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         Omar Khayyam 11th Century:     more detail
  1. Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám. English, French and German Translations Comparatively Arranged in Accordance with the Text of Edward Fitzgerald’s Version with Further Selections, Notes, Biographies, Bibliography and Other Material Collected and Edited by Nathan Haskell Dole. by Omar (fl. 11th century). KHAYYÁM, 1896
  2. 11th-Century Mathematicians: Alhazen, Omar Khayyám, Shen Kuo, Abu Rayhan Biruni, Su Song, Abraham Bar Hiyya, Ibn Yunus
  3. 11th-Century Scientists: 11th-Century Mathematicians, Alhazen, Omar Khayyám, Shen Kuo, Abu Rayhan Biruni, Su Song, Abraham Bar Hiyya, Ibn Yunus

61. Rhyme & Meter -- Voices From The Past
From THE RUBAIYAT OF Omar Khayyam (11th century Persian poet) English translationby Edward FitzGerald (British, 18091883) L. The Revelations of Devout and
http://tenderbytes.net/rhymeworld/feeder/teacher/masters.htm
TenderBytes.Net
Voices from the Past
Past masters of metrical perfection speak to modern-day aspirants of the art, and anyone else with ears to hear. Without exception, they urge us to write of what we know, in terms that can be clearly understood, simply because we must. Excerpts from The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (translated by FitzGerald)
To a Poet a Thousand Years Hence
(Flecker)
Inspiration
(Thoreau)
The Conundrum of the Workshops
(Kipling)
Ambition and Art
(Paterson)
To the Man of the High North
(Service)
Poets of the Tomb
(Lawson)
The Poet
(Dandridge)
Compensation
(Guest)
Old Poets
(Kilmer) From THE RUBAIYAT OF OMAR KHAYYAM (11th century Persian poet) English translation by Edward FitzGerald (British, 1809-1883) L. The Revelations of Devout and Learn'd Who rose before us, and as Prophets burn'd, Are all but Stories, which, awoke from Sleep, They told their fellows, and to Sleep return'd. LVII. When You and I behind the Veil are past, Oh but the long long while the World shall last, Which of our Coming and Departure heeds As much as Ocean of a pebble-cast. LX. The Moving Finger writes; and, having writ, Moves on: nor all thy Piety nor Wit Shall lure it back to cancel half a Line, Nor all thy Tears wash out a Word of it. LXI. For let Philosopher and Doctor preach Of what they will, and what they will not each Is but one Link in an eternal Chain That none can slip, nor break, nor over-reach. TO A POET A THOUSAND YEARS HENCE by James Elroy Flecker (British, 1884 - 1915) I who am dead a thousand years, And wrote this sweet archaic song, Send you my words for messengers The way I shall not pass along. I care not if you bridge the seas, Or ride secure the cruel sky, Or build consummate palaces Of metal or of masonry. But have you wine and music still, And statues and bright-eyed love, And foolish thoughts of good and ill, And prayers to them who sit above? How shall we conquer? Like a wind That falls at eve our fancies blow, And old Maeonides the blind Said it three thousand years ago. O friend unseen, unborn, unknown, Student of our sweet English tongue, Read out my words at night, alone: I was a poet, I was young. Since I can never see your face, And never shake you by the hand, I send my soul through time and space To greet you. You will understand!

62. The Hindu : Cool Getaway
din and bustle of city life, Omar Khayyam is nirvana. named after the versatile Khayyam,spells pure the philosophy of the 11th century mathematicianastronomer
http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/12/03/stories/2003120300420400.htm
Online edition of India's National Newspaper
Wednesday, Dec 03, 2003 Group Publications Business Line The Sportstar Frontline The Hindu
About Us

Contact Us
Metro Plus Hyderabad Features: Magazine Literary Review Life Metro Plus ... Hyderabad
Cool getaway Mount Opera's new restaurant Omar Khayyam spells style and elegance
AWAY FROM the din and bustle of city life, Omar Khayyam is nirvana. Mount Opera's new restaurant (Tel: 925-272888) named after the versatile Khayyam, spells pure indulgence befitting the philosophy of the 11th century mathematician-astronomer-poet. To reach Mount Opera, head north towards Dilshukhnagar as though you were heading to Ramoji Film City, pull off another three kilometres and you will have arrived at the venue, characterised by a sylvan situation. Unpolluted air, rocks - untouched by time, and a heavenly view from the hilltop are three simple reasons, potent enough to revive one from the fatigue of a 45-kilometre drive through a desolate forest reserve. The theme of the resort is a mixed one, where evolution meets entertainment and lifestyle.

