41. Salam WorldWide RHYMES. Omar Khayyam. Abuol Fath Ebne Ebrahim , otherwise known asOmar Khayyam was born in the latter halh of the 11th. century. http://salamworldwide.com/rhymes8th.html

..SALAM WORLDWIDE Where East meets West June 1,2003 www.salamworldwide.com Take Me To Home Cover Story Gizmos Gossip Sex Issues Sports Horoscope Flicks My Turn Rhymes Coffee Talk Going places Health Wealth Snaps The Stage Around Town Quiz Contact SUMMER’S SIZZLING DESTINATIONS Sweet days of summer... Find out here Unless Consistent Policies Are Applied, The Roadmap Will Lead Nowhere T HE SEX SU L TAN has all the answers. Just ask him Ali Reza Pahlavi Zalmay Khalilzad Washington's envoy to Iran? Unlike Andre you-know-who he does not deny his Iranian heritage RHYMES OMAR KHAYYAM Khayyam was keenly aware of his mortality and the fleeting nature of life. His references to wine and love are mystical and hypnotic tools to convey his singular advice: life is worth living to its fullest every day, for each day gone will not be replaceable.

42. Salam WorldWide Kamroff s novel, The Life, the Loves and the Adventures of Omar Khayyam, he is staffgather material from more than 300 books on 11th century Persian history http://salamworldwide.com/khayyam7th.html

Take Me To Home Cover Story Gizmos Gossip Sex Chicks Issues Sports Horoscope Flicks Editorial TROUBLE in PARADISE Toxins at 90210? Find out here OSAMA bin Laden's 27 year old niece; Gossiping Golnaz will tell ya T HE SEX SU L TAN has all the answers. Just ask him Cheghadr chaagh shodi! (My how you have gained weight) The Jewish Persians find their roots in their deporation from Israel and... Cali sports fans: NBA or NHL, which should we be following? Royals Coffee Talk Legalese ... Wheels Khayyam with popcorn Persian poet in the eyes of Hollywood By Darius Kadivar March 2, 2003

43. Maalouf, Amin around the history of the manuscript of the Rubaiyaat of Omar Khayyam, created in givesthe reader an exotic and vivid picture of the 11thcentury Persia, with http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/M/Maalouf/Maalou

Maalouf, Amin Lebanese journalist and novelist, whose native language was Arabic but who writes in French. Most of Maalouf's books have a historical setting. In 1993 he received the Prix de Goncourt for his novel Le rocher de tanios (The Rock of Tanios). His books are written with the skills of a master storyteller. They offer a refined and sensitive view of the values and attitudes of different cultures in the Middle East, Africa and Mediterranean world. "Is not one of the virtues of writing to be able to set down the trivia and the exceptional on the same flat sheet of paper. Nothing in a book seems any more profound than the ink in which it is written." (from The First Century After Beatrice Amin Maalouf was born in Beirut, Lebanon, as a Catholic Arab. His father, Ruchdi Maalouf, was a writer, teacher, and journalist. He attended Jesuit schools in Beirut and after studying sociology and economics, Maalouf continued the long family tradition and become a journalist. He worked for the leading Beirut daily an-Nahar and travelled in India, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Yemen, and Algeria, often covering wars and other conflicts. In 1975, frightened my Muslim and PLO strength, Christian militias attacked Muslims, which lead to civil war. The horrors of war entered Maalouf's own home land and in 1977 and he emigrated with his wife and three children to Paris, where they have lived ever since. Maalouf continued to work as a journalist, writing for

44. Moving Finger the rubaiyat - Omar Khayyam - 11th century. (or, perhaps moreaccurately, The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam by Edward FitzGerald). http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?MovingFinger

45. Omar Khayyam Omar Khayyam, Period 1000 1500 AD Web links Advaita, Locality Asia CategorySufism. A Sufi mystic, scientist, and mathematician in the 11th century this man http://www.inthelight.co.nz/spirit/gurus/khayy001.htm

Omar Khayyam Period: 1000 - 1500 AD Web links: Advaita Locality: Asia Category: Sufism A Sufi mystic, scientist, and mathematician in the 11th century this man saw only Life. References: The Wine of the Mystic, translation and interpretation by Paramahansa Yogananda, published by Self-Realisation Fellowship.

