41. KIDS PHILOSOPHY SLAM -Philosopher Of The Week March! Rene Descartes (15961650) (France). Like the ancient Greek philosopherSocrates, Rene Descartes used questions to find truth. http://www.philosophyslam.org/11_04.html

Philosopher of the Week. Nov. 4th, 2002. Rene Descartes The Kids Philosophy Slam now features a philosopher of the week. Included with this new offering is a brief biography and famous quotes of the featured philosopher, ideas for classroom discussions, and links to related philosopher sites! There will be a new philosopher of the week each and every week through March! Rene Descartes (1596-1650) (France) Like the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates, Rene Descartes used questions to find truth. He questioned everything including his own existence. "If you would be a real seeker after truth, it is necessary that at least once in your life you doubt, as far as possible, all things." He proved that he existed with the statement, "I think therefore I am." Because he could think, he must exist. Descartes used "hyperbolic doubt", a method of reasoning that stated that though he may doubt, he cannot doubt that he exists. Descartes was a scientist at heart and used science to explore his ideas. He set out to trust only that which is clearly and distinctly seen to be beyond any doubt. Anything that could be doubted was rejected. This included God and the teachings of the church. He believed that he could not trust his senses, because distance can distort what you see. He came to the conclusion that he could only trust mathematics because, awake or asleep, two plus three always equals five.

42. RENE DESCARTES (1596-1650) Rene Descartes (15961650). Descartesin ajattelu on yleensä erotettu täydellisestihistoriallisesta syntykontekstista. Hänen filosofiansa http://cc.oulu.fi/~pulkkine/mf_handout07.html

RENE DESCARTES (1596-1650) Stephen Toulmin Kosmopolis , 1990). 1500-luvun humanistien ( Erasmus Rotterdamilainen Michel de Montaigne Cogito, ergo sum Les passions de l’âme Mielenliikutukset

43. Rene Descartes Rene Descartes (15961650). Descartes set out to create a whole newsystem of thought that would unify all knowledge. It was the http://www.psych.utah.edu/gordon/Classes/Psy4905Docs/PsychHistory/Cards/Descarte

44. Bibliography Descartes, Rene, 15961650, Correspondance publiee, avec une introductionet des notes, par Ch. Adam et G. Milhaud, Paris, F. Alcan, 1936-63. http://www.library.cornell.edu/math/bibliography/display.cgi?start=D&

45. Rene Descartes Definitions. Descartes, Rene (15961650) French philosopher and mathematician.Descartes unique ambition was not to add a contribution http://www.faragher.freeserve.co.uk/desdef.htm

Definitions Descartes, Rene (1596-1650): French philosopher and mathematician. Descartes' unique ambition was not to add a contribution...but to reconstruct the whole of philosophy anew. "...those who are seeking the strict way of truth should not trouble themselves about any object concerning which they can not have a certainty equal to arithmetical or geometrical demonstration." A Dictionary Of Philosophy. Second edition. (Pan Books 1984). Descartes is regarded as the founder of modern philosophy and invented the method of systematic doubt. Whatever it was possible to doubt, he determined to doubt, until he could find good reason for not doubting. He finds it possible to doubt the evidence of the senses, because he makes mistakes about the nature of objects seen in the distance. He can also be mislead by such things as dreams. He even proposes a demon who constantly controls what he experiences to produce an illusory reality of the demon's creating (a virtual reality, something like the film The Matrix ). Scepticism is supposedly taken to the ultimate limit in this way.