63. Pharmacal Advance: Hashish
introduction to his translation of Omar Khayyam are familiar with the account hegives of Omar s connection with Hasan in the 11th century became the head of
http://users.lycaeum.org/~sputnik/Ludlow/Texts/pharmacal.html
VOL. IX - NO. 105 NEW YORK, 1930 FIVE CENTS
HASHISH
The medical and intoxicating properties of Indian Hemp or Cannabis Indica were undoubtedly known among the Oriental peoples at an early date. We find a reference to hemp as early as the 5th century B.C. in an ancient Chinese herbal, part of which was written at that time. There are further evidences that its peculiarly exhilarating properties were apparent in the 8th century A.D., when its use was encouraged by the Ismailians that their followers might more fully realize the tenets of the sect, indicated by the following: "We've quaffed the emerald
cup, the mystery we
know,
Who'd dream so weak a
plant such mighty power
could show!" There is, however, even an earlier reference to hemp than this, for Herodotus (IV: C. 75) discloses a tale of the Scythians who took hemp-seed and put it upon hot stones, and themselves crept under cloths, steaming themselves from the fumes given off by the heated seeds. The vapor bath produced such an exhilarating effect that it caused them to shout aloud. Herodotus further mentions another tribe who were accustomed to inhale the fumes of certain fruits thrown upon a fire, around which they sat until they were excited to the point of singing and dancing. Quite recent researches have shown that Indian Hemp is more exhilarating when inhaled than when swallowed, which perhaps accounts for the fact that these ancient peoples used it in this manner.

64. The Mad Cybrarian's Library: Free Online E-texts - Authors O-Oz
Omar Khyyam 11th century The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam (Wiretap) trans by EdwardFitzGerald 16K (Vt.edu) (Gutenberg Text Zip) Gutenberg FTP ADD.
http://www.fortunecity.com/victorian/richmond/88/1libo.htm
web hosting domain names email addresses
The Mad Cybrarian's Library
Authors: O-Oz
O'Brien, Fitz-James: O'Flaherty, Liam O'Keefe, James O'Neill, Eugene: O'Reilly, Augustine J.:
  • Alvira: The Heroine of Vesuvius
Ogden, Ruth:
  • Tattine
Okakura, Kakuzo, 1862-1913
  • The Book of Tea (Blackmask) zip TXT 116 Kb - ZIP 46 Kb SL: TXT ZIP EN: TXT ZIP Olcott, Frances Jenkins: Oldmixon, John: Oliver, Charles Omar Khyyam: 11th century Oppenheim, E. Phillips Optic, Oliver:
  • 65. Electronic Books From SPSCC # N & O
    Okakura, Kakuzo, 18621913, Book Of Tea, The. Omar Khayyam, 11th century,Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, The. Orczy, Baroness, The Scarlet Pimpernel (1905).
    http://www.library.spscc.ctc.edu/electronicbooks/lmcelectbksauthorNO.htm
    South Puget Sound Community College Library-Media Center Electronic Books Author index A B C D ... Return to Library Home page N Naidu, Sarojini The Golden Threshold (1916) Nation, Carrie Amelia, 1846-1911 Use and Need of the Life of Carrie A. Nation, The Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, 1844-1900 Beyond Good And Evil Thus Spake Zarathustra Norris, Frank McTeague (1899) Moran Of the Lady Letty Octopus Pit, The O Oats, Joyce Carol Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? O'Brien, Fitz-James The Diamond Lens (1858) The Wondersmith (1859) O'Connor, Flannery A Good Man is Hard to Find O'Neill, Eugene, 1888-1953 Anna Christie Beyond the Horizon Emperor Jones, The Okakura, Kakuzo, 1862-1913 Book Of Tea, The Omar Khayyam, 11th century Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, The Orczy, Baroness The Scarlet Pimpernel (1905) Scarlet Pimpernel " Ouida"; Louisa De la Ram A Dog of Flanders: a Christmas Story (1921) Ovid Metamorphoses Owen, Wilfred, 1893-1918

