61. Access To THE WORLD FACTBOOK 1993 Provided Courtesy Of The on the continent of africa PEOPLE Population 930,249 Muslim 90%, Christian 9%, indigenous beliefs 1 Languages English (official), Mandinka, wolof, Fula, other http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact93/wf940086.txt

62. The Maroon Tiger Online Keeping You Informed One day our ancestors were wolof, Fulani, or he insisted on calling distinct indigenous people(s) “Indians We connect with africa because it comes closest to http://maroontiger.net/published/000207.php

63. Indigenous And Minority Peoples' Views Of Language (Terralingua) From a wolof Senegal poem by Useyno Gey Cosaan (in Fishman 1997 292). indigenous and Minority peoples Views About Language Contact us. http://cougar.ucdavis.edu/nas/terralin/ip&lgs.html

The importance of language in human life and in determining the place of humans in the world is stressed in most past and present cultures on earth. In many religious traditions the spoken word is creative power. Ritual, as performed through language, is seen as a way of doing (and making) things right. For the Ancient Greeks, the logos was word, speech, discourse, and the principle that governs the order, and the orderly development, of the universe. Among peoples as different as the Dogon of Nigeria and the Navajo of the southern United States, elaborate theories of language exist that see language as the means through which the world is created, organized, classified, and beautified. Many religious traditions suggest that a diversity of languages (and cultures) is a good thing. In the Qur'an, the variety of linguistic expression among groups and individuals is seen as one sign of Allah's creative omnipotence, along with the creation of heaven and earth. As another example, according to the Acoma Pueblo Indians of New Mexico, the mother goddess Iatiku causes people to speak different languages so that it will not be as easy for them to quarrel. And it is even possible to suggest a different perspective on a widespread interpretation of the idea of Babel as a "curse". It is perhaps more accurate to see the divine intervention that brings about a multiplicity of languages as a way of curbing the arrogance and single-mindedness of monolingual empire buildersan arrogance that seems to be again on the rise.

64. Africa is the official language but Mandinka, wolof, Fulani and only 10% of the population about 3,000,000 people. is official, and several indigenous languages such http://lazarus.elte.hu/~guszlev/gb/afri.htm

Africa Ascension is a part of the UK as a dependency of Saint Helena Botswana was a Crown Colony until 1966. Besides English, Setswana is the other official language, and Bantu is spoken as well. Cameroon was a Crown Colony until 1961. English and French are the two official languages, plus 24 major African language groups exist here. The Gambia gained independence from Britain in 1965, English is the official language but Mandinka, Wolof, Fulani and other indigenous vernaculars are spoken. Ghana became an independent country from the UK in 1957. English is the official, but African languages (Akan, Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe and Gã) are native. Lesotho was a protectorate until 1966. Sesotho is official besides English, and Zulu and Xhosa are other important languages. Liberia is the country where liberated slaves from the US were settled from 1822. It has been an independent country since 1847. English is the native tongue of about the 96% of the population, and 20 local languages from the Niger-Congo language group are spoken. Malawi was a protectorate until 1964. The two official languages are English and Chichewa.

65. Background Notes Archive - Africa the largest, followed by the Fula, wolof, Jola, and the extended family, as well as indigenous forms of The People s Progressive Party (PPP), headed by former http://dosfan.lib.uic.edu/ERC/bgnotes/af/gambia9607.html

Return to Africa Background Notes Archive Return to Background Notes Archive Homepage Return to Electronic Research Collection Homepage

66. Casamance River’s Native Rice Bonds Sacred Traditions : NOLA Indymedia Sereer are becoming assimilated into wolof culture, or This rice was brought to africa by Portuguese like the lower Casamance where indigenous people like the http://neworleans.indymedia.org/news/2004/04/1417.php