46. Am Descartes I I Rene Therefore Think of Philosophy René Descartes (15961650) René Descartes (1596-1650) is one edu/research/iep/d/descarte.htmCATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA Rene Descartes Visit New http://www.thinkblade.com/think/am-descartes-i-i-rene-therefore-think.html

am descartes i i rene therefore think Recommended am descartes i i rene therefore think Site: Experience life changing breakthroughs now! "You'' get so focused on reachnig meaningful goals, your entire life will be transformed" Other Sites: René Descartes Lucidcafé's Profile of Rene Descartes ... famous Latin phrase "cogito ergo sum," or in English " I think therefore I am ." In Descartes ' view, the universe was created by God on whose power ... http://www.bena.com/lucidcafe/library/96mar/descartes.html René Descartes - Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rene_Descartes Philosophers : Rene Descartes The Window Philsophy on the WWW. Philosophers Section ... us to doubt our own existence. Thus, the famous "cogito ergo sum" ( I think therefore I am ). However, the I is not a physical " i" , is is an ... http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/phil/philo/phils/descartes.html Descartes Rene . The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001 Descartes Rene . The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001 http://www.bartleby.com/65/de/Descarte.html

47. Rene Descartes RENÉ Descartes (15961650) Cogito Ergo Sum ( I think, thereforeI am. ). René Descartes was born on March 31st, 1596 in the town http://www.renedescartes.com/

Home Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason and Seeking Truth in the Sciences Meditations Essay ... Resources REN DESCARTES (1596-1650) "Cogito Ergo Sum" ("I think, therefore I am.") Ren Descartes was born on March 31st, 1596 in the town of La Haye in the south of France, the son of Joachim Descartes, a Councilor in Parliament and and intellectual who made certain to provide a good learning environment for his son. In 1606, at the age of 8, René attended the Jesuit college of Henri IV in La Fl che, where he studied literature, grammar, science, and mathematics. In 1614, he left La Fl che to study civil and cannon Law at Poitiers. In 1616, he received his baccalaureate and licentiate degrees in Law. Aside from his Law degrees, Descartes also spent time studying philosophy, theology, and medicine. After a short stay in the military, Descartes went on to lead a quiet life, continuing his intellectual pursuits, writing philosophical essays, and exploring the world of science and mathematics. In 1637, he published "geometry", in which his combination of algebra and geometry gave birth to analytical geometry, better known as Cartesian geometry. But the most important contribution Descartes made were his philosophical writings; Descartes, who was convinced that science and mathematics could be used to explain everything in nature, was the first to describe the physical universe in terms of matter and motion, seeing the universe a as giant mathematically designed engine. Descartes wrote three important texts: Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason and Seeking Truth in the Sciences, Meditations on First Philosophy, and Principles of Philosophy.

48. Rene Descartes René Descartes (15961650). Bibliography. Boorsch, Jean. The ScientificWork of René Descartes (1596-1650). London Taylor Francis, 1952. http://www.horuspublications.com/guide/ms111.html

Horus Gets In Gear Beginner's Guide to Research in the History of Science Bottom of Page Master Contents Horus Publications Bibliography Boorsch, Jean. . Paris, 1937. Caton, Hiram. The Origin of Subjectivity. An Essay on Descartes. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973. Bibliography of Cartesian studies from 1960 to 1970, extending the work of Sebba, below. Sebba, Gregor. Bibliographia Cartesiana, a critical guide to the Descartes Literature, 1800-1960. The Hague: Nijhoff, 1964. Works in English The Philosophical Works of Descartes. John Cottingham, Robert Stoothoff, and Dugald Murdoch, Translators and Editors. 2 vols. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984-85. The translation by Cottingham, Stoothoff, and Murdoch is considered more sensitive to modern English and is preferred to the older translation, Elizabeth S. Haldane, Translator and Editor, The Philosophical Works of Descartes, 2 vols. (Cambridge, [Eng.]: 1911-1912). Principles of Philosophy . Valentine Rodger Miller and Reese P. Miller, Translators. Synthese Historical Library, 24; Collection des Travaux de l'Academie Internationale d'Histoire des Sciences, 30. Dordrecht /Boston /London: D. Reidel, 1983. This is the only English translation of the complete work. The Haldane translation omits most of Parts II, III, and IV.

