81. Africa the white population, German 32%, indigenous languages Oshivambo Nigeria, English (official), Hausa, yoruba, Igbo (Ibo the first language of most people is one http://www.ethiotrans.com/africa.htm

Africa Home About Africa Services Health Education Portfolio Get Quote ... ALRC County Flag Language Support Algeria Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects Yes Angola Portuguese (official), Bantu and other African languages Yes Benin French (official), Fon and Yoruba (most common vernaculars in south), tribal languages (at least six major ones in north) Yes Botswana English (official), Setswana Yes Burkina Faso French (official), native African languages belonging to Sudanic family spoken by 90% of the population Yes Burundi Kirundi (official), French (official), Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area) Yes Cameroon 24 major African language groups, English (official), French (official) Yes Central African Republic French (official), Sangho (lingua franca and national language), Arabic, Hunsa, Swahili Yes Chad French (official), Arabic (official), Sara and Sango (in south), more than 100 different languages and dialects Yes Congo, Democratic Republic of the

82. African Indigenous Languages As Semi-official Languages: A Study In The Causes O The West had colonised africa and therefore had a war and another coup, General Obasenjo, a yoruba, came to last in the hands of the indigenous people of the http://www2.univ-reunion.fr/~ageof/text/74c21e88-254.html

Université de La Réunion - Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences Humaines Observatoire de Recherches sur les Anciennes Colonies et leurs Liens avec l'Europe Revue ALIZES Alizés n°16 1.4.4.9. African Indigenous Languages as Semi-official Languages: A Study in the Causes of Political Conflicts in Africa opyright 1998 — ISSN : 1155-4363 1.0 The Beginnings B Colonialism thus gave birth to a new type of nationhood — a nationhood in which the natives surrendered their ethnic loyalties for those of the colonising power. This involved the acquisition and application of the Western notions of nationism and nationalism. Nationism denotes governance while nationalism denotes the patriotic feelings one has for one’s nation. In both governance and patriotism, language poses a problem. Governance requires, according to Fasold, “communication both within the governing institutions and between government and the people” (1984: 3). The people who were to be governed or who were being governed were illiterate and diverse. They needed to be educated and united. The need for the language of governance, that of education and national cohesion engendered the desire for an official language (OL) — a prestigious, bias-free highly efficient language capable of handling the functional load of governance, trade, modern religion and diplomacy. Only the colonising languages satisfied these requirements. They were therefore imposed as the official languages. 1.1 Indigenous Languages Under the Canopy

83. Wicca Spells, Voodoo, Hoodoo, Magick, Incense And Oils For Witches, Pagans @ New In the end, not only did yoruba people survive slavery, but the The religion is an amalgamation of authentic yoruba from africa; indigenous native (Indian http://www.neworleansmistic.com/services/santeria.htm

New Orleans Mistic offers services and events for the Spanish speaking Community. Master Drummer Bill Summers beats Bata at the Mistic. At Mistic Botanica we provide opportunity to meet with authentic, experienced and gifted Priests and Mediums from the Caribbean and Latin America. Consultations and Spiritual Services may be performed in either English or Spanish - our Babalawo, Medium and Santera are bilingual. YORUBA RELIGIONS During the period of African slavery, millions of African peoples including the Yoruba, were forcibly brought to the Americas. As slaves, the Yoruba people were not allowed to practice their religion, play on their drums, which was integral to their worship - or engage in any other religious Yoruba practice. They were forced into Catholicism and other forms of Christianity. However, like in Haiti the Yoruba integrated and syncretized these forced religions into their practices and beliefs. In the end, not only did Yoruba people survive slavery, but the Yoruba religion survived as well.

84. Al-Ahram Weekly | International | In Defence Of Whose Realm? oil companies of deliberately employing nonindigenous people. Mobil has mainly yoruba as top executives are equally shared between the two foreign peoples. http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1999/458/in1.htm

