1. ThinkQuest : Library : Indigenous Peoples forget that the land was inhabited by large numbers of indigenous peoples before the Europeans arrived ThinkQuest Internet Challenge. The xhosa of South africa. In order to get http://www.thinkquest.org/library/cat_show.html?cat_id=50

2. Minorities At Risk (MAR) 0.0300. indigenous peoples. BURUNDI. HUTUS. 4707 communal contender. SOUTH africa. xhosa. 7282. 0.1700 http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/mar/data/africatbl.htm

Choose a Region Africa (Sub-Saharan) Asia Post-Communist States Sub-Saharan Africa Gpop98: Group Population in 1998 in 000s ( Explanation of population estimates Prop98: Proportion of group population to total population COUNTRY GROUP TYPE ANGOLA BAKONGO communal contender ANGOLA CABINDA communal contender ANGOLA OVIMBUNDU communal contender BOTSWANA SAN indigenous peoples BURUNDI HUTUS communal contender BURUNDI TUTSIS communal contender CAMEROON BAMILEKE communal contender CAMEROON KIRDI indigenous peoples CAMEROON WESTERNERS communal contender CHAD SOUTHERNERS communal contender CONGO LARI communal contender CONGO M'BOSHI communal contender DEM. REP. CONGO HUTUS ethnoclass DEM. REP. CONGO LUBA communal contender DEM. REP. CONGO LUNDA, YEKE communal contender DEM. REP. CONGO NGBANDI communal contender DEM. REP. CONGO TUTSIS ethnoclass DJIBOUTI AFARS indigenous peoples ERITREA AFARS ethnonationalist ETHIOPIA AFARS indigenous peoples ETHIOPIA AMHARA communal contender ETHIOPIA OROMO communal contender ETHIOPIA SOMALIS indigenous peoples ETHIOPIA TIGREANS communal contender GHANA ASHANTI communal contender GHANA EWE communal contender GHANA MOSSI -DAGOMBA communal contender GUINEA FULANI communal contender GUINEA MALINKE communal contender GUINEA SUSU communal contender KENYA KALENJIN indigenous peoples KENYA KIKUYU communal contender KENYA KISII communal contender KENYA LUHYA communal contender KENYA LUO communal contender KENYA MAASAI indigenous peoples KENYA SOMALI indigenous peoples MADAGASCAR MERINA communal contender MALI

3. Indigenous Peoples Rural Health Care. indigenous peoples. Cultural Trauma. Telehealth. InterPsych are Friends in South africa. Their work is primarily with Zulu and xhosa communities that are victims http://www.isu.edu/~bhstamm/indig.htm

Home Traumatic Stress Rural Health Care Indigenous Peoples Cultural Trauma Telehealth InterPsych About The Author ... Stress, PTSD Notice 07/12/03 See the Improved Compassion Satisfaction and Fatigue Scales now called the ProQOL Click For More ProQOL Information Stamm slides from National Forum on Health Disparity Issues for American Indians and Alaska Natives Indigenous Peoples This is a necklace made by Faye Thayer of Ft. Washakee, Wyoming. Faye is Eastern Shoshone. Beads were in prized in Native North America and were in use long before white contact. Archaeological information tells us that beads were in use as far back as history can be extrapolated. Native Beads were generally made of natural materials like wood, bone, shell, and metal. Europeans introduced colorful glass beads. In the Beads were used as currency for global trade rather than paper money. KwaZulu-Natal Programme for Survivors of Violence These are Friends in South Africa. Their work is primarily with Zulu and Xhosa communities that are victims of the Apartheid. The bead was made in Venice, probably in the mid 1700s. This type of bead was widely traded in Africa, hence the common name "African Trade Bead." The Waseskun Network These are First Nations Friends in Canada. Their work is primarily with men who have been in corrections. This is a French Ambassador Bead, given by visiting French traders as a gift of respect to tribal headmen. The most interesting aspect of this bead is that it is made of clear glass. This was a difficult affect to achieve prior to the time of thermostat controlled heat to melt the glass.