    66. 200 - 1300
    causes. 72 Bilhana. Bilhana or Chauras, a young Kashmiri poet, was probablyborn in the 11th century. There Thief . 73 Omar Khayyam. Omar
    http://www.humanistictexts.org/800-1100.htm
    Click Up For Other Time Periods
    Ki no Tsurayuki
    Ki no Tsurayuki (884-946) compiled the second great Anthology of Japanese poetry, the Kokinwakashiu, and also wrote a preface to it that became the basis for Japanese poetics. He was a skilled poet himself, a prose writer, and also an able administrator, becoming Governor of Tosa. In his preface to the anthology (also referred to as the Kokinshiu or the Kokin ), Tsurayuki sees the anthology as preserving something special for humanity: in it, people may forever take pleasure from the form of the poems and profit from their content.
    Albiruni
    Albiruni (973-1048 CE) was born in Khwarizm, the modern Khiva (Uzbekistan). He was well grounded in mathematics, physics, astronomy and ancient medicine. A meticulous observer of natural and social phenomena, he recorded information about calendars, festivals, theories, and practices among many nations. Some of these were dying out as he wrote, and he is thus often our only source of historical information about them. He concluded that most countries, including his own, had an unjustifiably hostile view of neighboring countries.
    Al Ma'arri
    Born in Ma'arra, south of Aleppo, Abu 'l'Ala Ahmad ibn 'Abdallah al-Ma'arri (973-1057) achieved fame as one of greatest of Arab poets. He created the

    67. Pure1 Articles
    Learning from Omar Omar Khayyam once wrote, Take the cash and let thecredit fly. That was in his Ruba iyat, penned in the 11th century.
    http://www.pure1.com/P1/NArticles2B.htm
    Article #8:
    Going Global and Surviving.
    Every month, countless articles, workshops and service bureaus offer "can't-miss" or "hassle-free" tips for international marketing and sales. They are direc-ted at import/export loopholes, others offer personal experience and still others counsel cultural sensitivity. Many of these approaches are oversimplified, fact-specific and do not provide universal solutions.
    For those of us in the trenches, there are no simple solutions or universal truths. Rather than seeking "one-size-fits-all" answers, companies seeking to go international would be well-advised to recognize the numerous challenges in doing so, and seek pragmatic answers for their specific problems.
    Time, language and culture
    For Americans, most major international markets (other than Canada and Mexico) are far-off places, which use one or more foreign languages and enjoy their own unique business and social cultures.
    Distance can create numerous headaches, whether in person or through the phone/fax/mail. Communicating by regular mail is simply too slow and unreliable to be commercially viable. If you intend to compete abroad, you must either have a physical presence in those foreign markets or be able to pay the heavy cost of express mail, international faxes and the like.
    Clients should be able to reach you at a time convenient for them. Keep a time zone chart close at hand to avoid embarrassing calling times.

    68. Puretracks™ | Detail
    Chopra s Rumi was the lonely voice of the Sufi desert, Omar Khayyam in the its membersare originally from Iran) brings to life Khayyam s 11thcentury verses.
    http://www.puretracks.com/detail.aspx?pid=emi_724381258125

