41. Human Genome Project online version of its issue dedicated to the mapping of the human genome (Nature409 in the field, and a module devoted to postgenomics (technical discussions http://www.georgetown.edu/research/nrcbl/scopenotes/sn17.html

SCOPE NOTE National Reference Center for Bioethics Literature The Joseph and Rose Kennedy Institute of Ethics Box 571212, Georgetown University Washington, DC 20057-1212 202-687-3885; 800-MED-ETHX; fax: 202-687-6770 e-mail: bioethics@georgetown.edu http://bioethics.georgetown.edu/ The Human Genome Project Table of Contents Background Essay I. General Surveys II. The Debate III. U.S. Project History ... Get a Quick Bib for Recent Literature on this Topic While indeed an historical moment, the announcement on February 12, 2001 of the mapping of a "working draft" of the human genome has been treated in the literature as a beginning - a new way to think about biology and the ways we apply biological concepts to medicine. Issues of both Science and Nature magazines celebrated the event by establishing interdisciplinary Web sites where readers can access essays on aspects of genome mapping and link directly to databases to search for more information on the topics. The following essay and bibliography, updated online since its original print publication in 1991, can serve as a framework for accessing and evaluating information on the Human Genome Project. "It is a rare and wonderful moment when success teaches us humility, and this, I argue, is precisely the moment at which we find ourselves at the end of the twentieth century." [V. Keller 2000]

42. Database Mining Tools In The Human Genome Initiative Database Mining in the human Genome Initiative. Contents. 1. human Genome Initiative2. Computational Molecular Biology and Scientific Databases 3. genomics http://www.biodatabases.com/whitepaper01.html

Database Mining in the Human Genome Initiative John L. Houle, a Wanda Cadigan, b Sylvain Henry, b Anu Pinnamaneni b and Sonny Lundahl c a Scientific Author, b Scientific Reviewer, c Senior Manager Bio-databases.com, Amita Corporation, 1420 Blair Place, Suite 500, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1J 9L8 info@bio-databases.com Abstract The Human Genome Initiative is an international research program for the creation of detailed genetic and physical maps of the human genome. Genome research projects generate enormous quantities of data. Database mining is the process of finding and extracting useful information from raw datasets. Computational genomics has identified a classification of three successive levels for the management and analysis of genetic data in scientific databases: Genomics. Gene expression. Proteomics. Genome database mining is the identification of the protein-encoding regions of a genome and the assignment of functions to these genes on the basis of sequence similarity homologies against other genes of known function. Gene expression database mining is the identification of intrinsic patterns and relationships in transcriptional expression data generated by large-scale gene expression experiments. Proteome database mining is the identification of intrinsic patterns and relationships in translational expression data generated by large-scale proteomics experiments. Improvements in genome, gene expression and proteome database mining algorithms will enable the prediction of protein function in the context of higher order processes such as the regulation of gene expression, metabolic pathways and signalling cascades. Thus, the final objective of such higher-level functional analysis will be the elucidation of high-resolution structural and functional maps of the human genome.

43. Database Mining Tools In The Human Genome Initiative sequences comprising the human genome nears completion, the human Genome Initiativeis undergoing a paradigm shift from static structural genomics to dynamic http://www.biodatabases.com/whitepaper02.html

3. Genomics Genomics is defined as the scientific discipline which focuses on the systematic investigation of genomes, i.e. the complete set of chromosomes and genes of an organism. Genomics consists of two component areas: Structural genomics. Functional genomics. Structural genomics refers to the large-scale determination of DNA sequences and gene mapping. Functional genomics refers to the attachment of information concerning functional activity to existing structural knowledge about DNA sequences. As the determination of the DNA sequences comprising the human genome nears completion, the Human Genome Initiative is undergoing a paradigm shift from static structural genomics to dynamic functional genomics. The current section will focus on structural genomics. Genomics has been reviewed. 3.1. Genome Databases As described in the survey of Pearson and Soll, genome databases are used for the storage and analysis of genetic and physical maps. Chromosome genetic linkage maps represent distances between markers based on meiotic recombination frequencies. Chromosome physical maps represent distances between markers based on numbers of nucleotides. Genome databases should define four data types: Sequence.