home latest news subscribe calendar ... archives Media Text Image Audio Video Other about nola imc about us editorial policy website code by sf-active indymedia network global imc's printable version email this article Casamance River’s Native Rice Bonds Sacred Traditions by moth Friday April 30, 2004 at 04:11 AM African red rice (Oryza glabberima) is adapted to the region of the Casamance River in Senegal and other river deltas. Imported corporate agribusiness Asian rice could be introducing GE/GMO strains into the region's people and ecosystem, also driving the local farmers out of the market. This report deals with the problems of assimilation into both religious and WTO corporate monoculture, and encourages the survival of animist traditions that view native African rice as sacred.. following info for public domain, please distribute freely with intent to save native African rice from GE/GMO monoculture.. Bayou rice fields are mostly controlled by corporate agribusiness, what are the chances of local rice farmers networking to keep out GE/GMO rice? Mark Miller Casamance River’s Native Rice Bonds Sacred Traditions The Casamance River flows between Gambia and Guinea Bissau, the Ehing lands are slightly north of the Guinea Bissau border. Casamance Valley is where African red rice (Oryza glaberrima) was initially domesticated long before Europeans arrived in Africa. People living along the Niger River floodplains were thought to have begun domestication from wild ancestor (Oryza barthii) between 2,000 to 3,000 years ago. (Linares) Over the centuries the wild rice and the people bonded together spiritually as the rice gradually developed the characteristics it has today. The stories and traditions are connected to the history of the rice fields, the people’s spiritual roots are interwoven with the flooded rice roots.

67. Wfn.org | Sale Of House Will Benefit Wolof People to establishing an indigenous church among the wolof people. As a member of the wolof partnership along with Mennonite Board of Missions and africa Inter http://www.wfn.org/1999/03/msg00030.html

From the Worldwide Faith News archives www.wfn.org Sale of house will benefit Wolof people From Beth Hawn Date 03 Mar 1999 12:53:52 Browse month Browse month (sort by Source) WFN Home

68. USATODAY.com - Facts On African Countries On Bush Tour French is the official language, but wolof is widely spoken. Eightyfive percent of the people follow indigenous beliefs and 15% are Christian. http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2003-07-07-bush-africa-glance_x.htm

LowerMyBills.com - More for you. Less for them. Cars Jobs Franchises Business Opportunities ... Weather Politics Politics home Politics briefs Latest polls Political calendar Washington Washington home Washington briefs Government Guide Law Center Health Health home Medical resources Health information Editorial/Opinion Ed/Op home Columnists Cartoons More News Top news briefs Nation briefs World briefs States ... Click here to get the Daily Briefing in your inbox Posted 7/7/2003 2:24 PM RELATED STORIES Bush in Africa Strategists hope trip boosts standing Stowaway's claims investigated Kenyans feel ignored by USA Mrs. Bush reads to Ugandan kids Resources Text: Bush from Senegal Glance: 5 African countries ... : Highlights of Bush's trip BEYOND WORDS Look and listen Audio: Bush on AIDS Audio: Bush on Liberia ... Bush speech in Senegal Today's Top News Stories Reagan family, supporters bid final farewell

69. The Story Of Africa| BBC World Service that both Islam and Christianity are indigenous african religions or Islam succeeded in converting people in africa The wolof, in Senegal, might go to the Mosque http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/6chapter5.shtml

Contact Us Help Text Only HOME ... INDEX Islam And Christianity Christianity came first to the continent of Africa in the 1st or early 2nd century AD. Oral tradition says the first Muslims appeared while the prophet Mohammed was still alive (he died in 632). Thus both religions have been on the continent of Africa for over 1,300 years. Some would argue that both Islam and Christianity are indigenous African religions. Not everyone shares this view. Read more about Christianity Certainly the first Muslim teachers and Christian missionaries had little respect for the traditional religions they came across. Both Islam and Christianity are religions of the book; their doctrinal authority lies in their scriptures. African traditional religions produced no written works, but derived their authority from oral history, custom and practice, and the power of priests, kings and others gifted in dealing with spiritual issues. This lack of scriptures led to the assumption that people in Africa were not capable of 'proper' religious observance. But some European missionaries and explorers were struck by the intense spirituality of Africans. Islam sits more comfortably with some aspects of traditional religion than Christianity. A key area is marriage. Christianity demands monogamy, that is, not more than one wife. Islam, by contrast, allows a man to take several wives. So Islam had a better chance of being accepted in the polygamous societies of Africa. If a man converted to Christianity, he was obliged to dismiss all but one of his wives; this was the cause of much resentment and bitterness.

