Voorburg en Den Haag. (Zijn woonhuis in Rijnsburg is nu een Spinoza-museum, terwijl zijn laatste woonhuis in Den Haag een Spinoza-studiezaal is geworden). Voor een uitgebreid overzicht over leven en werk van Spinoza, zie het artikel Benedictus de Spinoza (1632-1677) van Piet Steenbakkers. Werken In de periode na Amsterdam kwamen zijn belangrijke werken tot stand: Renati Des Cartes principiorum philosophiae pars Cogitata Metaphysica (1663), vertaald in 1664 door Spinoza's vriend Pieter Balling.

64. Literary Encyclopedia: Spinoza, Benedictus De Spinoza, Benedictus de. (1632 1677). www.LitEncyc.com. DomainPhilosophy, Religion. Philosopher, Theologian. Active 1660 - 1677 http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=4175

65. Premières Leçons Sur L'Ethique De Spinoza Louis Millet Benedictus De Spinoza Spinoza Millet Louis Spinoza Benedictus de Louis Millet Benedictusde Spinoza Genre Spinoza Benedictus de 1632 1677 Ethique Rubriques Sciences http://www.jlperret-photographies.com/Louis-Millet-Benedictus-d-Premires-leons-s

Premières leçons sur l'Ethique de Spinoza Louis Millet Benedictus de Spinoza Auteur ou Artiste : Louis Millet Benedictus de Spinoza Titre: Premières leçons sur l'Ethique de Spinoza Millet Louis Spinoza Benedictus de Louis Millet Benedictus de Spinoza Genre: Spinoza Benedictus de 1632 1677 Ethique Rubriques: Sciences humaines Meilleures ventes Format: Broché Tara Michael Pierre Feuga sais-je? Que-Le Yoga... Marc Duriez Diane Lequet-Slama sais-je? Que-Les systèmes de santé en Europe... Michel Novi sais-je? Que-Pourcentages et Tableaux statistiques... Jean-Luc Nardone sais-je? Que-Pétrarque et le Pétrarquisme... ... Marc Chabrier-Mini Dictionnaire : Espagnol/français, français/espagnol...

66. Introduction à L'éthique De Spinoza : La Seconde Partie La Réalité Mentale P Translate this page éthique de Spinoza La Seconde partie la réalité mentale Macherey Pierre PierreMacherey Genre Spinoza Benedictus de 1632 1677 Ethique Rubriques Sciences http://www.jlperret-photographies.com/Pierre-Macherey-Introduction-lthique-426-7

Introduction à l'éthique de Spinoza : La Seconde partie la réalité mentale Pierre Macherey Auteur ou Artiste : Pierre Macherey Titre: Introduction à l'éthique de Spinoza : La Seconde partie la réalité mentale Macherey Pierre Pierre Macherey Genre: Spinoza Benedictus de 1632 1677 Ethique Rubriques: Sciences humaines Meilleures ventes Format: Broché a. Fine-Peurs et phobies... Valérie Galent-Fasseur-L'Epopée des pèlerins (Ancien prix éditeur : 21.00 € - Economisez 50 %)... Christian Seulin Alice Dazord-Prises en charge institutionnelles en psychiatrie : Méthodologie de la recherche évaluatrice... Psychiatrie périnatale : Parents et bébés, du projet d'enfant aux premiers mois de vie... ... Robert Obert-Descf épreuve numéro 1 : Synthèse droit et comptabilité, tome 1, manuel et applications...

67. Bibliotheca Augustana Benedictusde Spinoza 1632 - 1677, persona Benedictus de Spinoza (Baruch http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost17/Spinoza/spi_intr.html

B I B L I O T H E C A A U G U S T A N A Benedictus de Spinoza p e r s o n a Benedictus de Spinoza (Baruch d' Espinoza), philosophus Hollandicus, genere Iudaico Portugalense, natus anno 1632 in oppido Amsterdam, obiit anno 1677 in oppido Den Haag. o p e r a Apologia (ca. 1656) Tractatus de deo et homine eiusque felicitate (ca. 1660) Ethica ordine geometrico demonstrata (ca. 1662-75) Renati Des Cartes Principia Philosophiae more geometrico demonstratae (1663) Cogitata metaphysica (1663) Tractatus theologico-politicus (1665/70) Stelkonstige Reeckening van den Regenboog (ca. 1667) Tractatus de intellectus emendatione (ca. 1662/77) Tractatus politicus (1675/77) Epistolae et ad eas responsiones Compendium grammatices linguae Hebraeae s e c u n d a r i a vita et bibliographia (germanice) (Rudolf W. Meijer) fontes