4. Xhosa into the southern africa areas. The indigenous people they met on their migrations were the Khoisan (Bushmen and Hottentot) peoples. The xhosa culture (and http://www.imb.org/southern-africa/peoplegroups/xhosa.htm

People Profile The Xhosa Religion: Christianity Population: 6,734,000 (Operation World) Status: 25% African Traditional Religion Location: The Xhosa people are black Africans who are mostly known as cattle herders and live in beehive shaped huts in scattered homesteads ruled by chiefs. They live primarily in the Eastern Cape areas called Ciskei and Transkei. Xhosa are also found all over the Republic of South Africa in various occupations. History: The Xhosa were part of the gradual Bantu migration movement from southern Zaire in various directions to cover most of Africa south of the Sahara. They are descended from a clan of the Nguni. By 1600 the Xhosa people by that name were in the Eastern Cape and from 1705 there were periodic minor clashes with the sparse Boers (Dutch-Afrikaner farmers). As the number of Boers grew and they expanded further north and east from the Cape, clashes increased. As South Africa shifted politically between British and Dutch rule, clashes with the Xhosa grew in magnitude, as with the Zulu in the Natal area farther north. In British South Africa traditional areas of the Xhosa and other peoples were preserved as autonomous territories. These later became administrative districts of the Union of South Africa in 1910. The Union remained part of the British Empire and Commonwealth until after WW II. In the election of 1948, the Afrikaner National socialist party won control, restoring Afrikaner control to South Africa for the first time since the annexation of the Boer Republics by 1879. The Afrikaner government withdrew South Africa from the Commonwealth and imposed the segregation policy called "apartheid" (apart-ness).

5. A Dialog On Xhosa Cattle-killng, "mfecane" And History A dialog on xhosa cattlekilling, "mfecane" and history. From africa-L. March, 1995. the European diaspora used for dispossessing indigenous peoples was a claim that they would use http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/37a/015.html

A dialog on Xhosa cattle-killing, "mfecane" and history From Africa-L. March, 1995. Date: Wed, 15 Mar 1995 15:46:48 PST Subject: Xhosa cattle-killing Hi Leendert, I would like to debate a bit with several aspects of your post responding to Thami Madinane. On history, you and others interested in the Xhosa cattle-killing should look to the works of Jeff Peires. His book, The Dead Will Arise The House of Phalo provides background on Xhosa history and culture, as well as on the effects of interactions with white colonizers (directly for close to a century, indirectly for longer) on Xhosa society. For those who want the short version, Peires published two articles on the event in the Journal of African History The Structure of Scientific Revolutions This is too long; will take up the "mfecane" on a separate post. Sala kahle, Date: Wed, 15 Mar 1995 16:28:15 PSTb Hi Leendert, Here is part two. You wrote: In the North, Chaka had united the Zulu tribes and, according to current opinion, probably due mostly to population pressures, launched (in the 1820's) the Difaqane (Mfecane), a war of extermination that destroyed most of the Northern half of the present day South Africa, and initiated large scale migrations. Why is land with 12,000 Africans "destroyed" or "empty," but counts as filled by half as many whites? But in any case research by John Wright of the University of Natal shows that shows that claims of the sort made by Fynn were self-serving distortions.

6. AGPix.com Grand Teton NP (WY) (many aspects) indigenous, native peoples (africa) injured wildlife (rehabilitation of hides, organs, etc.)) witch doctors. xhosa (South africa) Zambezi River. Zambia http://www.agpix.com/photographer/stock/A0217210_complete.html

Robert J. Ross About Images Stocklist Latest Coverage Robert J. Ross is a participant in AGPix Live. Complete Stocklist Africa (variety of coverage) Africa (architecture, buildings, structures) Africa (arts (including performing), crafts) Africa (daily life, lifestyles, cultures, etc.) Africa (national parks, other public lands, wildernesses) Africa (nature, environment) Africa (recreation) Africa (rural areas) Africa (tourism, destinations, attractions) Africa (wildlife) African wild dogs antelopes (not pronghorns) Aspen (CO) baobabs Botswana Cape Town (South Africa) chameleons chimpanzees Chobe (Botswana) Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo River elephants (African) elephant seals Etosha Pan (Namibia) faces (human) Gabon gorillas, mountain Grand Teton NP (WY) (many aspects) indigenous, native peoples (Africa) injured wildlife (rehabilitation of) Italy (daily life, lifestyles, cultures, etc.) Jackson (WY) Jemez Mtns. (NM) Johannesburg (South Africa) Kalahari Desert Kampala (Uganda) Kigali (Rwanda) Lake Malawi (Mozambique) lemurs leopards (variety of coverage) Lesotho Libreville (Gabon) lions (African) Madagascar Malawi mandrills mangroves, mangrove colonies (variety of coverage)

