1. Henry Ossian Flipper, 1856-1940 The Colored Cadet At West Point. Autobiography O University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Libraries. Henry Ossian Flipper,18561940 The Colored Cadet at West Point. Autobiography of Lieut. http://docsouth.unc.edu/flipper/menu.html

Henry Ossian Flipper, 1856-1940 The Colored Cadet at West Point. Autobiography of Lieut. Henry Ossian Flipper, U. S. A., First Graduate of Color from the U. S. Military Academy. Full Text (322 p., ca. 800K) HTML file XML/TEI source file Illustrations Cover Spine Frontispiece Title Page ... List of Illustrations Subjects African Americans Georgia Biography. Flipper, Henry Ossian, 1856-1940. Military cadets New York (State) West Point Biography. Military education United States History 19th century. ... United States Military Academy. Funding from the National Endowment for the Humanities supported the electronic publication of this title. Return to "North American Slave Narratives" Home Page Return to Documenting the American South Home Page Feedback URL: http://docsouth.unc.edu/flipper/menu.html Last update April 27, 2004

2. Henry Ossian Flipper, 1856-1940. The Colored Cadet At West Point ... Henry Ossian Flipper, 18561940. Library of Congress Subject Headings, 21stedition, 1998. LC Subject Headings Flipper, Henry Ossian, 1856-1940. http://docsouth.unc.edu/flipper/flipper.html

The Colored Cadet at West Point. Autobiography of Lieut. Henry Ossian Flipper, U. S. A., First Graduate of Color from the U. S. Military Academy: Electronic Edition. Henry Ossian Flipper, 1856-1940 Funding from the National Endowment for the Humanities supported the electronic publication of this title. Text scanned (OCR) by Kevin O'Kelly Images scanned by Chris Hill Text encoded by Bethany Ronnberg and Natalia Smith First edition, 1999 800 K Academic Affairs Library, UNC-CH University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Call number U410.P1 F6 1878 (Davis Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) Documenting the American South.         All double right and left quotation marks are encoded as " and " respectively. Library of Congress Subject Headings, 21st edition, 1998 LC Subject Headings: Flipper, Henry Ossian, 1856-1940. United States Military Academy. African Americans Georgia Biography. Military cadets New York (State) West Point Biography. Military education United States History 19th century.

3. Lieutenant Henry Ossian Flipper, U Henry Ossian Flipper, U.S. Army 18561940. Henry Ossian Flipper was born in Thomasville, Georgia, on March 21, 1856, into In 1873 Flipper was appointed to the U.S. Military Academy http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/topics/afam/flipper.htm

Lieutenant Henry Ossian Flipper, U.S. Army 1856-1940 Henry Ossian Flipper was born in Thomasville, Georgia, on March 21, 1856, into slavery and spent his formative years in Georgia. Following the Civil War, he attended the American Missionary Association Schools in his home state. In 1873 Flipper was appointed to the U.S. Military Academy, and in 1877 he became the first African-American to graduate from the institution. He was commissioned a second lieutenant and assigned to the 10th Cavalry. From 1878 until 1880 Lieutenant Flipper served on frontier duty in various installations in the southwest, including Fort Sill, Oklahoma. His duties included scouting, as well as serving as post engineer surveyor and construction supervisor, post adjutant, acting assistant and post quartermaster, and commissary officer. In 1881 Lieutenant Flipper's commanding officer accused him of "embezzling funds and of conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman." As a result of these charges, he was court-martialed. He was acquitted of the embezzlement charge but was found guilty, by general court martial, of conduct unbecoming an officer. On June 30, 1882, he was dismissed from the Army as required by this conviction. As a civilian, Henry Flipper went on to distinguish himself in a variety of governmental and private engineering positions. These included serving as surveyor, civil and military engineer, author, translator, special agent of the Justice Department, special assistant to the Secretary of the Interior with the Alaskan Engineering Commission, aide to the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, as well as an authority on Mexican land and mining law.