49. - Great Books - Rene Descartes (15961650), Philosopher and scientist, born at La HayeFrance, 31 March, 1596; died at Stockholm, Sweden, 11 February 1650. http://www.malaspina.com/site/person_409.asp

Rene Descartes Galileo frightened Descartes who preferred to avoid all collision with ecclesiastical authority. He deferred the publication of this clever work without, however, losing hope of eventually bringing it out. In 1649, yielding to the entreaties of Queen Christina, he went to Sweden, and died at Stockholm of inflammation of the lungs. Descartes' work is important rather because of its quality than of its quantity. Let us see first of all wherein his method is new. He observed, as Bacon had already done before him, that there is no question on which men agree. "There is nothing", he says "so evident or so certain that it may not be controverted. Whence then this widespread and deep-rooted anarchy? From the fact that our inquiries are haphazard" (Règles pour la direction de l'esprit, 4e Règle). The first problem, then, is to discover a scientific method. How is success in this difficult task to be assured? To begin with, we must cease to rely on authority; and for two principal reasons. "In whom can we trust" when "there is hardly a statement made by one man, of which the opposite is not loudly supported by some other?" And even "if all were agreed, the knowledge of their teaching would not suffice us." "Had we by rote all the arguments of Plato and Aristotle , we should not be any the more philosophers unless we were able to bring to bear on any given question a solid judgment of our own. We should have indeed learned history but not mastered a science" (3e Règle) Philosophy presupposes the understanding of problemsand consequently its method cannot be external, it must be essentially immanent. The true method is to seek for reasonable evidence and the norm of such evidence is to be found in the science of mathematics (Discours de la méthode, 2e partie). "It is not that arithmetic and geometry are the only sciences to be learned, but that he who would progress on the road to truth must not delay over any object about which he cannot have a certainty equal to that given by arithmetical and geometrical demonstrations" (2e Règle).

50. Rene Descartes Famous Quotes -ThinkExist Rene Descartes. French mathematician, scientist, and philosopher,15961650.I hope that posterity will judge me kindly, not only as http://www.thinkexist.com/English/Author/x/Author_3935_1.htm

QUOTATIONS by Topic by Author by User TOP 10 Quotations Topics Authors OTHER Subscriptions Advertising About Us Contact Us Rene Descartes French mathematician, scientist, and philosopher,1596-1650 I hope that posterity will judge me kindly, not only as to the things which I have explained, but also to those which I have intentionally omitted so as to leave to others the pleasure of discovery. Divide each difficulty into as many parts as is feasible and necessary to resolve it. It is not enough to have a good mind; the main thing is to use it well. To know what people really think, pay regard to what they do, rather than what they say. I think therefore I exist. Each problem that I solved became a rule, which served afterwards to solve other problems. Perfect numbers like perfect men are very rare. If you would be a real seeker after truth, you must at least once in your life doubt, as far as possible, all things. The two operations of our understanding, intuition and deduction, on which alone we have said we must rely in the acquisition of knowledge. Everybody thinks himself so well supplied with common sense that even those most difficult to please. . . never desire more of it than they already have.

51. Rene Descartes Rene Descartes (15961650) was a religious manwho devoted much of hislife to destroying old ideas and building new ones (Cajori 183). http://www.brown.edu/Students/OHJC/hm4/descarte.htm

Rene Descartes (1596-1650) was a religious manwho devoted much of his life to destroying old ideas and building new ones (Cajori 183). Most importantly, he (along with Pierre de Fermat ) is known as one of the fathers of coordinate geometry.

52. Great Books Descartes, Rene, 15961650, Discourse on Method, 1637, Philosophy of philosophy,metapysics, Search, 28, 816. Descartes, Rene, 1596-1650, Geometry, The, Search,28, http://www.ditext.com/archive/ga.html

