81. Exchange Program With South Africa Benefits Cross-cultural Research (GSJ Of Marc Of the indigenous languages, xhosa (pronounced with a click followed by Osa) is the second most common in South africa;18 million people speak the language http://www.brown.edu/Administration/George_Street_Journal/vol26/26GSJ22j.html

GSJ HOME @BROWN LIBERAL ARTS INQUIRING MINDS ... Search the GSJ Exchange program with South Africa benefits cross-cultural research The exchange program that brought Sandile Gxilishe, an associate professor of linguistics at the University of Cape Town, to Brown is the type of collaboration that provides a step closer to the creation of a "global map" of how children acquire the ability to communicate through words. by Kristen Cole Until now, much of the research about early language development has been done on English speakers. For that reason, the findings have also captured a heavy use of nouns as first words. Researchers may find verbs are just as common when all languages are considered, according to Demuth. Gxilishe studies Xhosa, one of nine languages indigenous to South Africa. The language is both rich in consonants and unusual because of its clicks. Of the indigenous languages, Xhosa (pronounced with a click followed by O-sa) is the second most common in South Africa;18 million people speak the language, including former President of South Africa Nelson Mandela, said Gxilishe. There are many benefits to gaining knowledge about how youngsters utter their first words.

82. Afrol News - Your Portal To Africa! Pienaar explains that people from a mixed racial background, known in South africa as coloureds and members of the xhosa indigenous group of South africa http://www.afrol.com/html/News2001/sa020_polluter.htm

afrol News Frontpage Latest News Subscriptions Countries ... Contact Us South Africa Legal action against reported polluter explored in SA Related items News articles 01.07.2001 - Swiss multi-national slated for poisoning SA miners 08.05.2001 - Tanzanian gold mine pollution causing deaths 19.04.2001 - Legal action against reported polluter explored in SA 31.03.2001 - Black SA community takes control of its air ... 10.08.2000 - Conference on cleaner production for Africa in Nairobi Pages South Africa Archive Environment Environment News Health News ... News, Africa In Internet South African government Misanet The Earth Times Misanet.com / IPS, 19 April - The thought of being relocated here in this country usually conjures up memories of the past apartheid government which forced people of different races to live in separate neighbourhoods. But the residents of the low-income mixed-race community known as Aloes, just north of this coastal city, could not be happier that they are being moved four kilometres away. Pinned between a medical waste incinerator and one of South Africa's largest hazardous waste sites, hundreds of Aloes residents are finally getting their wish to be moved away from the pollution that began decades ago under the apartheid government.

83. Sunday Times - South Africa's Best Selling Newspaper But a language like xhosa is illsuited to modern applications. culture only if our parliaments compel their people to use African indigenous languages in http://www.suntimes.co.za/2004/03/07/letters/letters02.asp

DisplayAds ("icatcher", "1", "1"); DisplayAds ("Top", "468", "60"); Contact us Complain Ombudsman ::: Advertise ::: In newspaper Online ::: Subscribe ::: The newspaper E-newsletters Magazines ::: Print ::: Global edition Syndication Sunday, 13 Jun 2004 Home Search Archive Contacts ... Daily back page Location : Sunday 07 Mar 2004 > Letters English is the future Letters Send to a friend Your email: Send to: Mike Nicol's denigration of the use of English as the lingua franca of South Africa, "Death of the mother tongue" (February 29) is decidedly short-sighted. He quotes Neville Alexander as saying that the use of English as the "language of power" further marginalises those disempowered under apartheid and colonialism. But African languages like Xhosa are fairly recent written constructs, borrowing extensively from English (and Afrikaans) for terms that did not exist before the advent of the Europeans. Thus you have the ludicrous situation where English-speakers at schools are being taught the following vocabulary: irula (ruler), ipensile (pencil), isitafile (table), iraba (rubber), iglu (glue), idasta (duster), to cite just a few. There is a need to somehow keep indigenous languages alive. But a language like Xhosa is ill-suited to modern applications.

84. BBNet Guide To South Africa Among the indigenous black people of South africa The xhosa of the eastern Cape are in fact widely diverse people comprising many smaller groupings. http://www.bbnet.co.za/sa_guide/

This information is supplied courtesy of Greenlife Southern Africa INTRODUCTION South Africa is a diverse and beautiful country situated at the end of Africa. A land of wonder and awe, South Africa is truly a world in one country - big cities, wide open spaces and some of the finest game viewing in the world. The following guide will help you plan your trip through South Africa and provide many useful tips and tricks. GENERAL INFORMATION All visitors need a valid passport or travel document that must be registered with an immigration officer upon arrival in and departure from South Africa. Foreign Customs You may import 400 cigarettes, 250 grams of tobacco and 50 cigars, one litre of spirits, two litres of wine, 50ml of perfume and 250ml of toilet water. Personal effects are admitted duty-free, though you may be required to open parcels. Time South Africa is always two hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time and seven hours ahead of US Eastern Time. There are no different time zones in South Africa. Health Care South Africa does not have a national health scheme. Public hospitals are generally overcrowded but medical skills are among the highest in the world. Private hospitals offer a much higher standard of comfort but are very expensive. Be sure your tetanus immunisations are up-to-date.