4. Handbook Of Texas Online: FLIPPER, HENRY OSSIAN format this article to print. Flipper, Henry Ossian (18561940). HenryOssian Flipper, engineer, the first black graduate of West http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/view/FF/ffl13.html

format this article to print FLIPPER, HENRY OSSIAN (1856-1940). Henry Ossian Flipper, engineer, the first black graduate of West Point, the eldest of five sons of Festus and Isabella Flipper, was born a slave at Thomasville, Georgia, on March 21, 1856. He attended school at the American Missionary Association, and in 1873, as a freshman at Atlanta University, he was appointed to the United States Military Academy. Although Flipper was the fifth black accepted to West Point, he was the first to graduate. At West Point he was often ostracized and had little social interaction with white cadets beyond official activities. He graduated fiftieth in a class of seventy-six on June 14, 1877, and accepted a commission as a second lieutenant. Flipper described his successful struggle against ostracism and prejudice in The Colored Cadet at West Point (1878). In January 1878 he was assigned to Company A of the Tenth United States Cavalry. qv As an officer in the Tenth Cavalry, Flipper served at forts Elliott, Concho, Quitman, and Davis, Texas, and at Fort Sill, Indian Territory. He first reached Texas on his way to Fort Sill, where he supervised the drainage of malarial ponds. Flipper's Ditch is now a national historic landmark. He later constructed a road from Gainesville to Fort Sill after a troop of the Fourth United States Cavalry qv got drunk and deserted the lieutenant assigned to do the job. Flipper also installed a telegraph line from Fort Elliott to Fort Supply, Indian Territory, scouted on the Llano Estacado

5. Facts About Lt. Flipper Henry Ossian Flipper. SOLDIER, CIVIL ENGINEER, AUTHOR, NEWSPAPER EDITOR, SURVEYOR, CARTOGRAPHER, SPECIAL AGENT FOR THE U.S. JUSTICE DEPARTMENT, ASSISTANT TO THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR AND A PIONEER IN THE NATION'S OIL INDUSTRY Lt. Lt. Henry Ossian Flipper was born a slave February 21, 1856 in Thomasville, Ga.to the parents of Festus and Henry O. Flipper, Retired U.S. Army Officer, 18561940." http://www.rose.net/flipper.htm

LT. HENRY OSSIAN FLIPPER SOLDIER, CIVIL ENGINEER, AUTHOR, NEWSPAPER EDITOR, SURVEYOR, CARTOGRAPHER, SPECIAL AGENT FOR THE U.S. JUSTICE DEPARTMENT, ASSISTANT TO THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR AND A PIONEER IN THE NATION'S OIL INDUSTRY: Lt. Henry Ossian Flipper was born a slave February 21, 1856 in Thomasville, Ga.to the parents of Festus and Issabella Buckhalter Flipper, Sr. Lt. Flipper spent his early years in Thomasville, Ga. and during the Civil War lived in Macon and Atlanta, Ga. Lt. Flipper was taught to read in 1864 by another slave who taught school at night. In late 1865, Lt. Flipper attended a succession of schools established by the American Missionary Association. In 1873, Lt. Flipper received an appointment to the U.S. Military Academy - West Point by Rep. James C. Freeman of Ga. Flipper graduated 50th in a class of 76, the first black to ever do so. Many others tried but failed. Shortly after his graduation from the academy, Lt. Flipper returned to Thomasville, Ga. to visit his father who owned a shoemaking shop. When his furlough was over he returned to the 10th Calvary as the Army's first black Officer. He was sent to Ft. Sill, Ok. in 1878. It was there he got his first taste of engineering. He and his troop were required to dig a drainage ditch. The ditch was required to help keep the water away from where the troops made camp in order to help combat malaria fever from the mosquitoes the water attracted. The ditch was called

6. FLIPPER, HENRY OSSIAN (1856-1940) Flipper, Henry Ossian (18561940). Henry Ossian Flipper, engineer,the first black graduate of West Point, the eldest of five sons http://www.rra.dst.tx.us/c_t/people/hoFLIPPER.cfm

Home About RRA RRA Activities Information Repository ... Search FLIPPER, HENRY OSSIAN (1856-1940). Henry Ossian Flipper, engineer, the first black graduate of West Point, the eldest of five sons of Festus and Isabella Flipper, was born a slave at Thomasville, Georgia, on March 21, 1856. He attended school at the American Missionary Association, and in 1873, as a freshman at Atlanta University, he was appointed to the United States Military Academy. Although Flipper was the fifth black accepted to West Point, he was the first to graduate. At West Point he was often ostracized and had little social interaction with white cadets beyond official activities. He graduated fiftieth in a class of seventy-six on June 14, 1877, and accepted a commission as a second lieutenant. Flipper described his successful struggle against ostracism and prejudice in The Colored Cadet at West Point (1878). In January 1878 he was assigned to Company A of the Tenth United States Cavalry. As an officer in the Tenth Cavalry, Flipper served at forts Elliott , Concho, Quitman, and Davis, Texas, and at Fort Sill, Indian Territory. He first reached Texas on his way to Fort Sill, where he supervised the drainage of malarial ponds. Flipper's Ditch is now a national historic landmark. He later constructed a road from