Great Books - Alphabetized by Authors Aeschylus 525-456 B.C. Agamemnon Search Aeschylus 525-456 B.C. Eumenides, The Search Aeschylus 525-456 B.C. Libation Bearers, The Search Aeschylus 525-456 B.C. Persians, The 472 B.C. Drama Search Aeschylus 525-456 B.C. Prometheus Bound 470 B.C. Drama Search Aeschylus 525-456 B.C. Seven Against Thebes 467 B.C. Drama Search Aeschylus 525-456 B.C. Suppliants, The 490 B.C. Drama Search Aquinas, Saint Thomas c.1225-1274 Summa Theologica c.1265-1274 Metaphysics, theology Search C K Aquinas, Saint Thomas c.1225-1274 Summa Theologica c.1265-1274 Metaphysics, theology Search C K Archimedes c.287-212 B.C. Book of Lemmas Search Archimedes c.287-212 B.C. Measurement of a Circle Search Archimedes c.287-212 B.C. Method Treating of Mechanical Problems, The Search Archimedes c.287-212 B.C. On Conoids and Spheroids Search Archimedes c.287-212 B.C. On Floating Bodies Search Archimedes c.287-212 B.C. On Spirals Search Archimedes c.287-212 B.C. On the Equilibrium of Planes Search Archimedes c.287-212 B.C. On the Sphere and Cylinder Search Archimedes c.287-212 B.C.

53. Great Books And Classics - Rene Descartes Selected Reading List All Works ? Change Selected LanguageAll Change. Author Chronological, Rene Descartes (1596-1650), http://www.grtbooks.com/descartes.asp?idx=0&yr=1596

54. Descartes: The Renaissance Man Rene Descartes (15961650) Online Available http//www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Descartes/RouseBall/RB_Descartes.htmlVisited 925 PM 5/25/98. http://www.ga.k12.pa.us/academics/US/Math/Millar/Descartes/Burka.htm

Mathematical Legends Biographical Sketches of Mathematical Giants Philosopher Geometer Algebraist The Renaissance Man What is in a name? The phrase "Renaissance man" has become almost outdated as its origin. In a world where people now major in college and specialize in fields, calling someone a "jack of all trades" has become an insult. But for some few, the term remains as a symbol of genius. Hear one such name; a world will open up before you, the world of a philosopher and a mathematician. Hear his voice today, from beyond the grave; enter the realm of Descartes. An Interview Constructed by Tanya Burka '99. Spring 1998. Tanya: You’ve been quoted as saying, "Omnia apud me mathematica fiunt: with me, everything turns into mathematics." Are you going to answer our questions with equations? Descartes: No, I hope not. I only speak one language really, mathematics, but I dabble in others like English just enough to answer questions and buy groceries (laughs). Much of life can be related to mathematics, you know. That has always been my greatest hope: to see the universe explained in its own building blocks, equations. T: Can you give us an example?

55. Rene Descartes (1596 - 1650) René Descartes (1596 1650). From `A Short Account of the Historyof Mathematics (4th edition, 1908) by WW Rouse Ball. We may http://www.maths.tcd.ie/pub/HistMath/People/Descartes/RouseBall/RB_Descartes.htm

From `A Short Account of the History of Mathematics' (4th edition, 1908) by W. W. Rouse Ball. We may consider Descartes as the first of the modern school of mathematics. was born near Tours on March 31, 1596, and died at Stockholm on February 11, 1650; thus he was a contemporary of Galileo and Desargues. His father, who, as the name implies, was of good family, was accustomed to spend half the year at Rennes when the local parliament, in which he held a commission as councillor, was in session, and the rest of the time on his family estate of Les Cartes He resigned his commission in the spring of 1621, and spent the next five years in travel, during most of which time he continued to study pure mathematics. In 1626 we find him settled at Paris, ``a little well-built figure, modestly clad in green taffety, and only wearing sword and feather in token of his quality as a gentleman.'' During the first two years there he interested himself in general society, and spent his leisure in the construction of optical instruments; but these pursuits were merely the relaxations of one who failed to find in philosophy that theory of the universe which he was convinced finally awaited him. In 1628 Cardinal de Berulle, the founder of the Oratorians, met Descartes, and was so much impressed by his conversation that he urged on him the duty of devoting his life to the examination of truth. Descartes agreed, and the better to secure himself from interruption moved to Holland, then at the height of his power. There for twenty years he lived, giving up all his time to philosophy and mathematics. Science, he says, may be compared to a tree; metaphysics is the root, physics is the trunk, and the three chief branches are mechanics, medicine, and morals, these forming the three applications of our knowledge, namely, to the external world, to the human body, and to the conduct of life.