46. TIMELINE 11th CENTURY Page Of ULTIMATE SCIENCE FICTION WEB GUIDE ibn AlHaytham, * the Persian poet/astronomer/mathematician Omar Khayyam, and* Gerbert The 11th century was still dominated by the spirit of the earlier http://www.magicdragon.com/UltimateSF/timeline11.html

TIMELINE 11th CENTURY Return to Timeline Table of Contents Return to Ultimate SF Table of Contents TIMELINE 11th CENTURY May be posted electronically provided that it is transmitted unaltered, in its entirety, and without charge. We examine both works of fiction and important contemporaneous works on non-fiction which set the context for early Science Fiction and Fantasy. There are hotlinks here to authors, magazines, films, or television items elsewhere in the Ultimate Science Fiction Web Guide or beyond. Most recently updated: 25 April 2003 [from 65 to 81 kilobytes]. This web page draws heavily on FACTS as listed in " The Timetables of Science Facts were also checked against " The 1979 Hammond Almanac " [ed. Martin A. Bacheller et al., Maplewood, New Jersey, 1978], p.795; and the Wikipedia . It also utilizes facts from Volume I of D.E. Smith's " History of Mathematics " [(c) 1921 by David Eugene Smith; (c) 1951 by May Luse Smith; New York: Dover, 1958]. Executive Summary of the 11th Century Major Books of the Decade 1000-1010 Major Books of the Decade 1010-1020 Major Books of the Decade 1020-1030 ... Where to Go for More : 51 Useful Reference Books Executive Summary of the 11th Century This was a major century for the Vikings ; the Great Schism (1054) between the Western (Roman Catholic) and Eastern Orthodox churches; the

47. The Teahouse Garden Omar Khayyam, Persian astronomer, mathematician, philosopher, and poet, lived inNishapur, in what is He lived in the second half of the 11th century and first http://www.boulder-dushanbe.org/garden.html

The gardens around the teahouse Home A teahouse for Boulder By George Peknik The Choihona's gardens were the result of extraordinary efforts of the Boulder Garden Club and the Boulder County Rose Society, whose members donated much time and expertise, in addition to some of the plantings and bedding materials, in early 1998 before the Teahouse opened its doors in May of that year. "Images of Paradise in Islamic Art," p.15. Mikl Brawner and Eve Reshetnik of Harlequin's Nursery in North Boulder and current co-presidents of the Boulder County Rose Society, carefully chose the roses according to four criteria. The first was cold-heartiness; the second, fragrance; third, disease resistance; and fourth, how likely it is that they grow in Tajikistan. They worked closely with then-Rose Society President Dawn Penland. Mikl said that it although it was difficult to determine what species are actually found in Central Asia, his research leads him to believe that among the varieties represented at the teahouse the following have family members in or around Dushanbe: Persian Yellow, the orange-yellow shrub Austrian Copper, the light pink small shrub rosa haemisphaerica, and deep magenta-colored Rose de Rescht, which is an Old Garden Rose known for its especially sweet fragrance. It is believed that the world's first planned gardens were in Iran as early as the sixth Century B.C. A garden surrounded the tomb of Cyrus the Great at Pasargadae in what is now southern Iran. Throughout the centuries gardens, roses and other flowers have been praised by poets of the The Middle East and Central Asia. In the Koran, paradise is a garden.

48. MCPL: Readers' Café The history of Samarkand is told through the story of the manuscript of the Rubaiyaatof Omar Khayyam. From 11th century Samarkand to Persia and the fortress http://www.montgomerycountymd.gov/apps/libraries/readerscafe/articledetails.asp?

49. BlueCharm Web Productions, LLC. - Client Study :: Omar Khayyam - The Persian Poe Omar Khayyam The Persian Poet, Visit Web Site. Overview A site dedicatedto the 11th-12th century Persian Post Omar Khayyam. Features http://bluecharm.com/client/show_client.php?id=1

50. Cakebread Cellars : Wines: 1998 Rubaiyat English Romantic poet Edward Fitzgerald gave the title The Rubaiyat (RUbee-aht)of Omar Khayyam to his translations of the verses of the 11th-century Abu- l http://www.napanet.net/~dennis/wines/98rubaiyat.html

1998 RUBAIYAT Every wine lover knows the verses: A book of verses underneath the bough, A jug of wine, a loaf of bread and thou Beside me singing in the wilderness Oh, wilderness were paradise enough! This quatrain from The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam inspired the name of this wine. And like the poet, we fashion our Rubaiyat so its flavors perfectly complement paradisiacal picnic and barbecue fare. Our poetic creation also goes extremely well with grilled and/or spicy foods; foods which otherwise would overwhelm a lighter white or rosé wine. Pinot noir has always been in the Rubaiyat blend, but the 1998 vintage is almost entirely pinot noir. To lend structure to the Pinot Noir's fresh fruit acidity, winemaker Bruce Cakebread also added a very small amount of syrah; this variety, long associated with the Rhone area of France and called Shiraz in Australia, enhances the Rubaiyat's overall structure. Aged over one year in new and year-old French oak barrels before being bottled, the 1998 Rubaiyat is produced in such limited quantities, only available at the winery. It is best enjoyed in its youth. We recommend, as we have in the past, that it be served just slightly chilled (but never cold); this will actually accentuate the 1998's vibrant raspberry and bright cherry flavors.