7. FLIPPER, HENRY OSSIAN (1856-1940) Flipper, Henry Ossian (18561940). Henry Ossian Flipper, engineer, the first black graduate of West Point, the sons of Festus and Isabella Flipper, was born a slave at Thomasville http://www.rra.dst.tx.us/C_T/people/hoFLIPPER.cfm

Home About RRA RRA Activities Information Repository ... Search FLIPPER, HENRY OSSIAN (1856-1940). Henry Ossian Flipper, engineer, the first black graduate of West Point, the eldest of five sons of Festus and Isabella Flipper, was born a slave at Thomasville, Georgia, on March 21, 1856. He attended school at the American Missionary Association, and in 1873, as a freshman at Atlanta University, he was appointed to the United States Military Academy. Although Flipper was the fifth black accepted to West Point, he was the first to graduate. At West Point he was often ostracized and had little social interaction with white cadets beyond official activities. He graduated fiftieth in a class of seventy-six on June 14, 1877, and accepted a commission as a second lieutenant. Flipper described his successful struggle against ostracism and prejudice in The Colored Cadet at West Point (1878). In January 1878 he was assigned to Company A of the Tenth United States Cavalry. As an officer in the Tenth Cavalry, Flipper served at forts Elliott , Concho, Quitman, and Davis, Texas, and at Fort Sill, Indian Territory. He first reached Texas on his way to Fort Sill, where he supervised the drainage of malarial ponds. Flipper's Ditch is now a national historic landmark. He later constructed a road from

8. Historic Figures That Influenced The History Of The Red And Canadian Basins FLANAGAN, JAMES WINWRIGHT (18051887). Flipper, Henry Ossian (1856-1940).FLOYD, DOLPHIN WARD (1804-1836). FOARD, ROBERT LEVI (1831-1898). http://www.rra.dst.tx.us/c_t/people/default.cfm

Home About RRA RRA Activities Information Repository ... Search Historic Figures that Influenced the History of the Red and Canadian Basins ~A~ ABRAHAM, NAHIM (1885-1965) ABERCROMBIE, JAMES SMITHER (1891-1975) ABERT, JAMES WILLIAM (1820-1897) ADAIR, CORNELIA WADSWORTH (1837-1921) ... AUSTIN, STEPHEN FULLER (1793-1836) ~B~ BAILEY, JOSEPH WELDON (1863-1929) BAILEY, PETER JAMES III (1812-1836) BAKER, CULLEN MONTGOMERY (1835?-1869) BAIRFIELD, WINTFRY (1858-1931) ... BUSH, WILLIAM HENRY (1849-1931) ~C~ CABEZA DE VACA, ÁLVAR NUÑEZ (ca. 1490-ca. 1556) CAMPBELL, HENRY HARRISON (1840-1911) CANTWELL, JAMES WILLIAM (1868-1931) CAPPS, BENJAMIN FRANKLIN ... CUSTIS, PETER (1781-1842) ~D~ DALLAM, JAMES WILMER (1818-1847) DAVIDSON, JOHN WYNN (1825-1881) DAVIS, DANIEL (?-1838) DAVIS, EDMUND JACKSON (1827-1883) ... DOBIE, J. FRANK - Review DOBIE, JAMES FRANK (1888-1964) DOHASAN (?-1866) DOMÍNGUEZ DE MENDOZA, JUAN (1631-?) DONLEY, STOCKTON P. (1821-1871) ... DYER, LEIGH RICHMOND (1849-1902) ~E~ EARHART, JOSEPH BONAPARTE (1812-1869) EAST, SARITA KENEDY (1889-1961) EISENHOWER, DWIGHT DAVID (1890-1969) ELLIS, RICHARD (1781-1846) ... EVEA. (?-?) ~F~ FALCONER, THOMAS (1805-1882)

9. Colored Cadet At West Point, The; Autobiography Of Lieut. Henry Colored Cadet At West Point, The; autobiography of Lieut. Henry Ossian Flipper, first graduate of color from the U. S. Military Academy Flipper, Henry Ossian, 18561940 Henry Ossian, 1856-1940 http://rdre1.inktomi.com/click?u=http://www.archive.org/texts/texts-details-db.p