68. Benedict De Spinoza - Milestones In World History- World History Timeline Chart Benedict de Spinoza. (16321677). ©Liliane Van Hove. A Dutch philosopherof Jewish origin, Spinoza was born Baruch de Spinoza in Amsterdam. http://users.pandora.be/worldhistory/pages/spinoza.htm

Benedict de Spinoza A Dutch philosopher of Jewish origin, Spinoza was born Baruch de Spinoza in Amsterdam. Initially given a traditional Talmudic education, he was encouraged by some of his teachers to study secular subjects as well, including Latin and modern philosophy. Perhaps as a result of this study, he abandoned Jewish practices and beliefs and, after receiving stern warnings, he was excommunicated from the synagogue in 1656. Alone and without means of support, he Latinized his name and took up the trade of lens grinder with the intention of devoting his life to philosophy. He remained in Amsterdam until 1660, lived for the next decade in nearby villages, and in The Hague from 1670 until his death from consumption in 1677. During these years he worked continuously on his philosophy and discussed it with a small circle of friends and correspondents. His masterpiece, Ethica Ordine Geometrico Demonstrata Ethics Demon­strated in a Geometrical Manner ), was completed in 1675; but because of its radical doctrines, it was only published after his death. The full scope of Spinoza's Ethics is not indicated by its title. It begins with a highly abstract account of the nature of substance, which is identified with God, and culminates in an analysis of human beings, their nature and place in the universe, and the conditions of their true happiness. Written in a geometrical form modelled after Euclid, each of its five parts contains a set of definitions, axioms and propositions which are followed by their demonstra­tions and frequently by explanatory scholia.

69. Benedict Baruch (Benedictus) Spinoza (16321677). Education. Born in Amsterdam in 1632into a prominent family of moderate means who were Jewish Portugese refugees. http://home.wlu.edu/~mahonj/Spinoza.bio.htm

Baruch (Benedictus) Spinoza (1632-1677) Education Born in Amsterdam in 1632 into a prominent family of moderate means who were Jewish Portugese refugees. He was educated at a Talmud Torah school in Amsterdam where he learned Hebrew. (He also spoke Portugese, Spanish and Dutch). His teachers may have included Manasseh Ben Israel, Saul Morteira (who was to serve on the group that eventually excommunicated Spinoza from the Jewish community) and Uriel de Costa (who was twice excommunicated from the Jewish community in Amsterdam, and who was publicly whipped in 1640; de Costa taught that religions were man-made, that immortality was questionable and that any divine sanction for Mosaic law was questionable.) Excommunication Spinoza cut short his education at seventeen to work for the family import business in 1649 but later started to make a living for himself as a lens maker (a skilled practice). He joined a circle of intellectuals around Juan de Prado, originally from Spain (who was excommunicated in 1657). Spinoza was attacked by someone from his synagogue wielding a knife in 1656 for his heretical beliefs, and kept the torn jacket all his life. On July 27th 1656 he was issued the writ of cherem , or excommunication, for "abominable heresies" and "monstrous acts" by the Sephardic Jewish community of Amsterdam. The Spanish Inquisition issued arrest warrants for him and Prado in 1659. In general Spinoza was held to deny the immortality of the soul, to reject the notion of a personal, providential God, and to claim that Mosaic Law was not given by God and was not binding.

70. ±Ã¸®´åÄÄ> E-Library> ½ºÇdzëÀÚ (Benedictus de Spinoza 1632~1677). ? ?, , 1975). (Benedictus de Spinoza 1632~1677). http://www.kungree.com/elibrary/spinoza.htm

Benedictus de Spinoza E-Library Benedictus de Spinoza " ½ºÇdzëÀÚ 'Á¤ÀÇ', 'Áõ¸í'¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µé·ÚÁîÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ" (G. Deleuze, Spinoza et le probleme de l'expression , Minuit, 1968, chap. 6. "L'expression dnas le parallelisme") ("CONCLUSION. THEORIE DE L'EXPRESSION CHEZ LEIBNIZ ET SPINOZA: L'expressionnisme en philosophie", in Gilles Deleuze, Spinoza et le probleme de l'expression , 1968, Minuit) Baruch Spinoza Spinoza Web Spinoza Studia Spinoziana ... Baruch Spinoza Webliography (¿¡Æ¼Ä«, Áö¼º°³¼±·Ð, ½ÅÇÐÁ¤Ä¡·Ð, Á¤Ä¡·Ð ¿ø¹® ¿µ¿ªº» ÅؽºÆ® ÆÄÀÏ ¹× ÀϺΠHTML Çü½Ä ÆÄÀÏ) Benedictus de Spinoza E-Library KungRee.com All Rights Reserved.