44. Wired News: Human Genome: Because They Could Scientists with the internationally funded human Genome Project, as well as researchersfrom Celera, a forprofit genomics company, agreed to end their rivalry http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,1282,37206,00.html

Welcome to Wired News. Skip directly to: Search Box Section Navigation Content Search: Wired News Animations Wired Magazine HotBot (the Web) Human Genome: Because They Could by Kristen Philipkoski Also by this reporter Page 1 of 2 next 03:00 AM Jun. 26, 2000 PT The often bitter race to map the human genetic system appears to have ended in a dead heat. Competing researchers both say they've completed a working draft, which maps 90 percent of the chemical units making up a human's genetic heritage. Wireless Hot Spot Directory Search for Wi-Fi hot spots near you: Story Tools See also See also: Gene Mappers to Make Amends See also: Genome Race Neck and Neck See also: Negotiating Gene Science Ethics Check yourself into Med-Tech Read more Technology news Today's Top 5 Stories China Cracks Down on Net Games Senators Back Low-Power Radio Drowning in an Ocean of Plastic Little Brothers Like IP Cameras ... Wired News RSS Feeds Breaking News Gaddafi Regrets Reagan Died Without Facing Trial Sharon Cabinet Seen Passing Watered-Down Gaza Plan Palestinian Revolt Leader Gets Life in Israel Jail Car Bomb Kills Nine Outside Iraqi-U.S. Base ... Wire Service Photo Gallery Tech Jobs Partner Today's the Day Scientists with the internationally funded Human Genome Project, as well as researchers from Celera, a for-profit genomics company, agreed to end their rivalry and keep the focus on science.

45. Human Genome Project is a collection of images relevant to the potential benefits of the human GenomeProject, including molecular medicine, microbial genomics, risk assessment http://bioresearch.ac.uk/browse/mesh/C0020125L0020125.html

low graphics Human Genome Project Human Genome Project Human Genome Project / economics broader: Genetics, Medical Information Services Research other: Animal Use Alternatives Genomics Peer Review, Research Human Genome Project Human genome resources An extensive set of resources about the Human Genome Project, the international program aiming to construct detailed maps of the human genome. Information is provided about the project, as well as information on specific human genes, genome maps, sequences, genetic variation, and gene expression. Information on genes and disease is also included, as well as a glossary of terms, event details, and other relevant information. Provided on the web by the US National Center for Biotechnology Information. Resource Guides [Publication Type] Human Genome Project Genes Chromosome Mapping ... Human Genome Project: from maps to medicine A short, illustrated guide to the Human Genome Project and its applications to medicine, published by the National Center for Human Genome Research (part of the National Institutes of Health of the USA.) This document contains a basic introduction to genetics and the Human Genome project, and a case study on hereditary colon cancer. Human Genome Project Genome, Human

46. Human Genome Sciences, Inc. The success of our drug discovery efforts rests firmly on our expertise in genomics,the systematic collection and understanding of human genes and their http://www.biospace.com/company_profile.cfm?CompanyID=1400

47. Origins Of The Human Genome Project 37 Jean Dausset et al., Centre d Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH) CollaborativeGenetic Mapping of the human Genome, 6 genomics 575 (1990). http://www.fplc.edu/risk/vol5/spring/cookdeeg.htm

Origins of the Human Genome Project Robert Mullan Cook-Deegan* Introduction The earliest and most obvious applications of genome research are tests for genetic disorders, but less obvious diagnostic uses may prove at least as important, such as forensic uses to establish identity (to determine paternity, to link suspects of physical evidence of rape or murder, or as a molecular "dog-tag" in the military). Genome research also promises to find genes expeditiously, making the genetic approach attractive as a first step in the study not only of complex diseases, but also of normal biological function. Each new gene is a potential target for drug development to fix it when broken, to shut it down, to attenuate or amplify its expression, or to change its product, usually a protein. Finding a gene gives investigators a molecular handle on problems that have proven intractable. Faith that the systematic analysis of DNA structure will prove to be a powerful research tool underlies the rationale behind the genome project. Faith that that scientific power will translate to products, jobs and wealth underlies the recent substantial investments in private genome research startup companies and the diversification of pharmaceutical and agricultural research firms into genome research. The human genome project was borne of technology, grew into a science bureaucracy in the U.S. and throughout the world and is now being transformed into a hybrid academic and commercial enterprise. The next phase of the project promises to veer more sharply toward commercial application, exploiting the rapidly growing body of knowledge about DNA structure to the pursuit of practical benefits.