Al-Ahram Weekly 2 - 8 December 1999 Issue No. 458 Published in Cairo by AL-AHRAM established in 1875 Egypt Region International Economy ... Letters In defence of whose realm? By Gamal Nkrumah There is no greater irony in the entire post-Cold War scenario than the failure of strong American world-leadership to restore nerve and vigour to the developing world of the South. Indeed, many countries in the South are now not so much developing as stagnating, or even worse, declining. As they thus revert to pre-colonial conditions, they inevitably come to qualify as ripe for re-colonisation. In his recent broadside, The New Military Humanism, Noam Chomsky lays out for all to see the blatant and shameless hypocrisy of US intervention in trouble spots around the globe. The Americans have taken it upon themselves to be the stout-hearted trouble-shooters of this brave new world. Yet, argues Chomsky, their selectivity is nauseatingly Machiavellian. The thesis is immediately engaging, especially for those of us in the so-called Third World, for its refusal to apply itself to such red herrings as: Is socialism still relevant? Is the capitalist system in crisis? Is internationalism dead? Who cares? Well, we the wronged majority do. Africa observed the 12th annual World AIDS Day on 1 December with a terrible trepidation. The number of HIV-infected individuals on the continent now stands at a horrendous 22.5 million. On 9 July 1999, US Vice President Al Gore announced a new Clinton Administration initiative to address the global AIDS pandemic, specifically in Africa and India. Over 95 per cent of all HIV-infected individuals are in the South.

85. Readings: April 20-24: Indigenous Science: A Star In Africa's Future? of 30 children fathered by a yoruba chief with West, africa should build on its indigenous strengths Innovate, don t imitate, I tell people, because Westerners http://www.utep.edu/its3350/readings/indigenous.html

Indigenous Science: A Star in Africa's Future? Indigenous Science: A Star in Africa's Future? by Thomas A. Bass Africa possesses a wealth of scientific knowledge developed independently from Western science and its methods. Bringing this knowledge to light and building upon it to benefit the continent are among the concerns of many scientists working in Africa today. Africa is a natural treasure house. It is endowed with fabulous examples of physical and cultural diversity. These riches hold the keys to answering many questions that can be answered-if they can be answered at all- only in Africa. When did humans first start using tools and fire? How do species evolve? Where do HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, and other new viruses come from? Is the Earth getting hotter and drier, and if so, what can be done about it? Africa is also a laboratory for studying the clash between modern scientific methods and technologies and traditional practices. As in all traditional societies, African peoples have evolved sophisticated realms of knowledge, derived from experimentation or observation, that explain, predict, or control natural phenomena. This indigenous knowledge often appears to differ from- or even run counter to-the scientific principles brought with the colonial powers. The seeming dichotomy thus raises another important question: Are modern science and its methods alien to traditional African cultures? The answer to this question is crucial to anyone concerned about the less developed world and the future of science in general.

86. CheatHouse.com - Political Instability Of Africa of Islam They do maintain an indigenous home This This looks at many factors and people that have restricted political power Yes it is yoruba societies are http://www.cheathouse.com/eview/41260-political-instability-of-africa.html

Political Instability of Africa Note! The sentences in this essay are shuffled, making this essay unusable If you want to read the essay in it's original and proper state, click here. We use this page for our internal search engine, and it's not meant to be viewable. African Studies - History Home Essays [LOGIN] ... 1995-2004, Loadstone

87. Expo Times the Kongors shapely isolated from the indigenous people, Liberia itself the Asante or Hausa or yoruba, Liberia had protocol of free movement of peoples of West http://www.expotimes.net/pastissues/issue001025/Liberia.htm

KEVIN McPHILLIPS TRAVEL The world's sole specialist in travel to and Sierra Leone CLICK HERE for more information GUARDSHIP LTD Money transfer and shipping CLICK HERE for details Shipping, forwarding Air sea freight Money transfer Tel: (020) 7231 9000 Fax: (020) 7231 5657 TransAfrica TEL/FAX: MOBILE CLICK HERE for details INDEPENDENT Sierra Leone, 25 Oct-7 November, 2000 Vol 6 No 17 EXPO TIMES Exposing today for tomorrow RETURN TO HOME PAGE INDEX OF BACK ISSUES ESSAY I s Liberia West Africa's evil empire? Kofi Akosah-Sarpong writes from Ottawa, Canada Liberia, the oldest republic in Africa, is roughly 153 years old. Roughly, the country shaped like human teeth, has been a top newsmaker in West Africa, becoming a den for anarchic vibration, money launderers and drug dealers, and other unAfrican, evil practices. Sierra Leone's Foday Sankoh is a product of the Liberian rebel 'university.' In the book: Criminalization of the State in Africa (1999) we read about the Liberian state increasingly criminalised by the NPFL government via drug trafficking and currency laundering, and where the game is crime is seen as moral despite international laws. Here evil pays, and it is the law. That's the machine for crime. Guinea's Ahmed Toure, elder son of the late President Sekou Toure, who is leading a guerrilla campaign against the President Lansana Conte government, is a graduate of the Liberian rebel school.