85. Armoria Academica - University Of Fort Hare Afrikaners and British met with xhosaspeakers in and expropriation of the indigenous people, took place It was reincorporated into South africa in 1994 and http://uk.geocities.com/wapenskild/uni/FortHare.html

UNIVERSITY of FORT HARE , Alice, Eastern Cape Afrikaanse blasoen The arms may be blazoned: Per fess: 1. Azure, a sun rising or. 2. Sable, an open book proper, overriding the line of division, inscribed with the words In lumine Tuo videbimus lumen. The principal charge is a rising sun , very like those found in the arms of East London and the Border Technikon , and similar to the one in the crest of the Eastern Cape Province The open book in base is a typical symbol of learning often found in academic arms. A similar book, also inscribed with a motto, is found in the arms of Rhodes University The motto translates as “In Your [God’s] light we are able to see the light.” The illustration of the arms is a coloured version of the arms as used by the University College of Fort Hare (shown at left). The university currently uses a simplified drawing (shown at right), but the arms are essentially unchanged. The university’s name and location: The university takes its name from a fort built in 1847 during the Seventh Frontier War and named after Colonel John Hare, Lieutenant-Governor of the Eastern Province (of the Cape Colony ) in 1838, who during July and August of 1846 was in command of the army in the frontier region.

86. ThinkQuest : Library : The Xhosa Of South Africa The xhosa of South africa. http://www.thinkquest.org/library/site_sum.html?lib_id=775&team_id=22868

87. The South African Embassy To The Russian Federation home to approximately 42 million people of various English and Afrikaans include Zulu, xhosa, Sotho, Venda These indigenous languages are as different to each http://www.saembassy.ru/en/tourism/welcome_to_sa

:: You are our visitor# WELCOME TO SOUTH AFRICA! EXPECT THE UNEXPECTED PUTTING SOUTH AFRICA ON THE MAP South Africa is a magnificent country blessed with extraordinary natural beauty and a rich cultural heritage. Its climate runs from temperate to sub-tropical; its landscapes range from stark desert to spectacular mountain to lush grassland and forest; its peoples can be found in rural subsistence communities or in cities as sophisticated and cosmopolitan as anywhere in the world. Situated at the southern tip of the African continent, South Africa has a land area of 1,3 million square kms (500,000 square miles), five times the size of Great Britain, and greater than California, Nevada, Utah and Arizona combined. This impressive stretch of land runs from the great Limpopo River in the north, all the way down to the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Agulhas on the southernmost coast - a distance of nearly 2 000 kms (1 240 miles). Washed by the bracing Atlantic Ocean on the west and the balmy Indian Ocean on the east, South Africa has 3 600 kms of coastline (2 236 miles), so there is no shortage of stunning beaches for lovers of sunshine and water-sports. A HAVEN FOR WILDLIFE Many visitors come to South Africa in search of its abundant wildlife, vigilantly tended in the country's plenteous game reserves and conservation areas. Africa's big cats - lion, leopard and cheetah - still prowl the ranges of their ancestors, together with gigantic elephant, rhinoceros and hippopotamus. The country is also a magnet for bird-watchers, with close to 900 species.

88. HighBeam Research: ELibrary Search: Results understood. Not so much language as accent. Some people Zulu and Pedi, with Tswana, xhosa and several additional indigenous languages to follow. http://www.highbeam.com/library/search.asp?FN=AO&refid=ency_refd&search_thesauru

89. HighBeam Research: ELibrary Search: Results people involved Afrikaners and Britons; Khoikhoi, the indigenous cattlekeepers of the troops with Boer and Khoikhoi allies drove the xhosa beyond the http://www.highbeam.com/library/search.asp?FN=AO&refid=ency_refd&search_thesauru

90. History Nomadic Tribes Two groups of indigenous people were said along the Gamtoos River The Khoisan people no longer The Bantu (xhosa) The Bantu (xhosa) arrived after http://www.suncoast.co.za/pehistory.htm