48. The Scientist - The Human Genome publicly funded international consortium human Genome Project (HGP) and the firstassembly of the human genome produced by privately funded Celera genomics. http://www.the-scientist.com/yr2000/jul/emmett_p1_000724.html

The Scientist 14[15]:1, Jul. 24, 2000 NEWS The Human Genome Armed with a working draft, scientist, ponder the meaning of all 23 human chromosome pairs and more By Arielle Emmett Graphic: Cathleen Heard Life sciences took center stage virtually around the world June 26. President Bill Clinton , flanked on the left by Celera Genomics Group president J. Craig Venter and on the right by National Human Genome Research Institute director Francis S. Collins , announced the completion of "the first survey of the entire human genome." Among others present for the announ-cement in the White House East Room were ambassadors from the United Kingdom, Japan, Germany, and France. British Prime Minister Tony Blair attended via satellite. Francis Crick and James Watson , who discovered the structure of DNA. "Dr. Watson, the way you announced your discovery in the journal Nature was one of the great understatements of all time. This structure has novel features, which are of considerable biological interest," Clinton said directly to Watsonwith Clinton's own understatement producing laughter in the room. He was referring to the 1953 Watson and Crick paper "Molecular structure of nucleic acidsa structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid" ( Nature , 171:737-738), which according to Philadelphia's Institute for Scientific Information's Web of Science has been cited in thousands of papers.

49. The Scientist - The Human Genome — One Year Later controlled Celera genomics, published in Science, is referenced in 533 papers; thearticle written by the publicly funded International human Genome Sequencing http://www.the-scientist.com/yr2002/feb/hot_020204.html

The Scientist 16[3]:29, Feb. 4, 2002 HOT PAPER The Human Genome — One Year Later Or, how hundreds of authors fit 3 billion letters into 40,000 words E-mail article By Brendan A. Maher For this article, Brendan A. Maher interviewed Eric S. Lander , director, Whitehead Institute Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Mass., and J. Craig Venter , then president and chief scientific officer, Celera Genomics Group, Rockville, Md. Data from the Web of Science (ISI, Philadelphia) show that Hot Papers are cited 50 to 100 times more often than the average paper of the same type and age. J.C. Venter et al., "The sequence of the human genome, Science, 291:1304-51, Feb.16, 2001. (Cited in 533 papers) E.S. Lander et al., "Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome," Nature, 409: 860-921 Feb. 15, 2001. (Cited in 667 papers) At the time, it attracted enough media attention to rival the cloning of "Dolly;" today, the analyses of two human genome drafts, published in February 2001, are attracting an extraordinary number of citations. As of mid-January, the work of privately controlled Celera Genomics, published in Science

50. Beyond The Human Genome Project On June 26, 2000, President Clinton and the leaders of the human Genome Projectand Celera genomics announced the completion of a rough draft of the human http://www2.dof.hmc.edu/hgp/default.html

Beyond the Human Genome Project On June 26, 2000, President Clinton and the leaders of the Human Genome Project and Celera Genomics announced the completion of a rough draft of the human genome, meaning that scientists have nearly finished determining the DNA sequence for all 23 pairs of chromosomes of the human species. The completion of the human genome project, and the sequencing of other organims' DNA, is widely regarded as a turning point in biology and medicine. As we usher in the "post-genomic" era, we are faced with an explosion of new information, which is leading to dramatic changes in the way we are able to study and manipulate life. During the 2000-2001 academic year, Harvey Mudd College is hosting a series of distinguished speakers who will address the impact of the human genome project on basic research, medical research and biotechnology, and the broader impacts that these rapid advances in science will have on society as a whole. Schedule Useful web links Questions? Overview What is the human genome project?

51. NPR : Who Owns The Human Genome? Incyte genomics, Stanford, CA For the past three years, an international consortiumand Celera, a private company have been scrambling to catalog all human http://discover.npr.org/features/feature.jhtml?wfId=1118329

52. Global Issues Of The Twenty-First Century: United Nations Challenges On 26 Jun 00 two research teams, the publiclyfunded UK-US human Genome Projectand the commercial Celera genomics Corporation, jointly announced success in http://www.global-challenges.org/32human-genome.html

Global Issues of the Twenty-First Century: United Nations Challenges GENETICS: HUMAN GENOME: DNA ISSUES IN GENERAL On 26 Jun 00 two research teams, the publicly-funded UK-US Human Genome Project and the commercial Celera Genomics Corporation , jointly announced listing the sequence of the 3.1 billion bits of DNA of human beings . This knowledge will enable our species from now on to change its own structure and abilities in multiple ways . So, how we use and limit this new power will be one of the global issues of the twenty-first century why these non-technical articles on the question are specially high-lighted . The broadest (not the earliest) is the Survey by Geoffrey Carr Life Story: The Human Genome The Genetic Starting-Line The Economist 01 Jul 00:- genes information [instructions] people inherit from their parents and use to put together and run themselves , can be passed intact through generations . They are composed of a chemical - DNA encode [convert into extremely compact form] vast quantities of information and replicate [make exact copies of] what it encodes [U]nravelling... the full sequence of the human genome