7. MixedFolks.com - The Coloureds Of Southern Africa people, the Khoikhoi, the San and later the xhosa. The various other Coloured peoples also intermarried with the Khoikhoi, the indigenous people of the http://www.mixedfolks.com/africa.htm

Know Somebody that Might Like MixedFolks? Refer Them to the Site Site layout completed with help from Arus Threepersons Logo Design By Weldon Arts The Coloureds of Southern Africa All text taken from http://www.grmi.org/~jhanna/obj08.htm Religion: Christianity, Islam Population: 3,730,000 (South Africa); 125,000 (Namibia) Status: 80% Christian, 5% Muslim Location: The mixed-race people called Coloured, about 85% of them live in the Western Cape Province of the Republic of South Africa. The Cape Malay people are included in this group, though the Malay as a whole has maintained their Malay identity and features. They are found in Namibia also. In the 19th century, the Griqua Coloured established themselves in a homeland including the town of Kimberly, where gold was first found in South Africa. Griqualand was annexed by the British as a Crown Colony then assigned to the Cape Colony. The Rehoboth community in Namibia, about 80,000 people, are usually classified as Coloureds, but they consider themselves distinct, though of similar origin. There were some mixed offspring of Malay and Dutch, who were called Coloured. The settlers or soldiers also had mixed offspring with the indigenous people, the Khoikhoi, the San and later the Xhosa. An additional contribution to the gene pool were the slaves imported from West Africa. The various other Coloured peoples also intermarried with the Khoikhoi, the indigenous people of the cape, until they have largely been absorbed into the Coloureds. The term Coloured came to be applied to all mixed people. One group of Coloureds escaped to the bush and lived as an African tribe, but became fearsome warriors on horses. These were the Griqua, who are still an Afrikaans-speaking tribe today. (One group of less than 200 Griqua also speak a Khoikhoi language called Xiri.) After the introduction of Indians into South Africa, they contributed to the mix of Coloureds.

8. South Africa (06/03) Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, xhosa, Zulu (all official indigenous peoples. They comprise about 9% of the total population. Asians descend from Indian workers brought to South africa http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2898.htm

[Print Friendly Version] Bureau of African Affairs June 2003 Background Note: South Africa PROFILE OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of South Africa Geography Area: 1.2 million sq. km. (470,462 sq. mi.). Cities: Capitals Administrative, Pretoria; Legislative, Cape Town; Judicial, Bloemfontein. Other cities Johannesburg, Durban, Port Elizabeth. Terrain: Plateau, savanna, desert, mountains, coastal plains. Climate: moderate; similar to southern California. People Nationality: Noun and adjective South African(s). Annual growth rate (2000): 1.5%. Population (2001, 44.6 million): Composition black 77.8%; white 10.2%; colored 8.7%; Asian (Indian) 2.5%; other 0.8.5%. Languages: Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Pedi, Sotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu (all official languages). Religions: Predominantly Christian; traditional African, Hindu, Muslim, Jewish. Education: Years compulsory 7-15 years of age for all children. The South African Schools Act, Act 84 of 1996, passed by Parliament in 1996, aims to achieve greater educational opportunities for black children, mandating a single syllabus and, more equitable funding for schools. Health (official): Infant mortality rate (1998) 45.4 per live births. Estimates from international organizations range from 50 to 60 per live births.

9. 1 Peoples Of South Africa oneway street as the xhosa borrowed the ‘clicks’ and incorporated them into the xhosa language Non-indigenous peoples in South africa White Europeans http://husky1.stmarys.ca/~wmills/course322/1Peoples_of_SA.html

Home History 322 lecture list Wallace G. Mills Hist. 322 1 Peoples of S. Africa Peoples of South Africa San (Bushmen) - they were hunters and food-gatherers. -they employed stone age technology, but they had very extensive and sophisticated knowledge of plants and animals in their environment. - they were the cave painters in South Africa; they used similar themes and materials as were used by cave painters in the Sahara dating back about 30,000 years. Khoikhoi (Hottentots) - the Khoikhoi were pastoralists (cattle-keepers); - they had some metals (copper and alloys); they may have acquired these in trade (some evidence of dispersion of metals from central Africa), but there are also evidences of smelting in number of areas of the north-western Cape and Namibia. - pastoralism gave more control over food supply and somewhat more intensive exploitation allowed denser population and larger political/judicial systems; however, these systems often did not function continuously throughout the year. Annual migrations would bring people together for part of the year; then they would disperse to other grazing grounds for the remainder of the year. Thus, the degree of control and the level of cohesion were limited. - the Khoikhoi were vulnerable to loss of cattle because their way of life and livelihood depended on this; yet cattle were practically the only commodity which they could trade for European goods. As dependencies on these goods grew, loss of cattle left few economic choices except to become labourers for the white settlers.