Travel to South Africa Sunshine Coast - Eastern Cape Find accommodation, hotels, game lodges, bed and breakfasts, self-catering and other accommodation. Malaria free Home of Ironman South Africa Map home search email ... advertise travel to South Africa - Sunshine Coast - Eastern Cape History Port Elizabeth Back to Port Elizabeth Home Page Indigenous Nomadic Tribes Two groups of indigenous people were said to be amongst the first tribes to settle in Algoa Bay: 1. the San hunters (Bushmen) who lived in the inland valleys and gorges 2. the Khoisan (Inqua Hottentots) who lived at the coast and along the Gamtoos River The Khoisan people no longer exist due to the diseases bought to the area by the Europeans and tribal wars. The Bantu (Xhosa) The Bantu (Xhosa) arrived after the San and Khoisan and settled along the Sundays River. The Bantu originate from a mix of the Negro Agriculturists (West Africa) and Hamitic pastoralists (North East Africa). They migrated South in different groups over a period of centuries. The Bantu language consists of 200 languages with many different dialects. The Bantu are divided into different groups called Northern, Southern, Eastern and Western Bantu. The Bantu in the Eastern Cape are all part of the Southern Bantu, called the Nguni and sometimes referred to as the Xhosa. The Xhosa language was used in early days by the missionaries as the language of the pulpit. It is now one of the official languages of South Africa.

91. Wild Coast The indigenous people they encountered on their migration and settlement were the Bushmen The xhosa people are divided into Pondo, Tembu and xhosa kingdoms http://www.araly.com/wildcoast.htm

The dramatic and mostly undeveloped coastline of an area previously known as the Transkei, is called the Wild Coast. There are a number of small resorts along the coastline with beautiful stretches of beach, a large variety of birds and excellent fishing. There are some very interesting hiking and trail routes in the area, including the "Otter Trail". The Transkei is home to the Xhosa people. Views from the area around Port St. Johns, where the Umzimvubu river flows into the Indian Ocean. Two views south of Port St. Johns on one of the hikes. Third picture is of Umngazi river mouth. Views from the "Hole-in-the-Wall" south of Port St. Johns. The third picture is another view of Umngazi river mouth. The last picture is of a vervet monkey. Additional pictures of the coastline, and one inland on the way to the Magwa Falls. Xhosa The Xhosa people live mostly in the Ciskei and Transkei areas of the Eastern Cape. They were part of the southward migration of the Nguni people, and by 1600 were settled in this area. The indigenous people they encountered on their migration and settlement were the Bushmen and Hottentot. These people known as the Khoisan, had some influence on their language and culture, in particular the "clicking" sound made famous in "The Click Song" by Miriam Makeba.

92. Iafrica.com | Highlife | Good Life | Dining & Wining Xhosa Restaurant Puts Peopl DINING OUT xhosa restaurant puts people first By Leigh are often invited to sample the indigenous flavours cooked up by residents, largely of xhosa descent, at http://iafrica.com/highlife/goodlife/dining/192488.htm

Communities: [ h o m e ] Africa Afrikaans Aids Wise Business Cars Careers Cooltech Dating Easy Money Entertainment Fun Stuff Games Highlife Men Motoring My Money News Sport Talk Travel Weather Win Women Services: Book Airtickets Car Hire Chat Online Classifieds Directories Ecards Homeloans Mobile Magic myiafrica.com Shop Online Search Sun, 13 Jun 2004 COMPETITIONS DINING OUT FAMILY LIFE GOOD LIFE ... WINE ETC You are in: Highlife Good life DINING OUT Xhosa restaurant puts people first By Leigh Robertson Posted Tue, 03 Dec 2002 There's much truth behind the rumblings that Cape Town is not an "African city"; not like Johannesburg is, for instance. Centuries after it was founded as a refreshment post along the route travelled by ships of the Dutch East India Company, Cape Town still has a somewhat colonial feel to it, and is favoured by tourists far and wide for its cosmopolitan, quasi-European feel. I have fond memories of spending childhood holidays in the Transkei, specifically in the town of Butterworth and at several small villages along the Wild Coast. My father grew up there, and took great pleasure in introducing his daughters to the simple, solid ways of a people for whom he had the highest regard. I remember the comforting texture and hearty flavour of umnqgusho (samp and beans), always with Mrs Balls chutney, and

93. South African Diary - Facts the same standards of education to all people. 2%, Hindu 1.5% (60% of Indians), indigenous beliefs and Sotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, xhosa, Zulu Literacy http://www.roguery.com/safrica/info.htm