10. Handbook Of Texas Online: FLIPPER, HENRY OSSIAN return to handbook view. Flipper, Henry Ossian (18561940). HenryOssian Flipper, engineer, the first black graduate of West Point http://www.tsha.utexas.edu/handbook/online/articles/print/FF/ffl13.html

return to handbook view FLIPPER, HENRY OSSIAN (1856-1940). Henry Ossian Flipper, engineer, the first black graduate of West Point, the eldest of five sons of Festus and Isabella Flipper, was born a slave at Thomasville, Georgia, on March 21, 1856. He attended school at the American Missionary Association, and in 1873, as a freshman at Atlanta University, he was appointed to the United States Military Academy. Although Flipper was the fifth black accepted to West Point, he was the first to graduate. At West Point he was often ostracized and had little social interaction with white cadets beyond official activities. He graduated fiftieth in a class of seventy-six on June 14, 1877, and accepted a commission as a second lieutenant. Flipper described his successful struggle against ostracism and prejudice in The Colored Cadet at West Point (1878). In January 1878 he was assigned to Company A of the Tenth United States Cavalry. qv As an officer in the Tenth Cavalry, Flipper served at forts Elliott, Concho, Quitman, and Davis, Texas, and at Fort Sill, Indian Territory. He first reached Texas on his way to Fort Sill, where he supervised the drainage of malarial ponds. Flipper's Ditch is now a national historic landmark. He later constructed a road from Gainesville to Fort Sill after a troop of the Fourth United States Cavalry qv got drunk and deserted the lieutenant assigned to do the job. Flipper also installed a telegraph line from Fort Elliott to Fort Supply, Indian Territory, scouted on the Llano Estacado

11. Browse Top Level > Texts > Project Gutenberg > Authors > F > Flipper, Henry Ossi Author Flipper, Henry Ossian, 18561940 Keywords Authors F Flipper,Henry Ossian, 1856-1940; Titles C ; Subject Military Science. http://www.archive.org/texts/textslisting-browse.php?collection=gutenberg&cat=Au

12. Lieutenant Henry Ossian Flipper: First Colored Graduate Of West Point Henry Ossian Flipper 18561940. The first colored graduate of West Point, HenryOssian Flipper served his country in the Cavalry and civilian life alike. http://www.blackhistoryreview.com/biography/HenryFlipper.php

B LACK H ISTORY R EVIEW Honoring African-American Achievement Black History Review Home Black Biographies Books on History Teachers' Resources for African-American Studies ... Black Commentators Henry Ossian Flipper The first colored graduate of West Point, Henry Ossian Flipper served his country in the Cavalry and civilian life alike. Henry Ossian Flipper was one of five sons born to Festus and Isabella Flipper, slaves in Thomasville, Georgia. All of them grew up to achieve great things in their fields, but Henry's military vocation was especially difficult for a black man. The education the boys received was unusual for their time and social status and prepared them all well. At great risk to all concerned, another slave taught Henry to read in 1864. Immediately after the Civil War he attended schools set up by the American Missionary Association. In 1873 he was a freshman at Atlanta University before Representative James C. Freeman on Georgia appointed him to West Point. At West Point he encountered severe racism. It was bad enough that the 6 black cadets admitted before Flipper arrived were unable to finish. During his time there another cadet, Johnson Whittaker, was brutally injured and expelled for "falsely" accusing his fellow-cadets of attacking him. But Henry Flipper persevered and became the first black man commissioned from West Point.

13. Index Flipper, Henry Ossian (18561940) Henry Ossian Flipper, The ColoredCadet at West Point (Autobiography) Ford, Ford Madox (1873-1939 http://www.eshunet.com/list1/en3000/titles/index-f.htm

English Classics 3000 F ( Listed by Author ) Fabre, Jean-Henri (1823-1915) Bramble-bees and Others The Life of the Caterpillar The Life of the Fly The Life of the Spider The Mason-bees More Hunting Wasps Fa-Hien (ca. 337-ca. 422) Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms Fairless, Michael (1869-1901) The Gathering of Brother Hilarius The Grey Brethren and Other Fragments in Prose and Verse The Roadmender Farrand, Max (1869-1945) The Fathers of the Constitution Farrer James Anson Adam Smith (1881) Ferdowsi (ca.935-1020) The Epic of Kings Ferguson, Adam (1723-1816) An Essay On The History OF Civil Society Ferguson, W. B. M. (1882- ) Garrison's Finish, A Romance of the Race-Course Ferri, Enrico (1856-1929) Criminal Sociology Field, Edward Salisbury (1878-1936) Cupid's Understudy Field, Eugene (1850-1895) The Love Affairs of A Bibliomaniac Love-Songs of Childhood Fielding, Henry (1707-1754) From This World to the Next The History of Tom Jones, A Foundling Journal of a Voyage to Lisbon Fielding, Sarah (1710-1768) The Governess, or, Little Female Academy