51. Poetry famous example of the roba i is the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, shown below FAREWELL,by Ibn Jakh (11th century, Andalusian) translated by Emilio Garcia Gomez http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/schwww/sch618/Literature, Poetry/Poetry.html

Literature (continued) Part II: Poetry Introduction Poetry was highly valued in Arabic cultures of the Middle Ages. Very talented poets could earn a good living by going from city to city to compose poems before the rich, or even to groups on the streets (something like the troubadours (traveling singing storytellers) of Europe). The oral tradition of poets was very strong during this time. The Prophet Muhammad evidently enjoyed poetry and said, "Some poetry is true wisdom", but also warned that "filling the belly of a person with pus is better than stuffing his brain with poetry." Hadith on poetry A. Origins of Arabic Poetry The origins of Arabic poetry was with the nomads who traveled the desert. Arabic (and later Persian and Turkish poetry) was filled with beautiful similes, metaphors and images. There were five main types of poetry. The qasida - Before Islam the Arabs developed this type of poetry. It can have many lines, but all lines will end with the same rhyme . Originally, the poem opened with a love poem, then the account of the poet's journey. The main theme at the end was a tribute to the poet's

52. Medieval Sourcebook: Islam Omar Khayyam (d. 1123 CE) The Wisdom of the Supreme, c. 1120; Nizami (1140 SheikhNefzaoui The Perfumed Garden, 11th century CE/c. AH 925, translated by Sir http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/sbook1d.html

ORB Main Page Links to Other Medieval Sites Medieval Studies Course [Halsall] Halsall Home ... Byzantine Studies Page Other History Sourcebooks: African East Asian Indian Islamic ... Byzantium Islam Roman Church Early Germans Celtic World Carolingians ... Exploration Contents General Pre-Islamic Arabia Muhammad and Foundations - to 632 CE Islamic Expansion and Empire - to 750 CE ... The Abbasid Caliphate - after 750 CE Politics Philosophy Science Literature Crusades Al-Andalus: Muslim Spain Muslim Persia Egypt and North Africa Muslim Religious Development Sufism The Sunni Tradition The Shia Tradition Relations with Other Religions The Turks General WEB Islamic History Sourcebook WEB Bibliography for Medieval Islam [At IGS] WEB Islamic Texts and Resources MetaPage [At MSA Buffalo] An extensive, but ideologically motivated, guide to net resources. Pre-Islamic Arabia Ancient Accounts of Arabia Accounts from Herodotus, Strabo, Dio Cassius, Ammianus Marcellinus, and Procopius. Pre-Islamic Arabia: The Hanged Poems , before 622 CE The Pre-Islamic poems of Imru-Ul-Quais, Antar, and Zuhair which Muhammad allowed to remain hanging in the Ka'aba.

53. Linked Senses "reference" Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam Omar Khayyam, philosopher, mathematician, astronomer andpoet century poet Edward FitzGerald brings these 11th century verses into http://japan.park.org/Japan/Theme/linked/mar5/references/rubai.html

Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam Omar Khayyam, philosopher, mathematician, astronomer and poet explored the most profound aspects of human experience in his rubaiyat (4-line verse). 19th century poet Edward FitzGerald brings these 11th century verses into English, giving them his own unique Victorian voice. Theme pavilion "sensorium" sensorium home page INTERNET 1996 WORLD EXPOSITION ( World Public Park ) / JAPAN ( Japan EXPO home page

54. Hovhaness: Rubaiyat, Exile Symphony No. 1, Meditation, Woodprints (DE 3168) My tomb shall be in a spot where the north wind may scatter rosesover it, prophesied the 11th century Persian poet Omar Khayyam. http://www.delosmus.com/item/de31/de3168.html