53. Africa Human Genome Initiative: Events workshop will examine four themes the underlying science of genomics that informs fieldslocated within and beyond the scope of the human genome. Convened by http://www.hsrc.ac.za/genome/events/

Who We Are Organisational Diagram Contact Us 2003 HSRC Institutional Review ... Occasional Papers About Us Research Programmes Publishing Media Search Staff Contact Us Site Map ... Events Human Sciences Research Council - Genome Home News News Archive FAQ Reading Events Introduction Event Papers Genome Art Profiles ... Genome Links Africa Human Genome Initiative Events : Introduction Biology and Society in the 21st Century The Human Genome Project is an international research programme designed to construct detailed genetic and physical maps of the estimated 35 000-50 000 genes within the human genome. It is one of the greatest scientific developments of our time, and is yielding results that will influence our understanding of human biology and evolutionary history. As citizens of Africa, we need to be in a position to benefit from and contribute to such breathtakingly new knowledge about ourselves. But Africa runs the risk of marginalisation from this exciting and innovative research. Perhaps more worrying, an uninformedpopulation risks commercial and ethical exploitation. African states cannot afford to be mere observers.

54. The Human Genome Project 2001, in a great celebration, two teams of researchers—one lead by the NationalHuman Genome Research Institute of NIH and the other by Celera genomics, Inc. http://www.hhmi.org/genetictrail/c100.html

Stalking a Lethal Gene In Search of Large Families Reading the Human Blueprint The Human Genome Project Why So Many Errors in Our DNA? How Genetic Disorders Are Inherited How to Conquer a Genetic Disease Of Mice and Men ... HHMI Home Reading the Human Blueprint: The Human Genome Project "All human disease is genetic in origin,'' Nobel laureate Paul Berg of Stanford University told a cancer symposium a few years ago. Berg was exaggerating, but only slightly. It has become increasingly evident that virtually all human afflictions, from cancer to psychiatric disorders and susceptibility to infection, are rooted in our genes. "What we need to do now is find those genes," says James Watson, who shared a Nobel Prize for deciphering the structure of DNA Mapping the human genome actually began in 1911, when the gene responsible for red-green color blindness was assigned to the X chromosome Y chromosome Some other disorders that affect only males were likewise mapped to the X chromosome, but the other 22 pairs of chromosomes remained virtually uncharted until the late 1960s. At that time, biologists fused human and mouse cells to create hybrid cells and found that these uneasy hybrids cast off their human chromosomes until only one or a few of the human chromosomes remained. Any recognizable human proteins found in such cells would therefore have to be produced by genes located on the remaining human chromosomes. Narrowing down the number of chromosomes in this fashion allowed scientists to assign about 100 genes to specific chromosomes.

55. Genomics Directory - ActionBioscience.org article. Understanding the genome The human Genome Project A Scientificand Ethical Overview by M. Carroll J. Ciaffa. Genetic http://www.actionbioscience.org/genomic/

home search author directory updates signup ... education issues in genomics "educator resources" section with lesson at end of article available in spanish (en español), see top of article Understanding the genome "The Human Genome Project: A Scientific and Ethical Overview" Genetic information and privacy "Does Genetic Research Threaten Our Civil Liberties?" by Philip Bereano "For Sale: Iceland's Genetic History" by Oksana Hlodan Ethics of DNA patenting "DNA Patents Create Monopolies on Living Organisms" from Council for Responsible Genetics Applications of genomic mapping "Species: Comparing Their Genome" from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute "Ethical Issues in Pharmacogenetics"

56. Frequently Ask Questions About The Human Genome Frequently ask questions about the human genome. A private company, Celera genomics,also has the objective of sequencing the human genome. Questions list. http://www.genoscope.cns.fr/externe/English/Questions/FAQ.html

Frequently ask questions about the Human genome What is a genome ? What is the DNA sequence ? Why sequence DNA ? How is DNA sequenced ? ... Questions list What is a genome? Cells of living organisms contain a program of instructions (the genome), which enables them to stay alive and reproduce. The instructions of this program (the genes) are coded in chemical form along giant molecules, the DNA molecules which form the chromosomes. The genome corresponds to the totality of genes of an organism, i.e. all the DNA or all the chromosomes. Questions list What is the DNA sequence ? The instructions contained in the DNA are coded in a chemical alphabet composed of 4 characters, the nucleotides (or bases), which are symbolized by the letters A, T, G and C. The molecules of DNA consist of a sequence of millions of these elementary characters, like a necklace in which each pearl can be one of 4 possible colors. The order of bases in each sequence is the way that biological information is stored, analogous to the storage of information in a computer as a succession of magnetic bytes. In other words, DNA is the chemical memory of living organisms . The illustration below illustrates the analogy between two sequences of equal length (a succession of the letters A, T, G and C) and necklaces composed of 4 different colors of pearls. The order of bases (or pearls) is different in these two sequences (or necklaces); therefore they contain different information.