14. Henry Ossian Flipper, 1856-1940 Henry Ossian Flipper, 18561940. America s First Black Graduate ofWest Point, Second Lieutenant Henry O. Flipper served with the http://www.utexas.edu/world/texasblackhistory/HOFlipper.html

Dr. Juliet E. K. Walker Professor, Department of History Home UT Home Page College of Liberal Arts Center for Black Business History Henry Ossian Flipper, 1856-1940 America's First Black Graduate of West Point, Second Lieutenant Henry O. Flipper served with the Buffalo Soldiers Company A, 10th Cavalry Regiment on several forts in Texas Henry Ossian Flipper was born a slave in Thomasville, Georgia in 1856. After the Civil War he was educated in schools established by the American Missionary Association Schools. In 1873 Flipper was appointed to the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, where he graduated in 1877. While he was the fifth Black to attend West Point, he was the nation's first African-American to graduate from West Point. Commissioned a second lieutenant, Flipper was assigned to the 10th Cavalry, first in Fort Sill, Indian Territory and then to various posts in Texas at Forts Elliott, Concho, Quitman, and Davis, His military assignments included scouting, engineer surveyor, and construction supervisor, post adjutant, acting assistant and post quartermaster, and commissary officer. In 1881, while stationed to run a commissary at Fort Davis, Texas, Flipper was accused by his commanding officer of "embezzling funds and of conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman." He was court-martialed. Although subsequently acquitted of the embezzlement charge, he was found guilty of conduct unbecoming an officer and in 1882 dismissed from the Army.

15. Millbrook Press Flight. Flipper, Henry Ossian, 18561940Juvenile literature. Flipper, HenryOssian, 1856-1940. FloodsEnvironmental aspectsJuvenile literature. http://www.millbrookpress.com/subheadings_f.html

THE MILLBROOK PRESS Millbrook Press Subject Headings List A B C D ... E F G H I J-K ... E F G H I J-K ... Home

16. Flipper Biography Henry O. Flipper, Retired US Army Officer, 18561940. . Flipper. Henry Ossian Flipper,West Point s First Black Graduate, 250 pages, by Jane Eppinga, 1996, pub http://www.thomasvillega.com/community_history111.htm

Thomasville-Thomas County Historic Plantations Convention and Visitors Bureau Thomasville Visitors Center 401 S. Broad St. P.O. Box 3319 Thomasville, GA 31799 visitus@rose.net Additional Black History Information LT. HENRY OSSIAN FLIPPER SOLDIER, CIVIL ENGINEER, AUTHOR, NEWSPAPER EDITOR, SURVEYOR, CARTOGRAPHER, SPECIAL AGENT FOR THE U.S. JUSTICE DEPARTMENT, ASSISTANT TO THE SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR AND A PIONEER IN THE NATION'S OIL INDUSTRY: Lt. Henry Ossian Flipper was born a slave February 21, 1856 in Thomasville, Ga.to the parents of Festus and Issabella Buckhalter Flipper, Sr. Lt. Flipper spent his early years in Thomasville, Ga. and during the Civil War lived in Macon and Atlanta, Ga. Lt. Flipper was taught to read in 1864 by another slave who taught school at night. In late 1865, Lt. Flipper attended a succession of schools established by the American Missionary Association. In 1873, Lt. Flipper received an appointment to the U.S. Military Academy - West Point by Rep. James C. Freeman of Ga. Flipper graduated 50th in a class of 76, the first black to ever do so. Many others tried but failed. Shortly after his graduation from the academy, Lt. Flipper returned to Thomasville, Ga. to visit his father who owned a shoemaking shop. When his furlough was over he returned to the 10th Calvary as the Army's first black Officer. He was sent to Ft. Sill, Ok. in 1878. It was there he got his first taste of engineering. He and his troop were required to dig a drainage ditch. The ditch was required to help keep the water away from where the troops made camp in order to help combat malaria fever from the mosquitoes the water attracted. The ditch was called