Home Search Catalog Shopping Cart ... Contact Delos Categories Artist News Ask Delos Audio Tech Delos Insider ... Reviews New Releases Flute Concertos Hvorostovsky Sings Sviridov The Sound of the Italian Saxophone Quartet Hear My Prayer More new releases... Date Archive July 2003 June 2003 Hovhaness: Rubaiyat, Exile Symphony No. 1, Meditation, Woodprints CD price: US$14.98 Cassette price: US$8.98 Related information: Our Gerard Schwarz page Our Seattle Symphony page Our Michael York page Our Hovhaness page Our Classical page "My tomb shall be in a spot where the north wind may scatter roses over it," prophesied the 11th century Persian poet Omar Khayyam. The voice that created paradise out of wilderness, that extolled the glories of love and sensual pleasure, speaks again in Alan Hovhaness' setting of "The Rubaiyat" of Omar Khayyam. Actor Michael York's deeply affecting performance brings Omar Khayyam's timeless verses to life in this new recording of "The Rubaiyat" with conductor Gerard Schwarz and the Seattle Symphony. The "Exile Symphony" is Hovhaness' very personal tribute to his father. The 1930s witnessed severe persecution of Armenians in Turkey and their forced exile. The composer's own father was an Armenian exile, for many years a man without a country; and though he rarely spoke of his own experiences, he instilled in his American-born son a great compassion for the tragic plight of his people. In this moving work, one can hear oriental influences in the abundant melodic arcs and sense a connection to ancient civilizations in the modal tonalities.

55. Iranian Literature And Culture - The English Centre Of International PEN Omar Khayyam (11th century) was a poet and mathematician, who is chiefly knownto Englishspeaking readers for his most famous work, the Rubaiyat. http://www.englishpen.org/writersintranslation/countries/iran/iranianliteraturea

Home Writers in Translation Countries Iran ... Iranian literature and culture Iranian literature and culture Home About English PEN Membership Events ... International Membership See how you could benefit from being a member of PEN. more... Support PEN We rely on your support. Click here to make a donation. LITERATURE The first major literary works are the scriptures of Zoroastrianism and the Pahlavi writing of Parthian and Sassanian Iran. Our knowledge of this is limited, however, and all we have of it is some brief works in Middle Persian or Pahlavi which were preserved in the Zoroastrian communities. The Arab conquest in the 7th century made Arabic the literary language and Islam the dominant literary theme. Persian re-emerged as the literary language in te 9th century, and classical Persian literature flourished in the following centuries. The poetry of this period is held in particularly high esteem, and it was imitated in Asia Minor, Central Asia and the Muslim communities in India. One of the most famous poets of this period was Daqiqi, who was commissioned to write the epic Shahnameh (The Book of Kings ), the national epic. This gives the history of Iran to the end of the Sassanian period.

56. The Islamic World To 1600: The Arts, Learning, And Knowledge (Astronomy) In the early 11th century, the Muslim physicist, Ibn al 9th century estimates ofthe length of a solar and the Jalali calendar, devised by Omar Khayyam in the http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/learning/astronomy.html

The Islamic World to 1600 The medieval Islamic world also made significant advancements in the field of astronomy. Part of the reason for the Muslim interest in astronomy is unique to the Islamic faith, and grew from the Muslim attempt to solve practical problems. Because the Muslim calendar is a lunar calendar, for example, the ability to see, and even predict, the arrival of the new moon was fundamental to marking the beginning and ending of each month. This issue was particularly significant for the month of Ramadan, when fasting is required during the day, and for determining the date of the Hajj, the annual pilgrimage to Mecca. Secondly, the study of astronomy grew out of a need to map the coordinates of the stars, in order to determine the direction of Mecca from any city, because Muslims are required to face that direction when praying. These practical concerns for Muslims led to great advancements in astronomy. Observatories were first established in the Islamic world, in major cities such as Baghdad, Hamadan, Toledo, Maragha, Samarkand, and Istanbul, and new instruments were developed. The Muslim invention of the astrolabe, for example, was one of the most important in astronomy until the invention of the telescope in the 17th century. Muslims were also the first astronomers to challenge the long-accepted theories of Ptolemy and Aristotle regarding eclipses, planetary orbits, and the position of the stars. In the early 11th century, the Muslim physicist, Ibn al-Haytham, measured the height of the earth's atmosphere to be the equivalent of about 52 kilometres; today we know it is about 50 kilometres. In the early 14th century, Ibn al-Shatir designed models for the movement of the moon and the planet Mercury, which are very similar to those later done by Copernicus in the 16th century.