70. An A-Z Of African Studies On The Internet Bg6 English and French, shortly in wolof and Japanese Human Rights, Oral History and indigenous peoples’ Memory The History Project and a Griqua People’s Story http://www.lib.msu.edu/limb/a-z/az_bg6.html

An A-Z of African Studies on the Internet Part B-G6 Ge'ez - Guinee-Bissau Back to: A-Z of African Studies Ge'ez (Ethiopic language) "Ge'ez Literature, Church Libraries, and the Coming, from Europe, of the Printed Word" By Dr. Richard Pankhurst http://addistribune.ethiopiaonline.net/Archives/1998/08/28-08-98/Hist-308.htm Ge'ez pages of Visafric (offers download of GeezTypeNet software) http://tigrina.visafric.com/ Genadendal (South Africa)History Genadendal archaeology project http://www.archafrica.uct.ac.za/schools'%20projects/gena.htm GenderAfrica see also "WOMEN" African Gender Institute (AGI, University of CapeTown) http://www.uct.ac.za/org/agi/ VISIONS-AFR! is a space for people and organizations within West Africa and outside to come together, discuss, and work on issues of gender, reproductive health and rights within the region. It is bilingual, French and English TO SUBSCRIBE: majordomo@hsphsun2.harvard.edu

71. The Official Home Page Of The Republic Of Sénégal They were arbitrarily, cutting across traditionally established boundaries, homelands, and ethnic groupings of African peoples and cultures. wolof indigenous. http://www.earth2000.com/ar/westafrica.html

WEST AFRICAN HISTORY Who are ouest africans Ethnicity As Africa's peoples established themselves and diversified to local conditions, they developed distinctive cultures, oral traditions and oral art forms. Africa's hundreds of different ethnic groups are often defined by the language they speak, according to contemporary (especially Western) scholarly practice. Spoken African languages Indigenous to the continent are variously estimated to number from 700 to 3000. The major ethnic groups in West Africa are the Mandeng, Fulah, Yoruba, Haoussa, Ashanti and Cameron. From these derived several separate groups with cultural differences and minor linguistic variations. The group Yoruba for example, encompasses twenty-five separate groups each one culturally different from the next. The Berber and Touareg is the group found in the Sahara desert, the language and culture has a strong Arabic influence. There are numerous spoken languages in every West African country. However, the native languages of capital cities dominate the dialogue spoken by the majority. The official languages spoken are from the former Colonial master, French being spoken in more countries, followed by English and Portuguese. In the recent years some countries have started to develop and promote the writing of their main dialect, in order to accelerate their developing program. This way modern science and technology will reach the rural area were illiteracy is quite high.

72. Balancing Act News Update - African Internet Developments are the barriers to greater use of the indigenous languages of For example, wolof text at http//www.bok.net However, as increasing numbers of people in africa http://www.balancingact-africa.com/news/back/balancing-act_69.html

THE KNOTTY PROBLEM OF USING AFRICAN LANGUAGES FOR E-MAIL AND INTERNET On the money Digital toolbox/In search of the business model Africa's digerati Useful websites and discussion lists ... Classified advertisements COMING SOON : E-READINESS STRATEGIES - TURNING PAPER INTO ACTION WEEKLY PUBLICATION DEADLINE: 12 pm GMT Sunday. URGENT ANNOUNCEMENT - WE NEED 240 BOOKKEEPING DATA ENTRY OPERATORS ISSUE NO 69 THE KNOTTY PROBLEM OF USING AFRICAN LANGUAGES FOR E-MAIL AND INTERNET Don Osborn looks at how these obstacles can be tackled. As the information revolution worldwide becomes increasingly multilingual, and as the new technologies in Africa gradually move beyond the capital cities, what are the barriers to greater use of the indigenous languages of the continent? There are of course a number of interrelated issues to consider in a comprehensive discussion of this question, which one might broadly characterize as including: structural issues (e.g., basic physical access to the technology, technical problems), socio-linguistic factors (issues relating to orthographies, literacy, multiplicity of languages and dialect variation within languages, and attitudes about languages), economic considerations (lack of resources, other priorities in using IT for development), and even political concerns (what effect would validating linguistic diversity in the new technologies have on divisions in a society).

73. John & Kernick - IP In Africa - Gambia - Fact Sheet HIV/AIDS people living with HIV/AIDS 13,000 (1999 est.). Languages English (official), Mandinka, wolof, Fula, other indigenous vernaculars. http://www.johnandkernick.co.za/JK_IP_Africa/Gambia/JK_IPA_GM_FactSheet.htm

GAMBIA - FACT SHEET Background The Gambia gained its independence from the UK in 1965; it formed a short-lived federation of Senegambia with Senegal between 1982 and 1989. In 1991 the two nations signed a friendship and cooperation treaty. A military coup in 1994 overthrew the president and banned political activity, but a new 1996 constitution and presidential elections, followed by parliamentary balloting in 1997, have completed a nominal return to civilian rule. Geography Location : Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and Senegal Surface Area : 11,300 sq km ( water : 1,300 sq km) Climate: Tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler, dry season (November to May) Terrain: Flood plain of the Gambia river flanked by some low hills Natural resources: Fish Coastline and Maritime Claims: 80 km, contiguous zone : 18 NM , continental shelf: not specified , exclusive fishing zone: 200 NM , territorial sea: 12 NM Land use: Arable land permanent crops permanent pastures forests and woodland other : 45% (1993 est.)