    69. Total Eclipse Of The Sun: Eclipse, Astronomy, Physics, History, Culture
    Baba Taher Tomb ( the grand son of Omar Khayyam who developed the mystic form ofpottery and still loved by Iranian Kurds, 11th century) and Avecina Memorial.
    http://www.infohub.com/TRAVEL/SIT/sit_pages/3408.html
    You are here: Home Middle East Iran Trip Listing Service ... Home Categories Active Adventure
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    Weekend Getaways Backroad CityEscape Unique Stays Castle Hotel Eco Lodge Outdoors Fishing Lodge Guest Ranch Hunting Lodge Resorts Diving Golf Naturist Spa Are you interested? This is tour is no longer offered by InfoHub. To find similar tours or other tours available, click for more information.
    Total Eclipse of the Sun
    Please, note! This Tour is no longer offered by InfoHub. Find similar tours here
    Trip to Iran to be in the center line of the last Total Eclipse of this century.
    Your Itinerary
    Day 1:
    Aug. 9: Tehran Arrival Tehran airport, transfer to hotel, visiting Sa’d Abad Garden Museum ( The last King’s residence Palace), Cultural briefing in Jamshidieh Park and acquaintance with different Iranian tribes in local restaurants. Hotel Kowsar (4*) B L D
    Day 2:
    Aug. 10: Tehran Visiting Glass and Ceramic Museum in the morning, National Museum of Iran after lunch and flight to Kermanshah at 16:10. Hotel Parsian (3*) B L D
    Day 3:
    Aug. 11: Kermanshah - Hamadan Today is the big day. Morning trip to Bas relief Sassanid’s kings at Taq-e Bostan and Kermanshah Bazaar. Drive to your privet site on the center line, have a picnic lunch and prepare the equipment’s to witness the TOTAL ECLIPSE OF THE SUN. With the sun above the horizon and sunny sky above our head we will be ready to observe the last eclipse of the 20th century. Drive back to Hamadan after the show. Hotel Resalat (3*)

    70. Silk Road Tours - Central Asia - Turkmenistan - Merv
    By the 11th century Merv had become the capital of the Seljuk Empire scholars flockedhere including the renowned poet and mathematician Omar Khayyam and the
    http://www.silkroadtours.co.uk/merv.html
    Uzbekistan
    Kazakhstan

    Kyrgyzstan

    Turkmenistan

    Tours in Turkmenistan Tashkent to Tehran Overland
    Places in Turkmenistan Ashghabat
    Merv

    Konye Urgench

    Merv
    Turmenistan Teaman Merv is one of the very early centres of civilisation, a huge archaeological site covering 125 square kilometres where one call see the ruins of five walled cities dating from different periods, the latest being from the 18th century. No other abandoned city shows its history as well as Merv, starting with Erk Kala, the earliest structure, dating to the early Persian period (sixth to fifth century BC). This is followed by ruins from Alexander the Great’s time and later the Parthians. In 651 Merv fell to the Arabs and became the capital of Khurasan, the easternmost province of Islam.
    By the 11th century Merv had become the capital of the Seljuk Empire and was the greatest city of the Muslim world after Baghdad and was known as the “Pearl of the East”. Its merchants roamed far and wide and many great scholars flocked here including the renowned poet and mathematician Omar Khayyam and the celebrated geographer Yaqut Al-Hamavi. The most important of the ancient cities in Merv is the Seljuk city of Sultan Kala and the best preserved of its monuments is the Sanjar Mausoleum with a huge double dome. Also worth a visit is visit Kys Kala, an unusual windowless castle, nicknamed “The House of Maiden’s Tears” In 1221 the Mongols, led by Ghengis Khan’s youngest son Tolui invaded Merv and the entire popultion of the city was massacred. Merv did revive during the reign of Tamerlaine by the 16th century it had started to decline due to the dwindling of Silk Road traffic.

    71. Silk Road Tours - Middle East - Iran - Mashad
    place of the 11th century poet Ferdowsi, author of the epic Shahname (book of kings).Neishabur was home to another famous poet Omar Khayyam (12th century) who
    http://www.silkroadtours.co.uk/mashad.html
    Turkey
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    ...
    Iran

    Tours in Iran Persian Insight
    Western Iranian Adventure

    Great Empires of Iran

    Tashkent to Tehran Overland

    Places in Iran Tehran
    Isfahan
    Shiraz and Persepolis Yazd ... The Caspian Sea Mashad Mashad Mashad means the place of martyrdom and is an extremely holy city for Shi'ite Moslems worldwide. It is where the eighth grandson of the prophet Mohammad, Emam Reza, was murdered in 817 and has been a place of pilgrimage ever since. The holy shrine of Emam Reza and the surrounding buildings are one of the marvels of the Islamic world and as might be expected all roads in Mashad lead to the sacred shrine. Most of the buildings in the complex, including the mosques, museums, eivans (halls) are open to non-Muslims, except for the holy shrine itself. Dress in Mashad should be particularly conservative. Near Mashad lies Tus, the home town and burial place of the 11th century poet Ferdowsi, author of the epic Shahname (book of kings). Neishabur was home to another famous poet Omar Khayyam (12th century) who is probably the best known Iranian poet in the West. Silk Road Tours 371 Kensington High Street, London. W14 8QZ.  Tel:020 7371 3131  Fax:020 7602 9715  Email:

    72. Arab Gateway: Poetry
    — ^ — —. Hazaj (used in Rubayyat of Omar Khayyam)^ — —. Ibn Jakh (11th century). Leavetaking.
    http://www.al-bab.com/arab/literature/poetry.htm
    ARAB
    gateway HOME PAGE
    SITE SEARCH
    Arab A to Z
    Art/architecture
    ... CONTACT US ARABIC POETRY ARABIC LITERATURE: Main page THIS PAGE: Metre Rhyme Poetry websites Modern poetry ... Books about poetry RELATED PAGES: Modern Arabic literature No people in the world manifest such enthusiastic admiration for literary expression and are so moved by the word, spoken or written, as the Arabs. Modern audiences in Baghdad, Damascus and Cairo can be stirred to the highest degree by the recital of poems, only vaguely comprehended, and by the delivery of orations in the classical tongue, though it be only partially understood. The rhythm, the rhyme, the music, produce on them the effect of what they call "lawful magic" (sihr halal). Philip K Hitti, History of the Arabs METRE T HE METRES normally used were first codified in the 8th century by al-Khalil bin Ahmad and have changed little since. Metre ( wazn ) is based on the length of syllables rather than stress. A short syllable is a consonant followed by a short vowel. A long syllable is a vowelled letter followed by either an unvowelled consonant or a long vowel. A nunation sign at the end of a word also makes the final syllable long.

    73. Mehfil-e-Gazal
    Iran, it attained popularity only from the 11th century onwards. This was mainlydue to the work of three famous poets of that era Omar Khayyam, Sarmad and
    http://www.urdupoetry.com/meg/meg137.html
    Mehfil-e-Gazal #137
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    74. What To Read!
    Foundation. The _Rubaiyat_ is attributed to Omar Khayyam, the Persianphilosopher and mathematician who lived in the 11th century. The
    http://www.chamisamesa.net/literature.html
    Introduction to Curriculum
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    The book lists below contain suggestions to fit a wide variety of interests typical in middle and high school students. The works include literary classics as well as contemporary works. Find out what your readers' interests are, and these lists can help you interest them in reading.
  • What Should I read? - Everything!
  • The Jumping Frog of Calaveras County
    The complete text of Mark Twain's story about the "celebrated jumping frog.Private History of the "Jumping Frog" Story
  • Mark Twain's Private History
  • Frogtown USA
    Official homepage of the Calaveras County Fair and Jumping Frog Jubilee, where visitors will find information about visiting the fair and about how to register for the contest.
  • Origami Jumping Frog
    Learn how to make a jumping frog with origami, in lieu of the real thing.
  • Best Selling Fiction in America
    High school English teachers and guidance counselors often are asked what students should read in order to prepare them for college. There is no single or right answer to this question. In college you will be expected to read many works critically and thoughtfully. Therefore, the more you read, the better prepared you will be for college-level work.
  • Modern Library
  • The Arabian Nights
  • 75. The Irish In Love - World Cultures European
    You may know him better as Omar Khayyam who wrote The Rubaiyat (FitzGeraldactually translated Khayyam s 11th century work) Ah Love!
    http://www.irishcultureandcustoms.com/ACalend/IrishinLove.html
    Site Index Kids Kitchen Shopping ... Links
    Traditions, folklore, history and more. If it's Irish, it's here. Or will be! "People will not look forward to posterity who never look backward to their ancestors."
    -Edmund Burke
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    Library: Books, Films, Music

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    Help keep us free

    Throughout the site you will see many items available for purchase from well-known merchants such as Amazon . Not interested in what we're featuring? It doesn't matter. Click on any link and then shop for whatever you wish - we will still get credit, if you buy something.
    Thanks for your help. The Irish In Love by Bridget Haggerty 'The Realm of Romance' is bigger than West Virginia and smaller than Ohio. But for such a tiny place, Ireland is a magnificent, multi-faceted gem, blessed with an abundance of details and differences. Majestic mountains sweep down to the sea. Miles of stone walls line fields filled with black-faced sheep. Tall, flowering hedges shade narrow, winding roads. Ancient castles and mystical abbeys dominate pastoral vistas. And, pastel-hued cottages dot river valleys strewn with wild flowers. What a magical place to begin a romance or married life together! The opening paragraph of this article is adapted from the chapter on honeymoons in my book