57. Index Beijing Region In 1998, China s scientific leaders, against the widelyhold skepticism, decideto take a role in sequencing the human genome as a developing country. http://btn.genomics.org.cn/hgp/

58. Special Focus On Genome Patents - The Center For The Study Of Technology And Soc (New Scientist, 1 Apr 00); Company Gets Asthma Gene Patent (Wired, 29 Mar 00); TheMurky Side of genomics Interview With human Genome Sciences CEO (BioSpace, 28 http://www.tecsoc.org/biotech/focuspatents.htm

Special Focus Genome Patents (By the Center staff) Latest News U.S. Gov't: Gene Patents Are Legal (Wired, 5 Jan 01) The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office issued new guidelines regarding gene patents, which repeat their longstanding position: gene patents are legal as long as they are for an entire gene, and demonstrate the usefulness of they gene. Read the press release here , and the guidelines here Other News Genome Teams in Access Dispute (BBC, 12 Feb 01) Celera Will Share Human Genetic Map (Washington Post, 8 Feb 01) The Secret of Life is Free on the Web (London Independent, 29 Jan 01) OLDER ARTICLES ARCHIVED BELOW The Problem Several private businesses are applying for patents for fragments of gene sequences. If these patents are approved, the companies could license their data so researchers would have to pay for access. Some critics believe that would stifle research. Background on Genome Research Although many patent applications are being submitted for non-human genes, like

59. Genome Project - Bioethics Resources On The Web - NIH Control (CDC) Office of genomics and Disease Prevention provides public healthprofessionals with current information on the impact of human genetic research http://www.nih.gov/sigs/bioethics/genomics.html

Directory Genetics Human Genome Project Maps The following links will take investigators directly to three different (but complementary) assembled views of the human genome, together useful useful with browsing tools that provide a wide variety of annotations of the sequence: University of California at Santa Cruz National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) - click "map viewer" European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI) Organizations Genetics Resources on the Web (GROW) - seeks to provide an effective forum that encourages communication and collaboration among individuals interested in Web-based provision of high-quality information about human genetics, especially those aspects of human genetics dealing with health, to health professionals and the public. National Human Genome Research Institute at the (NIH) including its ELSI (Ethical, Legal and Social Implications of Human Genetics Research) Program Human Genome Project (HGP) Information page by the Department of Energy features an extensive list of links on the HGP including the progress and goals of the HGP and information for educators and students. For the ethical, legal and social issues

60. Human Genome -The Biggest Sellout In Human History and adaptable genome (11), which the moguls of genomics and bioinformatics haveyet to come to grips with. The prospect of understanding the human being by a http://www.i-sis.org.uk/humangenome.php

HOME BIOTECHNOLOGY SCIENCE of the ORGANISM SCIENCE in SOCIETY ... PUBLICATIONS Search the ISIS website ISIS Members Area Login [ membership details USERNAME PASSWORD ISIS-TWN Report Human Genome -The Biggest Sellout in Human History Mae-Wan Ho Abstract Bio-informatics suffers from the reductionist fallacy that knowledge will automatically arise once information is exhaustively listed. Molecular biology is suffocating from information overload. What we need is a quantum leap to a new paradigm for understanding the organism as a coherent whole. Otherwise, human genome research will remain a scientific and financial black hole that swallows up all public and private resources without any return either to investors or to improving the health of nations. Key words: gene-patents, bio-informatics, proteonomics, gene-tests, gene-chip, susceptibility to disease, eugenics, genetic discrimination, genetic determinism, reductionist fallacy The human genome sellout "To-day, we are learning the language that allowed God to create life." That was how Clinton greeted the announcement of the human genome map on June 26 (1). The Human Genome Project, (HGP) an international public consortium of research laboratories led by the United States, and Celera, a private American company, made the announcement jointly, ending months of competition to complete the first sequence of the human genome. Craig Venter, Director of Celera, referred to this "historical day in the 100,000 years of human history" when, for the first time, "the human species can read the letters of its own text." Not to be outdone, Francis Collins, head of the public project, called it "the revelation of the book of life".

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