Facts About South Africa Background: After the British seized the Cape of Good Hope area in 1806, many of the Dutch settlers (the Boers) trekked north to found their own republics. The discovery of diamonds (1867) and gold (1886) spurred wealth and immigration and intensified the subjugation of the native inhabitants. The Boers resisted British encroachments, but were defeated in the Boer War (1899-1902). The resulting Union of South Africa operated under a policy of apartheid - the separate development of the races. The 1990s brought an end to apartheid politically and ushered in black majority rule. Government type: republic Capital: Pretoria; note - Cape Town is the legislative center and Bloemfontein the judicial center Currency: 1 rand (R) = 100 cents Currency Exchange Rates Geography of South Africa Location: Southern Africa, at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Geographic coordinates: 29 00 S, 24 00 E Area: total: 1,219,912 sq km land: 1,219,912 sq km

94. Legitimizing Spiritually-centred Wisdoms Within The Academy write in my indigenous languageisi-xhosa, because it to preserve the rudiments of a people’s cultural many others that were told to indigenous children in http://www.kk.ecu.edu.au/sub/schoola/research/confs/aiec/papers/igoduka01.htm

Welcome Papers African/indigenous philosophies: Legitimizing Spiritually-centred wisdoms within the academy Ivy Goduka, Central Michigan University Up Next Abstract Refereed paper presented at the Australian Indigenous Education Conference, Fremantle, 3-7 April, 2000. Introduction A generally disturbing assumption is that education on the continent of Africa was brought by Europeans. Such thinking conforms with the doctrines of terra nullius (empty land) or terra incognito (land without minds, thus, people devoid of culture, history and a civilization). These doctrines in turn led to the myth of ‘discovery’ of indigenous lands. Since the Middle Ages, Europeans had believed (as some still do) that some humans were so wild and uncouth that they wandered in the bushes and had no society of any kind. These creatures could on the one hand be classified as fauna and flora

95. Legitimizing Spiritually-centred Wisdoms Within The Academy Is it a people who should first say what they are? ways inspired me to share my interpretation of indigenous philosophies and Ndiyabulela Kakhulu (isixhosa). http://www.kk.ecu.edu.au/sub/schoola/research/confs/aiec/papers/igoduka04.htm

Welcome Papers African/indigenous philosophies: Legitimizing Spiritually-centred wisdoms within the academy Ivy Goduka, Central Michigan University Back Up Conclusion As I conclude this journey, I would like to emphasize two major points. First, I caution the reader to appreciate the limitations of writing such an important piece of work. Alas! Only some of the many facets of indigenous philosophies can be discussed in such a short space of time and place without compromising the rich and varied body of spiritually-centred wisdom thriving in indigenous thought. Therefore, indigenous learners and scholars in Africa and around the globe are challenged to engage in extensive research and writing to legitimize indigenous epistemologies in the library, classroom, and wherever other knowledges, sciences and technologies are in existence. Such cultures and experiences have been devalued and denigrated in the academy; even worse, they have been treated as if they never existed. As we enter the next millennium, there is growing anger among indigenes and a desire to engage in what Amadiume (1997) terms

96. South African Languages | Khoesan Languages ii) Arabic, Hebrew, Sanskrit and other languages used for religious purposes in South africa. Understand 5 000 to 10 000 people Speak 5 000 to 7000 Read 200 http://www.cyberserv.co.za/users/~jako/lang/khoesan.htm

KHOE (KHOI), NAMA AND SAN According to legislation the Pan South African Language Board established by national legislation must— (a) promote, and create conditions for, the development and use of— (i) all official languages; (ii) the Khoi, Nama and San languages ; and (iii) sign language ; and (b) promote and ensure respect for— (i) all languages commonly used by communities in South Africa, including German, Greek, Gujarati, Hindi, Portuguese, Tamil, Telegu and Urdu; and (ii) Arabic, Hebrew, Sanskrit and other languages used for religious purposes in South Africa. FROM: South African Constitution (1996) - Founding Provisions !XÛ / !KUNG / KUNG / XU / VASAKELA Family: Khoesan Group: Ju or Northern Khoesan Subgroup: not applicable Number of speakers: 3 500 (Crawhall, Nigel 2000) KHOEKHOEGOWAP / KHOI / HOTTENTOTS / NAMA / NAMAN / NAMAKWA / NAMAQUA / DAMA / DAMARA / DAMAQUA / TAMA / TAMMA / TAMAKWA / KHOEKHOE / BERDAMA / BERGDAMARA / KHOI Family: Khoesan Group: Central or Khoe Subgroup: Khoekhoe There are two extinct South African languages from the same family and subgroup, these being Xirigowap and !Goragowap, known in English as Griqua and Korana respectively. It is possible that there are isolated unidentified individuals who still speak these languages as an L1. There are no communities who speak these extinct languages.Khoekhoegowap is an ancient language, related to others from its family, such as Naro to the east and Khwedam to the north. However Khoekhoegowap is distinct and not mutually intelligible.

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