10. 10 Ngwato term became unacceptable both to the xhosa (as well became the term to refer to indigenous peoples of the In South africa, ‘native’ had long been used in http://husky1.stmarys.ca/~wmills/course316/10Ngwato.html

Wallace G. Mills Hist. 316 10 Ngwato The Ngwato African Political Systems - one of the 1st things to notice is that the pattern of residence is very different as compared to the Nguni, such as the Zulu. Nguni pattern - i.e., normally, all members of a homestead are usually relatives by birth or marriage of the homestead head. In practice, except for very rich men, most homesteads did not have all of the above in each homestead. - homesteads are separated from each other and are usually located on land which they use; thus, the population is dispersed and similar to the pattern of farm families in North America, although the latter have much larger land holdings and are much more dispersed residentially. Ngwato pattern - the political system is more typical than the Zulu model. Certainly, the role and powers of the king are much more typical. - notice that the Sotho-Tswana peoples did have an age-regiment system long before the northern Nguni began to adopt it. Thus, the inspiration for that innovation was almost certainly these neighbours rather than some unknown white man. - also, the institution itself did not necessarily lead to a militarisation of society. The militarisation of northern Nguni societies seems to have been more a product of the economic and political situation which emerged there than it was the result of the borrowed innovation itself.

11. African Environment And Conservation On The Internet An annotated guide to internet resources on african conservation and the environment. and a summary in xhosa) of Towards a New and Institutions Center, africa indigenous Knowledge and Forestry Preservation Bolivia and Indonesia" "Forest peoples in the Central african http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/eco.html

Topics : Environment Search: Countries Topics Africa Guide Suggest a Site ... Africa Home See also: Environmental History South Africa - Environment AAAS Atlas of Population and Environment Case study of Madagascar - Population Trends and the Environment in Madagascar . "analysis of the relationships between human population and the environment. Illustrating through text, maps , and diagrams how population affect the world's ecosystems and natural resources both in the short and long term." Produced by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). http://atlas.aaas.org/ Africa Water Page Part of the Water Page . Founded by South African civil engineer/consultant, Leonard Abrams "dedicated to the water sector in Africa. Issues addressed include water policy, water resource management, water supply and environmental sanitation, water conservation and demand management, and a variety of other issues." Has full-text documents (govt. white papers, articles, etc.) http://wn.apc.org/afwater/index.htm Africam Reqires free registration to access. Was a virtual game preserve which closed down. Read the first part of the webcam's rise videoing live from waterholes in the Djuma Game Reserve (South Africa). The site hopes to reappear. In the meantime Djuma operates two Web cams at

12. A Cultural Profile Of The Xhosa Of Tanzania People Profile. The xhosa of South africa africa areas. The indigenous people they met on their migrations were the Khoisan (Bushmen and Nama or "Hottentot") peoples. The xhosa http://www.strategyleader.org/profiles/xhosa.html

SLRK Profiles Menu Strategy Leader Resource Kit Home People Profile The Xhosa of South Africa Religion : Christianity Population Status : 25% African Traditional Religion NARRATIVE PROFILE Location : The Xhosa people are black Africans who are mostly known as cattle herders and live in beehive shaped huts in scattered homesteads ruled by chiefs. They live primarily in the Eastern Cape areas called Ciskei and Transkei. Xhosa are also found all over the Republic of South Africa in various occupations. History : The Xhosa were part of the gradual Bantu migration movement from southern Zaire in various directions to cover most of Africa south of the Sahara. They are descended from a clan of the Nguni. By 1600 the Xhosa people by that name were in the Eastern Cape and from 1705 there were periodic minor clashes with the sparse Boers (Dutch-Afrikaner farmers). As the number of Boers grew and they expanded further north and east from the Cape, clashes increased. As South Africa shifted politically between British and Dutch rule, clashes with the Xhosa grew in magnitude, as with the Zulu in the Natal area farther north. In British South Africa traditional areas of the Xhosa and other peoples were preserved as autonomous territories. These later became administrative districts of the Union of South Africa in 1910. The Union remained part of the British Empire and Commonwealth until after WW II.