56. René Descartes [Internet Encyclopedia Of Philosophy] René Descartes (15961650). René Descartes (1596-1650) is one of themost important Western philosophers of the past few centuries. http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/descarte.htm

René Descartes (1596-1650) René Descartes (1596-1650) is one of the most important Western philosophers of the past few centuries. During his lifetime, Descartes was just as famous as an original physicist, physiologist and mathematician. But it is as a highly original philosopher that he is most frequently read today. He attempted to restart philosophy in a fresh direction. For example, his philosophy refused to accept the Aristotelian and Scholastic traditions that had dominated philosophical thought throughout the Medieval period; it attempted to fully integrate philosophy with the 'new' sciences; and Descartes changed the relationship between philosophy and theology. Such new directions for philosophy made Descartes into a revolutionary figure. The two most widely known of Descartes' philosophical ideas are those of a method of hyperbolic doubt, and the argument that, though he may doubt, he cannot doubt that he exists. The first of these comprises a key aspect of Descartes' philosophical method. As noted above, he refused to accept the authority of previous philosophers - but he also refused to accept the obviousness of his own senses. In the search for a foundation for philosophy, whatever could be doubted must be rejected. He resolves to trust only that which is clearly and distinctly seen to be beyond any doubt. In this manner, Descartes peels away the layers of beliefs and opinions that clouded his view of the truth. But, very little remains, only the simple fact of doubting itself, and the inescapable inference that something exists doubting, namely Descartes himself.

57. Descartes Descartes, René (15961650) Special thanks to the Microsoft Corporation for INTRODUCTION Descartes, René ( 1596-1650), French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, sometimes http://www.connect.net/ron/descartes.html

Descartes, René (1596-1650) Special thanks to the Microsoft Corporation for their contribution to my site. The following information came from Microsoft Encarta. Here is a hyperlink to the Microsoft Encarta home page: http://www.encarta.msn.com I INTRODUCTION (1596-1650), French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, sometimes called the father of modern philosophy. see It was probably during the first years of his residence in the Netherlands that Descartes wrote his first major work, Essais philosophiques (Philosophical Essays), published in 1637. The work contained four parts: an essay on geometry, another on optics, a third on meteors, and (Discourse on Method), which described his philosophical speculations. This was followed by other philosophical works, among them Meditationes de Prima Philosophia (Meditations on First Philosophy, 1641; revised 1642) and Principia Philosophiae (The Principles of Philosophy, 1644). The latter volume was dedicated to Princess Elizabeth Stuart of Bohemia, who lived in the Netherlands and with whom Descartes had formed a deep friendship. In 1649 Descartes was invited to the court of Queen Christina of Sweden in Stockholm to give the queen instruction in philosophy. The rigors of the northern winter brought on the pneumonia that caused his death in 1650. II PHILOSOPHY Descartes attempted to apply the rational inductive methods of science, and particularly of mathematics, to philosophy. Before his time, philosophy had been dominated by the method of Scholasticism, which was entirely based on comparing and contrasting the views of recognized authorities. Rejecting this method, Descartes stated, "In our search for the direct road to truth, we should busy ourselves with no object about which we cannot attain a certitude equal to that of the demonstration of arithmetic and geometry." He therefore determined to hold nothing true until he had established grounds for believing it true. The single sure fact from which his investigations began was expressed by him in the famous words

58. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Rene Descartes René Descartes. Descartes work is important rather because of its qualitythan of its quantity. Let us see first of all wherein his method is new. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04744b.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... Z (Renatus Cartesius), philosopher and scientist, born at La Haye France, 31 March, 1596; died at Stockholm, Sweden, 11 February 1650. He studied at the Jesuit Galileo frightened Descartes who preferred to avoid all collision with ecclesiastical authority. He deferred the publication of this clever work without, however, losing hope of eventually bringing it out. In 1649, yielding to the entreaties of Queen Christina, he went to Sweden, and died at Stockholm of inflammation of the lungs. Descartes' work is important rather because of its quality than of its quantity. Let us see first of all wherein his method is new. He observed, as Bacon Aristotle Bacon Bacon ... Baconian method (letter to Mersenne, 1631), and acts accordingly. He put himself in touch with all the experimental work of his day (letter, April, 1632), urged others to take up research (letter to Mersenne, 1632), and carried on experiments of his own that covered a wide range of subjects: the weight of air (letter, 2 June, 1631), the laws of sound and light (letter, 1633); the essential differences between oils, spirits, eaux-de-vie, common waters, aquafortis, and salts. He dissected the heads of various animals to show the workings of memory and imagination (cf. letters to Mersenne, 1633 April, 1637; 13 November, 1639; 4 January, 1643, ed. Cousin, Paris, 1826). There was hardly a fact that escaped this apologist of Reason nor anything into whose hidden nature he did not inquire; even the "Chasse de Pan" he followed with his accustomed ardour.

59. Descartes Biography of René Descartes (15961650) René Descartes. Born 31 March 1596 in La Haye (now Descartes) Touraine, France. Died 11 Feb 1650 in Stockholm René Descartes was a philosopher whose http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Descartes.html

Born: 31 March 1596 in La Haye (now Descartes),Touraine, France Died: 11 Feb 1650 in Stockholm, Sweden Click the picture above to see eleven larger pictures Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index was a philosopher whose work, , includes his application of algebra to geometry from which we now have Cartesian geometry. Clavius . While in the school his health was poor and he was granted permission to remain in bed until 11 o'clock in the morning, a custom he maintained until the year of his death. School had made Descartes understand how little he knew, the only subject which was satisfactory in his eyes was mathematics. This idea became the foundation for his way of thinking, and was to form the basis for all his works. Descartes spent a while in Paris, apparently keeping very much to himself, then he studied at the University of Poitiers. He received a law degree from Poitiers in 1616 then enlisted in the military school at Breda. In 1618 he started studying mathematics and mechanics under the Dutch scientist Isaac Beeckman, and began to seek a unified science of nature. After two years in Holland he travelled through Europe. Then in 1619 he joined the Bavarian army. From 1620 to 1628 Descartes travelled through Europe, spending time in Bohemia (1620), Hungary (1621), Germany, Holland and France (1622-23). He spent time in 1623 in Paris where he made contact with

60. Descartes, René (1596-1650) -- From Eric Weisstein's World Of Scientific Biogra Nationality. French. Descartes, René (15961650) French scientific philosopher who developed a theory no vacuum could exist. Descartes believed that matter had no inherent qualities http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Descartes.html

Branch of Science Philosophers Nationality French French scientific philosopher who developed a theory known as the mechanical philosophy. This philosophy was highly influential until superseded by Newton's methodology, and maintained, for example, that the universe was a plenum in which no vacuum could exist. Descartes believed that matter had no inherent qualities, but was simply the "brute stuff" which occupied space. He divided reality into the res cognitas (consciousness, mind) and res extensa (matter, extension). In (1664) and (1649), he expounded the view that an animal was an automaton lacking both sensation and self-awareness, and that only man was endowed with a soul. Descartes also generalized Harvey's mechanical interpretation of circulation, believing that the heart is an automatic mechanical pump. Descartes also believed that colors were caused by the rotation of "spheres" of light, using the tennis ball as a model of a spinning sphere. Unlike Newton , Descartes believed that white light was the pristine form. Descartes gave the first formulation of what is now known as Snell's law of refraction Descartes believed that God created the universe as a perfect clockwork mechanism of vortical motion that functioned deterministically thereafter without intervention.

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