    76. The Scout Report -- Volume 9, Number 10
    Foundation. The Rubaiyat is attributed to Omar Khayyam, the Persianphilosopher and mathematician who lived in the 11th century. The
    http://scout.cs.wisc.edu/Reports/ScoutReport/2003/scout-030314-re.html
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    March 14, 2003 Volume 9, Number 10
    Table of Contents
    Printable version Portal Wisconsin
    http://www.portalwisconsin.org

    [KMG]

    [Back to Contents]
    The Integrating (and Segregating) Effect of Charter, Magnet, and Traditional Elementary Schools [.pdf]
    http://lewis.sppsr.ucla.edu/education.pdf
    [KMG] [Back to Contents] The Arabian Nights and The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam http://www.arabiannights.org "A jug of wine, a loaf of bread-and thou" reads one of the enduring lines of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayya, as translated by Edward Fitzgerald. Translations of the entire Rubaiyat and the Arabian Nights can be found online here, courtesy of the Electronic Literature Foundation. The Rubaiyat is attributed to Omar Khayyam, the Persian philosopher and mathematician who lived in the 11th century. The site includes four versions translated by Fitzgerald, and a more substantial translation by E.H. Winfield. Users can also read Fitzgerald's notes on his own translations, along with searching through all of the verses by keywords. Several translations of the Arabian Nights are also available, including those by Andrew Lang and the explorer Sir Richard Burton. Additionally, there is an interpretive essay on the translation of the

    77. Online Books, Ebooks, E-books By Rproject.org
    Read the ebook Omar Khayyam, 11th century Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, The Read thee-book O Meara, James Vigilance Committee Of 1856, The Read the e-book O Neill
    http://www.rproject.org/list.php?i=1&sv=O

    78. History Of Mathematics --  Encyclopædia Britannica
    Until the 11th century only a small part of the Greek mathematical corpus Mathematicsin the 9th century; Mathematics in the 10th century; Omar Khayyam;
    http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=118177&tocid=65996&query=arabic numeral&

    79. WorldNetDaily: Book Smart: The Commodification Of Truth?
    alZawari s recasting The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam as an encoded al-Qaida trainingmanual. Consider these lines from the original 11th-century masterpiece
    http://www.worldnetdaily.com/news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=38034

    80. World Cup Polo 2004 - 2004 Polo World Championship VII - World Cup Playoffs Paki
    He knows, He knows. Omar Khayyam, 11th century Persian poet. The gameof polo is played on horseback with a stick (mallet) and ball.
    http://www.indianpolo.com/worldcup2004/teamzoneDiranHistory_wc2004.asp

    Shahrukh Khan, Sonali Bendre, Omega
    Greetings Polo Quiz Forum ... Home
    2004 POLO WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP VII
    ZONE D - PLAYOFFS
    Lahore Polo Club, Pakistan (December 6-14, 2003)
    Results/Scores Draw Australia India ...
    2004 World Cup Main Page
    The Iran Team (Zone D Playoffs) The History of "Chogan" (Polo) in Iran Courtesy: Polo Federation of the Islamic Republic of Iran (PFIRI) The ball no question makes of ayes or noes,
    But right and left as strikes the player goes;
    And he that tossed you down into the field,
    He knows about it all. He knows, He knows.
    Omar Khayyam, 11th Century Persian poet "The game of polo is played on horseback with a stick (mallet) and ball. The earliest records of polo are Persian; there is evidence that it was played at the time of King Darius the Great (522- 486 B.C.).
    Persian polo is described in Sir Anthony Shirley's Travels to Persia (1613)" [Encyclopedia Britannica]. Polo was invented and first played in Iran (or ancient Persia) thousands of years ago. The original name of polo is "Chogan" and in Iran the game is still referred to as "Chogan". From its Iranian origins in Persia it spread to Constantinople, and eastward through Bactria and Afghanistan to Tibet, China, and Japan, and from Tibet to India, where it flourished throughout the Mughal dynasty.

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