13. AGPix.com Indian Ocean. indigenous, native peoples (africa) indigenous, native peoples (Asia writers (published) (nature) xhosa (South africa) yachts, yachting. young adults http://www.agpix.com/photographer/stock/A0092360_complete.html

Jason Lauré About Images Stocklist Latest Coverage Jason Lauré is a participant in AGPix Live. Complete Stocklist action (animal (wild)) adventure adventure (outdoor) adventure travel aerials (varied coverage) aerials (nature) Africa (resident photographer, agency) Africa (variety of coverage) Africa (aerials) Africa (architecture, buildings, structures) Africa (arts (including performing), crafts) Africa (cities) Africa (daily life, lifestyles, cultures, etc.) Africa (economy related (agriculture, construction, commerce, etc.)) Africa (geography) Africa (history, antiquity, archeology) Africa (infrastructure) Africa (national parks, other public lands, wildernesses) Africa (nature, environment) Africa (recreation) Africa (rural areas) Africa (tourism, destinations, attractions) Africa (wildlife) African wild dogs airplanes (bush) Algarve (Portugal) Algeria Amboseli NP (Kenya) Angola animal young (variety of coverage) animal young (in family, herd) anthropology (specialist in) Asia (variety of coverage) Asia (cities) Asia (daily life, lifestyles, cultures, etc.) Asia (geography) Asia (history, antiquity, archeology)

14. Xhosa state system During the 1820s and 30s southern africa was torn apart by violent wars between the different indigenous peoples, the so More xhosa Information http://www.siyabona.com/africa_xhosa.html

Main Siyabona Africa [home] About Siyabona About Siyabona Africa Corporate Mission ... Where To Find Us Private Game Reserves Thornybush Reserve Timbavati Reserve Kapama Reserve Klaserie Reserve ... Balule Private Reserve Africa Travel Links African Safari Lodges Africa Adventure Tours Africa Overland Tours Africa Budget Travel ... Exclusive Safari Lodges Africa Regions Botswana Travel Namibia Travel Mozambique Travel Zambia Travel ... Kenya Travel South Africa Regions Kruger National Park Kruger Park Lodges South Africa Safari lodges Hotel Guide Cape Town Hotels Kwazulu Natal Hotels Gauteng Hotels Cape Hotels ... Sun City Hotels General Information Robbenisland African Safari African Safaris Krugerpark camping safari Krugerpark private safari Kenya safari ... Tanzania safari Xhosa Introduction The Xhosa , also often called the “Red Blanket People”, are of Nguni stock, like the Zulu . The name Xhosa is a generalised term for a diversity of proud clans, the Pondo, Bomvana, Thembu and the Xhosa tribe itself. Red and the orange of ochre were the traditional colours of the Xhosa , Tembu and Bomvana (“the red ones”). The first group of early Nguni immigrants to migrate to South Africa consisted of the

15. Arthur's S. A. Clipart The indigenous people clipart with special thanks to Barbara Tyrrel. Arthur s South africa peoples and Places. GIF, windmill.gif windmill.gif, xhosa.gif xhosa.gif. http://www.fortunecity.com/victorian/dante/944/peoplecol.htm

web hosting domain names email addresses Colour Flags ... Contact Me ARTHUR S COLOUR SOUTH AFRICAN CLIPART Traditional Homes,Places and the Indigenous People The indigenous people clipart with special thanks to Barbara Tyrrel Arthur's South Africa Peoples and Places 1stdragoon.gif bhacagir.gif bhacawom.gif bhakaboy.gif bhakawitchdr.gif blockhouse.gif BOER.GIF Carry.gif cooltower.gif corbelled.gif Crush.gif Dance.gif declerk.gif Diviner.gif dovecote.gif headgear.gif Hoeing.gif Hutmake.gif Khoihse.gif Matmake.gif mill.gif NDEBEL.GIF NDEBEL1.GIF NDEBEL2.GIF NDEBEL3.GIF Ndebele.gif nelsonm.gif nganegirl.gif nganemaid.gif nganewar.gif

16. SOUTH AFRICA Visa Application - Tourist Visas, Business Visas, Expedited Visas - descending from the earliest settlers and the indigenous peoples. HISTORY People have inhabited southern africa for of the Zulu and xhosa, occupied most of the http://www.travisa.com/SouthAfrica/south_africa_portal.htm