57. Iranian Books - LITERATURE The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, an 11thcentury Persian astronomer-mathematician,has entranced English readers since Edward FitzGerald (1809-83...... http://www.iranmehr.com/books/type.asp?iType=31&offset=40

58. Albania Postage Stamps 1997 ALB1997C06. 20 lek Omar Khayyam. 50 lek Omar Khayyam. Albanian Codex. ALB1997K15.10 lek 11th century; 25 lek 6th century; 60 lek 6th century. http://www.philately.com/philately/albania_1997.htm

850th Anniversary Birth of Omar Khayyam 20 lek Omar Khayyam. 50 lek Omar Khayyam. Designer: ; Printer: ; Type: - ; Size: ; Arrangement: ; Paper: ; Perforation: 11.5; Watermark: ; Gum: - ; Color and Printing Method: Multicolored Lithography; Quantity: - ; Tagging: - ; Marginal Markings: - 600th Anniversary Birth of J.G. Gutenberg 20 lek Portrait. 60 lek Printing press. Designer: ; Printer: ; Type: - ; Size: ; Arrangement: ; Paper: ; Perforation: 11.5; Watermark: ; Gum: - ; Color and Printing Method: Multicolored Lithography; Quantity: - ; Tagging: - ; Marginal Markings: - Pelicans 10 lek Curly Pelican. 80 lek Curly Pelican. Designer: ; Printer: ; Type: - ; Size: ; Arrangement: ; Paper: ; Perforation: 11.5; Watermark: ; Gum: - ; Color and Printing Method: Multicolored Lithography; Quantity: - ; Tagging: - ; Marginal Markings: - Europa - Myths and Legends 30 lek The Legend of the Azure Eye. 100 lek The Legend of the Azure Eye. Designer: ; Printer: ; Type: - ; Size: ; Arrangement: ; Paper: ; Perforation: 11.5; Watermark: ; Gum: - ; Color and Printing Method: Multicolored Lithography; Quantity: - ; Tagging: - ; Marginal Markings: - Mediterranean Games 20 lek Male athlete.

59. An Astronomer Visits Iran Part VII: Omar Khayyam astronomer, Khayyam lived in the 11th and 12th to suffer the Mongol invasions of the13th century. primarily from Neishabour’s association with Omar Khayyam. http://www.mssimmons.com/ms/iran/iran2002/Neishabour/Astronomony.com7.html

An Astronomer Visits Iran Part VII: Omar Khayyam by Mike Simmons Omar Khayyam is perhaps the best known Persian poet in the west. An important mathematician and astronomer, Khayyam lived in the 11th and 12th centuries and is revered in Iran as something of a renaissance man. One of a long line of Persian and other Islamic scientists, Khayyam’s greatest accomplishments were as a mathematician, particularly his development of a new calendar. Before Khayyam, the solar calendar used for official purposes started over at year one with each change in government. The Islamic lunar calendar out of sync with both the official solar calendar and the seasons was often used by the populace. Khayyam developed the precise Persian solar calendar that is still used in Iran today. But it is a poet that he is celebrated; his collection of poetic works, Rubayyat, is one of the treasures of Persian literature. Now, 900 years later, Khayyam’s home town of Neishabour is a city of 500,000 located 70 miles west of Mashad, the capital of Iran’s largest province, Khorassan. Located in Iran’s extreme northeast abutting Afghanistan and Turkmenistan, the terrain and people of Korassan give it a distinctly central Asian appearance. With its proximity to the terminus of the Silk Road traveled by Marco Polo and succeeding caravans from Europe to China, Nesihabour was the first city in what is now Iran to suffer the Mongol invasions of the 13th century. As exotic as the other regions of Iran may seem to a westerner, Khorassan Province seems even more so to me with its Afghani influence and stark, rolling mountains.

60. Gregory XIII And The Calendar in the Catholic yearlength calculation — or copied it from Omar Khayyam, whohad actually figured it to 11 decimal places in the 11th century — and that http://www.ronaldbrucemeyer.com/rants/0513almanac.htm

RonaldBruceMeyer.com May 12 Pope Gregory XIII Elected (1572): Churches and Calendar Reform Indeed, it was politics that stopped the adoption of the new "Gregorian" calendar in Protestant countries. Catholic Europe, and especially the vehemently anti-Protestant Gregory, saw the new calendar as a weapon in the Counter-Reformation, a singularly stupid strategy. As a result, Protestant countries in particular, and also the United States, took centuries to adopt the Gregorian calendar, and Russia was one of the last to do so. In the papal bull Inter Gravissimas , signed on 24 February 1582 (Old Style), Pope Gregory XIII declared that October 4 should immediately be followed by October 15, omitting the ten days between. "In Protestant Germany, about the same period," A.D. White pointed out in his classic Warfare of Science with Theology Plieninger took a dislike to the new Gregorian calendar and published a volume of Brief Reflections , in which he insisted that the elements had given utterance to God's anger against it, calling attention to the fact that violent storms raged over almost all Germany during the very ten days which the Pope had taken out for the correction of the year, and that great floods began with the first days of the corrected year." (vi, p333) It would seem to the less credulous that, if God were really opposed to the new calendar, He might have taken more direct action against it.

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