88. WFU’S Museum Of Anthropology Opens Two New Exhibits On Mexico And Africa The slave trade then brought people from africa to the reflect preHispanic, Hispanic (Catholic), african (yoruba) and indigenous religious beliefs and http://www.wfu.edu/wfunews/2002/020402m.html

WFU News Service QuickFind . . . WFU Home WFU News By Sarah S. Mansell February 4, 2002 A free, public reception for both exhibits will be held Feb. 24 from 3:30 p.m.- 4:30 p.m. at the museum. The museum is open from 10 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. Tuesday through Saturday. For more information on these exhibits, call 336-758-5282. Feedback

89. Africa.iafrica.com | Countryinfo | Benin | People BENIN People. 99% (42 ethnic groups, most important being Fon, Adja, yoruba, Bariba), Europeans 5 500. Religions indigenous beliefs 70%, Muslim 15%, Christian 15 http://africa.iafrica.com/countryinfo/benin/people/

var fullhost = window.location.hostname; document.cookie = 'site_session=5;domain=' + fullhost + ';path=/;'; Communities: [ h o m e ] AFRICA NEWS Exchange Rates African Sites World Links Travel in Africa Sun, 13 Jun 2004 BENIN general geography people ... travel [Select country] Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Cent.Afr.Rep Chad Comoros Cote D'Ivoire DRC Djibouti Egypt Eq. Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon Gambia, The Ghana Guinea Guinea Bissau Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rep. of Congo Reunion Rwanda Sao Tome Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa St Helena Sudan Swaziland Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda W. Sahara Zambia Zimbabwe Stock Exchange Egypt Ghana Kenya Malawi Mauritius Namibia Nigeria South Africa Tanzania Tunisia Zimbabwe You are in: Country Info Benin People BENIN People Population: 6 305 567 (July 1999 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years: 48% (male 1 510 703; female 1 501 437) 15-64 years: 50% (male 1 511 114; female 1 637 155) 65 years and over: 2% (male 62 459; female 82 699) (1999 est.)

90. HighBeam Research: ELibrary Search: Results Hottentot, San, Bushman, Pygmy, Afrikaaner, Boer, yoruba, Ibo, Hausa And few reminders are left of the indigenous Khoikhoi, a diminutive people, peaceful and http://www.highbeam.com/library/search.asp?FN=AO&refid=ency_refd&search_thesauru

91. Davis Publications - /artslides/slidesets/slideset.asp attempted to replace the indigenous customs as JOSEPH (19411991, Shona People) Catalog Number by ODEKUNLE, MICHAEL (born 1940s, yoruba People) Catalog Number http://www.davis-art.com/artslides/slidesets/slideset.asp?action=select&pk=2040

92. 'aso Oke' Textile, By The Yoruba People aso oke textile, by The yoruba People. This incorporated Hausa, Nupe and northern yoruba emirates. out of fear of opposition by the indigenous population to http://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/picture-of-month/furtherReading.asp?id=88&ven

93. Map & Graph: Countries By People: Ethnic Groups Map Graph People Ethnic groups by country. influential Hausa and Fulani 29%, yoruba 21%, Igbo 70%, European 20%, Malay 10% (no indigenous population (2001 http://www.nationmaster.com/graph-T/peo_eth_gro

Supporter Benefits Signup Login Sources ... Pies Factoid #56 Many Americans live alone - America leads the world in one person households Interesting Facts Make your own graph: Hold down Control and click on several. Compare All Top 5 Top 10 Top 20 Top 100 Bottom 100 Bottom 20 Bottom 10 Bottom 5 All (desc) in category: Select Category Agriculture Crime Currency Democracy Economy Education Energy Environment Food Geography Government Health Identification Immigration Internet Labor Language Manufacturing Media Military Mortality People Religion Sports Taxation Transportation Welfare with statistic: view: Correlations Printable graph / table Pie chart Scatterplot with ... * Asterisk means graphable. Added May 21 Mortality stats Multi-users ½ price Catholic stats Related Stats People who viewed "People - Ethnic groups" also viewed: Ethnic groups (note) Net migration rate Nationality (adjective) Persons per room ... People : Ethnic groups by country Scroll down for more information Show map full screen Country Description Sierra Leone 20 native African tribes 90% (Temne 30%, Mende 30%, other 30%), Creole (Krio) 10% (descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled in the Freetown area in the late-18th century)