71. Spinoza Spinoza ( 1632 1677 ) Filosof. Ändra sidan Visa ditt intresse Ämne 1474, v4- Status normal. Alias Benedictus de Spinoza och Benedictus Spinoza. http://paranormal.se/topic/spinoza.html

Spinoza Filosof Ändra sidan Visa ditt intresse Ämne 1474, v4 - Status: normal. Denna text är importerad från /old/person/spinoza_b.html är Filosof Den holländsk-judiske filosofen Spinoza försökte bygga upp ett tankesystem på bevis med geometrin som förebild. Alias: benedictus de spinoza och benedictus spinoza normal Text 29520 , v1 - Inmatad av Sven Magnusson Ur Tidningen Sökaren nr 5, 1995, sid 14 Av Sven Magnusson Den holländsk-judiske filosofen Spinoza försökte byggaupp ett tankesystem på bevis med geometrin som förebild. Han kom med sin metod fram till att det fins en enda substans , vilken är lika med världen och Gud . Till skillnad fran Descartes skilde han inte mellan ande och materia Allt är ett . Världen finns i Substansen, det vill säga i Gud, menade han. Gud existerar i kraft av sig själv. Substansen är tänkande . Den är uttryck för Guds natur . Spinoza menade ocksaå att Gud styr världen genom naturlagarna . Han hade ett stoiskt oberördhetsideal, som han nådde fram till med sin geometriska bevismetod. är relaterad till Rationalism har influerat Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche har intressent Adryan Linden Personer Hjälpare Diskutanter Söker kontakt Redaktörer Webbsidor Benedictus de Spinoza Electronic texts of Spinoza's major works with Commentary Sök Detta är en sida från webbplatsen PARANORMAL.SE

72. Philosophers Benedictus de Spinoza 1632 1677 http//www.ets.uidaho.edu/mickelsen/Spinoza3.htmThis page provides A Theologico-Political Treatise (1670); Tractatus http://www.wabashcenter.wabash.edu/Internet/philos.htm

Philosophers This list is arranged in chronological order, with the earliest authors first. It is not a comprehensive listing of philosophers, but a selective collection of authors whose writings have some bearing, positive or negative, on religious thought. Suggestions for additions to this page are welcome, and should be sent to Charles Bellinger: wabash_ckb@yahoo.com For links to more general philosophy resources, see the related page within this Guide: Philosophy and Religion See also: Compendium of Philosophers http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/compendium_of_philosophers/a/ From the PHILTAR web site. Philosophers: Alphabetical Index http://users.ox.ac.uk/~worc0337/philosophers.html From the Philosophy around the Web site. Yahoo! (links to sites on individual philosophers) http://dir.yahoo.com/Arts/Humanities/Philosophy/Philosophers/ A guide to Internet resources relating to a long list of major and minor philosophers and religious thinkers. Plato Exploring Plato's Dialogues http://plato.evansville.edu/

73. Benedict Spinoza Benedict Spinoza, 16321677. aka Baruch Spinoza, Baruch de Spinoza, Benedictde Spinoza, Benedictus de Spinoza, and probably a few other variants. http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/Spinoza/

Benedict Spinoza, 16321677 a.k.a. Baruch Spinoza, Baruch de Spinoza, Benedict de Spinoza, Benedictus de Spinoza, and probably a few other variants. A philosopher of Jewish ancestry and up-bringing, who was born and lived all his life in Holland, and wrote in Scholastic Latin. He was expelled from the synagogue with all the curses available, universally detested for his supposed atheism and blasphemy, and lived quietly, publishingly little, and that reluctantly, as a lens-crafter; by all accounts a perfect saint. He was competent as a natural scientist, distinguished in politics and theology (well, not in his own day...), and one of the greatest philosophers ever. He died, much too soon, of lung-disease. Currently, his On the Improvement of the Understanding is on-line and complete, and the Ethics is being transcribed, both in the 1883 translation by R. H. M. Elwes. The latter, and far more formidable, work of merit has been undertaken by Prof. Edward A. Beach of the University of Evansville.