Visa Instruction Sheet Visa Application Fees Non-US Citizen Info ... Home Choose Your Destination A Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Antigua Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan B Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bolivia Bosnia Botswana Brazil British Virgin Islands Brunei Durassalam Burkina Faso Bulgaria Burundi C Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Cayman Islands C. A. R. Chad China Chile Congo Cote d'Ivoire Colombia Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic D Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic D.R. of Congo E Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Equatorial Guinea F Finland France G Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Graet Britain Greece Grenada Guam Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana H Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Hungary I Iceland India Indonesia Israel Italy Iran Iraq Ireland Ivory Coast J Jamaica Japan Jordan K Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Korea, South Korea, North Kuwait Kyrgyzstan L Latvia Laos Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Lithuania Luxembourg M Macedonia Madagascar Malawi Mali Malaysia Martinique Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Monaco Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Myanmar N Namibia Nauru Netherlands Nepal New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria North Korea Norway O Oman P Paraguay Pakistan Panama Papua Guinea Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Q Qatar R Romania Russia Rwanda S Saudi Arabia Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovak Republic Slovenia South Africa Spain Sri Lanka St. Lucia

17. MSN Encarta - South Africa and increasingly segregated themselves from indigenous Bantu peoples writers such as Guybon Sinxo (xhosa), BW Vilakazi cultural heritage of the peoples of South http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761557321_2/South_Africa.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Money Web Search: logoImg('http://sc.msn.com'); Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade to Encarta Premium Search Encarta Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Send us feedback Related Items African National Congress, ruling party since 1994 Afrikaners more... Magazines Search the Encarta Magazine Center for magazine and news articles about this topic Further Reading Editors' Picks South Africa Facts and Figures Quick information and statistics News Search MSNBC for news about South Africa Internet Search Search Encarta about South Africa Search MSN for Web sites about South Africa Also on Encarta Encarta guide: The Reagan legacy Compare top online degrees Proud papas: Famous dads with famous kids Also on MSN Father's Day present ideas on MSN Shopping Breaking news on MSNBC Switch to MSN in 3 easy steps Our Partners Capella University: Online degrees LearnitToday: Computer courses CollegeBound Network: ReadySetGo Kaplan Test Prep and Admissions Encyclopedia Article from Encarta Advertisement Page 2 of 7 South Africa Multimedia 29 items Dynamic Map View map of South Africa Article Outline Introduction Land and Resources People Arts ... History H Environmental Issues South Africa has a mixed environmental heritage. Its national parks, reserves, and botanical gardens are among the best-managed conservation areas in the world, but there are serious environmental problems too. The most serious environmental threats are uncontrolled livestock grazing, rampant urban development, and surface disturbance and pollution associated with mining. Many problems originated from political and socioeconomic policies associated with the apartheid period that ended in 1994. Overpopulation in the former

18. Africast.com - South Africa People Sotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, xhosa, Zulu (all descending from the earliest settlers and the indigenous peoples. workers brought to South africa in the http://www.africast.com/country_people.php?strCountry=South Africa

19. Jonathan Ball Publishers - New Books the first modern history of the xhosa, relates the story of one of the most numerous and important indigenous peoples in contemporary South africa, from their http://www.jonathanball.co.za/home.asp

Back in Print The House of Phalo and The Dead Will Arise By Jeff Peires "I am delighted to have reprinted Jeff Peires' two terrific books The House of Phalo and The Dead Will Arise, which are essential to an understanding of Xhosa history and therefore South African history." - Jonathan Ball The House of Phalo , the first modern history of the Xhosa, relates the story of one of the most numerous and important indigenous peoples in contemporary South Africa, from their consolidation, through an era of co-operation and conflict with whites to the frontier wars that eventuated in their present position as a subordinate group in the modern South African state. Incorporating their own oral and written testimony into a modern historical and ethnographic framework, the author examines the response of the Xhosa to the successive challenges of contact with whites; the adaptation of Xhosa cosmology to Christianity and the increasing dependence of the Xhosa on military technology in defence of their lands. The House of Phalo takes its place in a growing body of literature that measures the impact of white rule on African peoples in South Africa.

20. Military.com Afrikaans English Ndebele Pedi Sotho Swazi Tsonga Tswana Venda xhosa Zulu. more. History The indigenous peoples of modern South africa established a http://military.countrywatch.com/countries.asp?vCOUNTRY=159

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