17. NARA | Media Desk | Press Release of Lt. Henry Ossian Flipper (18561940). Lt. Flipper was the firstAfrican American graduate of the US Military Academy. In 1881 http://www.archives.gov/media_desk/press_releases/nr00-26.html

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18. April 3, 2004, The Spring Manuscript And Collectibles Auction - Chapter 40 528 (Flipper, Henry Ossian) (18561940) First African-American to graduate fromthe US Military Academy at West Point; distinguished in a variety of http://www.goldbergcoins.net/catalogarchive/20040403/chap0040.shtml

April 3, 2004, The Spring Manuscript and Collectibles Auction Sale 24 (If you have a problem viewing enlarged photos, your browser may be blocking pop-up windows. Check with your IT consultant.) Documents - Slavery/Black History Click on photo to enlarge. 1777 Quaker Manumission of a Mulatta Woman. Partly-printed slave manumission signed by John Brown of Bristol, Bucks County, Pennsylvania " this Twenty seventh day of the First month ," 1777, 1 pg. oblong octavo. Brown promises to " set free from bondage, my Mulatta Woman named Savina Long aged about Thirty four years ." Witnessed by James Moon and Thomas Stapler. John Brown signed boldly and his red wax seal is present. Docketed as being " Recorded in quarterly Meeting Book page 10th ," which denotes this document as a Quaker document, as does the date. The Quakers were the first religious group to declare en masse that slavery was wrong and to require that their members free their slaves. Benjamin Franklin was so affected by the Quakers' committment tht he formed one of the first Abolitionist Societies in Philadelphia. Fine. Estimated Value $800-1,000.

19. Blackrefer.com-Blacks/African American History Websites Smithsonian magazine investigation of old grave sites in New England, unearthinghard truths about yankees and slavery. Henry Ossian Flipper, 18561940 http://www.blackrefer.com/history2.html

Education Directory: Black Colleges 1 College Aids Sororities 1 Fraternities 1 ... Reparations RECENTLY ADDED WEBSITES TO THIS PAGE.... Black History Project Black History Month Lest We Forget Colored Reflections Black Refers Hot Pick! BLACK REFER.COM:. tons of links to black websites! BLACK HISTORY page-2 FEATURED WEBSITES Behind The Scenes 1868 autobiography of Elizabeth Keckley, who went from slavery to the White House where she served Mary Todd Lincoln. Black Calendar A chronicle of African American history including biographies, images, sound clips, photos, calendars and community resources. Black Facts Black Facts Online is the world's largest free online database of Black History information. Black History Whence all this passion toward conforming anyway? -diversity is the word. Ralph Ellison. Black History Activities African-American History was chosen as a topic because of its importance, popularity and the wealth of Internet resources available on the topic. Black History And Classical Music This is an excellent public service, very informative and quite sophisticated." Dominique-Rene de Lerma, Professor of Music, Lawrence University. Black History And The Civil Rights Movement Links to other black history websites.

20. African Americans And Military History New York Liveright , 1971. 1st ed.. General Coll./Floor 3E185.63.C37. Flipper, Henry Ossian, 18561940. Black frontiersman http://www.lib.odu.edu/special/exhibits/blackhistory/1999/afammilhist.htm

African Americans and Military History Brewer, James H. The Confederate Negro; Virginia's craftsmen and military laborers, 1861-1865 / by] James H. Brewer. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1969. General Coll./Floor 3: E585.N3B7 Carroll, John M., comp. The Black military experience in the American West / edited by John M. Carroll. New York : Liveright , [1971]. [1st ed.] General Coll./Floor 3: E185.63.C37 Flipper, Henry Ossian, 1856-1940. Black frontiersman: the memoirs of Henry O. Flipper, first Black graduate of West Point / compiled and edited with introduction and notes by Theodore D. Harris. Fort Worth : Texas Christian University Press, c1997. General Coll./Floor 3 : F786 .F575 1997 Gropman, Alan L. The Air Force integrates, 1945-1964 / Alan L. Gropman. Washington, DC : Smithsonian Institution Press, c1998. 2nd ed. General Coll./Floor 4 : UG834.A37 G76 1998 Moebs, Thomas Truxtun. Black soldiers - Black sailors - Black ink : research guide on African-Americans in U.S. military history, 1526-1900 / by Thomas Truxtun Moebs. Chesapeake Bay [Va.] : Moebs Pub. Co., 1994.

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