74. Artkaos.net .. Baruch Spinoza (16321677). last substantive content change JUN 29 2001.Baruch Spinoza. Baruch (or Benedictus offered by Spinoza. Bibliography. http://www.artkaos.net/index.php?page=google&q=Spinoza

75. BENEDICTUS SPINOZA Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677), Of Amsterdam And Benedictus Spinoza Baruch Spinoza (16321677), of Amsterdam and Voorburg, Holland,from a Portuguese family, was a Jewish philosopher who was expelled from the http://home.europa.com/~telscope/tsholland.txt

76. YLE | Multiradio | Aurora : Benedictus Spinoza Ja Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Benedictus Spinozan (16321677) mukaan maailma muodostui yhdestä äärettömästäperusoliosta. Kaikki siis on yhtä (monismi). Sekä Spinoza että Leibniz http://www.klak.com/opi/aurora/jutut/spinozajaleibniz.php

Etusivu Multiradiot Kuuntele Info ... Murrerunokilpailut Benedictus Spinoza ja Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Maailma on järkeenkäypä. Maalaus. Alankomaat. Kuva: YLEn kuvapalvelu Benedictus Spinozan (1632-1677) mukaan maailma muodostui yhdestä äärettömästä perusoliosta. Kaikki siis on yhtä (monismi). Sekä Spinoza että Leibniz olivat loogikkoja. Molempien mielestä maailma on järkeenkäypä. Kaikelle mitä on, on olemassa riittävä peruste. Molemmat filosofit pyrkivät todistamaan Jumalan olemassaolon. Heidän mukaansa kaikki seuraa Jumalan luonteesta ja on Jumalan aikaan- saamaa. Pääteos: Ethica (Etiikka) Lisätietoja filosofista Tekijä: Bernhard Francke (1690-luku). Maalaus. Kuva: YLEn kuvapalvelu Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) oli rationalisti ja matemaatikko. Hänen mukaansa vapaus luo mahdollisuuden pahan olemassaololle. Leibnitzin mielestä Jumalalla on vapaa tahto, joten Jumala on valinnut juuri tämän maailman kaikista vaihtoehdoista. Leibnizin mukaan maailma on monadien luoma kokonaisuus. Pääteos: Monadologia Lisätietoja filosofista Professori Olli Koistinen: Spinoza ja Leibniz kesto: 14'00'' Etusivu Palaute

77. Das Volk Des Buches Im Ghetto Translate this page Baruch (Benedictus) Spinoza (1632-1677), einer der größten Philosophen der westlichenWelt und des Judentums, verdiente seinen Lebensunterhalt als Schleifer http://www.zionismus.info/eretz-israel/ghetto.htm

zionismus.info DAS VOLK DES BUCHES im Ghetto Die Ghetti und andere Ansammlungen jüdischen Lebens waren Mittelpunkte intensiver Geschäftigkeit, in denen die Flamme des Wissens unaufhörlich glimmte. Mehr als das: Ihre kollektive Existenz spiegelte genau das "Volk des Buches" wieder. Maimonides - einer der größten aller jüdischen Gelehrten und in Cordoba geborener Autor der "Mischna-Tora", einem monumentalen Sammelwerk aller jüdischen Gesetze (oben ein illustriertes Manuskript aus dem 14. Jahrhundert) und des umstrittenen "Führer für die Verwirrten", mit dem er versuchte zu beweisen, dass sowohl Vernunft als auch Glaube Quellen der Offenbarung sind. Im 16. Jahrhundert waren die Juden Venedigs dazu gezwungen, in einem kleinen Viertel unweit einer Gießerei, die "Ghetto" hieß, zu leben. Später wurde dieser Name auf die jüdischen Viertel vieler Städte angewandt. Gegenüber: eine malerische Szene des ersten Ghettos und der prachtvolle Innenraum einer seiner Synagogen. Eine dieser bemerkenswerten Persönlichkeiten war Maimonides , Moses, Sohn von Maimon (1138-1204), der mit dem Titel der "Große Adler" behaftet wurde, und von dem man sagte: "Von Moses (dem Gesetzgeber) bis Moses (Maimonides) gab es niemals einen wie Moses." Maimonides galt über die Generationen hinweg als größte Autorität in der jüdischen Gesetzgebung. Er war ein bedeutender Philosoph, Astronom, Gesetzexperte, ein angesehener Arzt und darüber hinaus Anführer der jüdischen Gemeinde in Ägypten. Der im spanischen Cordova geborene Maimonides wanderte mit seiner Familie nach Marokko und in das Land Israel, bis er sich schließlich in Kairo niederließ, wo er Hofarzt an Saladins Hof wurde. Er schrieb die monumentale

78. Spinoza A brief discussion of the life and works of Baruch Spinoza, with links to electronic texts and additional information. Baruch Spinoza ( 16321677) Life and Works Baruch Spinoza was born to Portuguese Jews living in exile Rijnburg and the Hague, Spinoza supported himself by grinding optical http://www.philosophypages.com/ph/spin.htm