94. MISSIO IMMACULATAE: Missionary Page Of The Franciscans Of The Immaculate ethnic groups, the Hausa–Fulani, yoruba, and Igbo and villages, others occupy several larger indigenous cities. Many people of nonHausa origin, including the http://www.marymediatrix.com/mission/kb/kb15/5.shtml

FI MISSION IN NIGERIA List of Articles about Nigerian Mission FACTS ABOUT NIGERIA Introduction History Land and Resources The People ... Culture and Arts FACTS AT A GLANCE Country name: Federal Republic of Nigeria Location: Western Africa, bordering the Gulf of Guinea, between Benin and Cameroon Climate: varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north Population: Ethnic groups: more than 250 ethnic groups; the most populous and politically influential: Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba 21%, Igbo (Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5% Nationality: Nigerian Religions: Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10% Languages: English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo), Fulani Literacy definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population:57.1%

95. Yorubic Medicine: The Art Of Divine Herbology By Tariq Sawandi 500 BC This group of people wer led, according to yoruba historical accounts the already established IleIfe, the sacred city of the indigenous Nok people. http://www.planetherbs.com/articles/yoruba.html

Yorubic Medicine: The Art of divine Herbology Tariq Sawandi Yorubic medicine is indigenous to and widely practiced on the African continent. Yorubic medicine has its roots in the Ifa Corpus, a religious text revealed by the mystic prophet, Orunmila, over 4,000 years ago in the ancient city of Ile-Ife, now known as Yorubaland. Within the last 400 years, this healing system has also been practiced in the day-to-day lives of individuals in the Caribbean, and South America, in large part, because of the traditions brought over by African slaves arriving in the Americas. Orunmila's teachings were directed at the Yoruba people which centered around the topics of divination, prayer, dance, symbolic gestures, personal and communal elevation, spiritual baths, meditation, and herbal medicine. This ancient text, the Ifa Corpus, is the foundation for the art of divine herbology. Although Yorubic medicine has been practiced in Africa for over 4,000 years, its fundamental principles are little known to Westerners around the world. Among the various medical techniques for diagnosis and treatment, Yorubic medicine provides an important and valuable system worthy of study. The purpose of Yoruba is not merely to counteract the negative forces of disease in the human body, but also to achieve spiritual enlightenment and elevation which are the means of freeing the soul. As with all ancient systems of medicine, the ideal of Yoruba herbology is to condition the body in its entirety so that disease will not attack it. (The term Osain is also used to describe Yorubic herbology. The word "Osain" means "the divine Orisha of plants". I will also use this term throughout the essay.) Many Westerners take it for granted that "African medicine" is a vague term for a collection of medical "voo doo". This myth about African medicine creeped in over centuries of misunderstandings. What is left is the negative image of primitive "voo doo" witch-doctors. This "voo doo" mentality is devoid of the sacred realities born of African thought in respect to religion, philosophy, and medicine. Therefore, the reader must separate witch-doctor myths from the genuine article when considering African herbal medicine.

96. TDS; Passports, Visas, Travel Documents The yoruba people are predominant in the southwest. Ethnic groups (250) HausaFulani, Igbo, and yoruba are the Religions Muslim, Christian, indigenous African http://www.traveldocs.com/ng/people.htm

Nigeria Africa PEOPLE The most populous country in Africa, Nigeria accounts for approximately one-quarter of West Africa's people. Although less than 25% of Nigerians are urban dwellers, at least 24 cities have populations of more than 100,000. The variety of customs, languages, and traditions among Nigeria's 250 ethnic groups gives the country a rich diversity. The dominant ethnic group in the northern two-thirds of the country is the Hausa-Fulani, most of whom are Muslim. Other major ethnic groups of the north are the Nupe, Tiv, and Kanuri. The Yoruba people are predominant in the southwest. About half of the Yorubas are Christian and half Muslim. The predominantly Catholic Igbo are the largest ethnic group in the southeast, with the Efik, Ibibio, and Ijaw (the country's fourth-largest ethnic group) comprising a substantial segment of the population in that area. Persons of different language backgrounds most commonly communicate in English, although knowledge of two or more Nigerian languages is widespread. Hausa, Yoruba, and Igbo are the most widely used Nigerian languages. Nationality: Noun and adjectiveNigerian(s).