Philosophy Pages F A Q Dictionary ... Locke Baruch Spinoza Life and Works Method Metaphysics God / Nature ... Internet Sources Baruch Spinoza was born to Portuguese Jews living in exile in Holland, but his life among the Marranos there was often unsettled. Despite an early rabbinical education, he was expelled from the synagogue at Amsterdam for defending heretical opinions in 1656. While engaging privately in serious study of medieval Jewish thought, Cartesian philosophy , and the new science at Rijnburg and the Hague, Spinoza supported himself by grinding optical lenses, an occupation that probably contributed to the consumption that killed him. Private circulation of his philosophical treatises soon earned him a significant reputation throughout Europe, but Spinoza so treasured his intellectual independence that in 1673 he declined the opportunity to teach at Heidelberg, preferring to continue his endeavors alone. Spinoza's first published work was a systematic presentation of the philosophy of Descartes , to which he added his own suggestions for its improvement. The Principles of Descartes's Philosophy (1663) contain many of the characteristic elements of his later work, but Spinoza seems to have realized that a full exposition of his own philosophical views would require many years of devoted reflection. In the meantime, he turned his attention briefly to other issues of personal and social importance. The

79. Benedict De Spinoza [Internet Encyclopedia Of Philosophy] Benedict de Spinoza (1632 1677) Benedict de Spinoza was among the most important of the postCartesian philosophers who flourished in the second half of the 17th century. major Rationalists. Given Spinozas devaluation of sense perception Among philosophers, Spinoza is best known for http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/spinoza.htm

Benedict De Spinoza (1632 – 1677) Benedict de Spinoza was among the most important of the post-Cartesian philosophers who flourished in the second half of the 17th century. He made significant contributions in virtually every area of philosophy, and his writings reveal the influence of such divergent sources as Stoicism, Jewish Rationalism, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Descartes, and a variety of heterodox religious thinkers of his day. For this reason he is difficult to categorize, though he is usually counted, along with Descartes and Leibniz, as one of the three major Rationalists. Given Spinoza’s devaluation of sense perception as a means of acquiring knowledge, his description of a purely intellectual form of cognition, and his idealization of geometry as a model for philosophy, this categorization is fair. But it should not blind us to the eclecticism of his pursuits, nor to the striking originality of his thought. Among philosophers, Spinoza is best known for his Ethics , a monumental work that presents an ethical vision unfolding out of a monistic metaphysics in which God and Nature are identified. God is no longer the transcendent creator of the universe who rules it via providence, but Nature itself, understood as an infinite, necessary, and fully deterministic system of which humans are a part. Humans find happiness only through a rational understanding of this system and their place within it. On account of this and the many other provocative positions he advocates, Spinoza has remained an enormously controversial figure. For many, he is the harbinger of enlightened modernity who calls us to live by the guidance of reason. For others, he is the enemy of the traditions that sustain us and the denier of what is noble within us. After a review of Spinoza’s life and works, this article examines the main themes of his philosophy, primarily as they are set forth in the

80. Benedict De Spinoza [Internet Encyclopedia Of Philosophy] The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Benedict de Spinoza (1632– 1677). Benedict de Spinoza was among the most important of http://www.iep.utm.edu/s/spinoza.htm

Benedict De Spinoza (1632 – 1677) Benedict de Spinoza was among the most important of the post-Cartesian philosophers who flourished in the second half of the 17th century. He made significant contributions in virtually every area of philosophy, and his writings reveal the influence of such divergent sources as Stoicism, Jewish Rationalism, Machiavelli, Hobbes, Descartes, and a variety of heterodox religious thinkers of his day. For this reason he is difficult to categorize, though he is usually counted, along with Descartes and Leibniz, as one of the three major Rationalists. Given Spinoza’s devaluation of sense perception as a means of acquiring knowledge, his description of a purely intellectual form of cognition, and his idealization of geometry as a model for philosophy, this categorization is fair. But it should not blind us to the eclecticism of his pursuits, nor to the striking originality of his thought. Among philosophers, Spinoza is best known for his Ethics , a monumental work that presents an ethical vision unfolding out of a monistic metaphysics in which God and Nature are identified. God is no longer the transcendent creator of the universe who rules it via providence, but Nature itself, understood as an infinite, necessary, and fully deterministic system of which humans are a part. Humans find happiness only through a rational understanding of this system and their place within it. On account of this and the many other provocative positions he advocates, Spinoza has remained an enormously controversial figure. For many, he is the harbinger of enlightened modernity who calls us to live by the guidance of reason. For others, he is the enemy of the traditions that sustain us and the denier of what is noble within us. After a review of Spinoza’s life and works, this article examines the main themes of his philosophy, primarily as they are set forth in the

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