97. CMA For Schools And Teachers : Presentation Outline The masks are thought to be based on styles belonging to an indigenous population that predates the Mossi invasions in People of the yoruba culture occupy http://www.clevelandart.org/educef/art2go/html/4033988.html

For Schools and Teachers Art to Go Art To Go Art to Go Topics Masks: Let's Face It recommended for young audiences Masks: Let's Face It - Lesson Plan Contents Presentation Outline Presentation Outline The Noh mask in the presentation represents Hannya, a female demon. The designs of Noh masks were established hundreds of years ago, and new masks are copies. The oldest original masks are considered national treasures in Japan. With roots in Shinto dances and Buddhist traditions the Noh theater is purely Japanese and has enjoyed regular performances since the 1300s CE. Only males are allowed to perform, and can begin training as young as six or seven years of age. Young performers often start with masks less frightening and intense than those worn by adults. In addition to masks, the performers usually wear lavish robes and wigs that obscure much of their bodies. The plays are quite long and the action moves at a very slow pace, with very little talk or movement; the effort required to bring life to the wooden masks and create believable emotions is very strenuous for the actors. The stories in the Noh theater are serious and sad. Most of the characters in Noh plays are gods, dead warriors, ghosts, and demons. The Devil mask from Guatemala shows the influence of European cultures blended with ancient belief systems of indigenous people. During the 16th century, in order to maintain some of their own beliefs as Spanish missionaries sought to convert them to Christianity, indigenous people combined traditional celebrations with Christian holidays. For example, the Christian ceremonies marking All Souls and All Saints days (November 1-2) coincided with the indigenous festivals honoring ancestors. Devil masks depicted men with horns, painted red. The Diablado was a performance of masked dancers in which Lucifer and his band of devils try to conquer the earth, only to be driven back underground by the power of Christianity. Beating a devil in a ritual battle would be symbolic of defeating death, and of bringing an end to hardship. Even today, devil mask-making contests continue this artistic tradition in Mexico.

98. Part 8: Nigeria - Yoruba, 1880-1934 died in 1891 and the Niger and yoruba missions were gradually handed over its authority to the indigenous church. and Patani and by 1910 to the Isoko people. http://www.adam-matthew-publications.co.uk/collect/p086.htm

CHURCH MISSIONARY SOCIETY ARCHIVE Section IV: Africa Missions Part 8: Nigeria - Yoruba, 1880-1934 23 reels of 35mm silver-halide positive microfilm A single guide accompanies Section IV, Parts 8-14 Part 8 continues the Nigeria -Yoruba papers started in Part 3. It consists of Letter Books, 1880-1934, and Original papers, 1880-1903. The Letter Books, containing copies of outgoing correspondence from the Secretary in London to the missionaries and mission secretary, contain material on official and personal matters including all aspects of mission finance and administration. There are reports on training at Fourak Bay, and at the mission schools domestic slavery and employment of native agents. Regulations for native church committees and general instructions to missionaries are to be found as well as a wide variety of letters concerning topics such as Bible translations, liqueur traffic amongst the native races and the constitution of the synod for Western Equatorial Africa. The opening up of Nigeria to Christian mission originated in the desire of British merchants to extend their trade on the West Africa coast. Following the discovery of the source of the Niger in 1830 Thomas Fowell Buxton combined commercial argument with his zeal against slavery and urged the government to undertake expeditions into the interior. The first Niger expedition was in 1841 and two CMS men were members of it. One of them was Samuel Crowther, by then a teacher at Freetown, who was chosen because he was himself a Yoruba from Western Nigeria. The expedition was a failure but the Society, impressed by Crowther's ability, invited him to England for training and ordination. Shortly after his return to Sierra Leone some of the liberated slaves, who had returned as prosperous merchants to their native country around Lagos, asked for Christian teachers. Crowther and a young Englishman, Henry Townsend, were sent to them and began the Yoruba mission, with its headquarters at Abeokuta.

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