74. Faqs 1%) Languages French (official), wolof, Pulaar, Diola Religion 96% Islam, 6% indigenous beliefs, 2 for its dynamic culture, friendly people, beautiful beaches http://www.africa-first.com/facts.htm

AFRICA FIRST, LLC HOME WHO WE ARE CONVENTIONS TERMS ... CONTACT CREATING GLOBAL AWARENESS, GENERATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR RESEARCH AND SHARING KNOWLEDGE HOME OVERVIEW AGENDA SPEAKERS/TOPICS ... Some Facts About Senegal Full country name: Republic of Senegal Area: 196,190 sq km (75,750 sq mi) Population: 10.3 million Capital city: Dakar (pop 2 million) People: Wolof (36%), Fula (17%), Sérèr (17%), Toucouleur (9%), Diola (9%), Mandinka (9%), European and Lebanese(1%) Languages: French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Diola, Mandingo Religion: 96% Islam, 6% indigenous beliefs, 2% Christian Government: Republic under multi-party democratic rule President: Aboulaye Wade GDP: US$15.6 billion GDP per head: US$1700 Annual growth: 5% Inflation: 1.8% Major industries: agricultural and fish processing, phosphate mining, petroleum refining, construction materials. Major trading partners: France, EU, Nigeria, Cameroon, Côte d'Ivoire, Mali, Algeria, China, Japan. Senegal, a democracy of free press and several political parties, is located on the most western part of Africa. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean on the west, along 350 miles of beautiful sandy beaches. The country’s relationship with Europe started in 1444 when Portuguese navigators reached the Senegal River. From Goree Island and Saint-Louis, numerous Senegalese were shipped to the Americas during the slave trade. Senegal gained its independence from France in 1960.

75. Indigenous Cultures, Kingdoms And Ethnic Groups Of Senegal - Encyclopedia Articl Peace, Prosperity Official language English, Mandinka, wolof, Fula, others Moors is the ancient name for the indigenous nomadic Berber people in North http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Indigenous cultures, kingdoms and ethn

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia Indigenous cultures, kingdoms and ethnic groups of Senegal Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition Senegal has a very varied cultural landscape and a history of kingdoms, empires, brotherhoods and colonial struggles (between and against colonizing powers). The ethnic groups of Senegal today live in relative peace and harmony, despite their diversity and differences in economic advancement. The main ethnic groups are the Wolof Wolof is a language spoken in Senegal, Gambia and Mauritania. Iso639-code: WOL. It belongs to the Atlantic branch of the Niger-Congo language family. Some phrases: Yes - Waaw. No - Deedeet. Good Morning - Jama nga fanaan. Thank you - Jerejef. Good Bye - Be beneen yon. The term "Wolof" is also used to indicate the ethnic group that uses the language. External Links Wolof - English Dictionary Click the link for more information. , the Serer The Serer (also spelled Serreer Sereer Sèrèr Sérér Seréer Sèréer Séréer , etc.) are the second largest ethnic group in Senegal and are a major group in The Gambia. Their traditional kingdoms include the Kingdom of Sine and Saloum. They are divided into several groups that speak mutually-unintelligible languages: Serer-Sine spoken in Sine-Saloum, Kaolack, Diourbel, Dakar and many other areas.

76. Gambia/People - Encyclopedia Article About Gambia/People. Free Access, No Regist live in rural villages, although more and more young people come to the Languages English (official), Mandinka, wolof, Fula, other indigenous vernaculars. http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Gambia/People

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia Gambia/People Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition A wide variety of ethnic groups live in The Gambia Republic of The Gambia (In Detail) (Full size) National motto: Progress, Peace, Prosperity Official language English, Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, others Capital Banjul Largest City Kanifing President Yahya Jammeh Area - Total - % water Ranked 158th Population - Total - Density Ranked 145th 1,367,124 (July 2000 est.) Independence - Date From the United Kingdom February 18, 1965 Currency Dalasi (D) Time zone UTC National anthem For The Gambia, Our Homeland Internet TLD .GM Calling Code 220 Click the link for more information. with a minimum of intertribal friction, each preserving its own language and traditions. The Mandinka The Mandinka people of West Africa number over one million and reside in The Gambia, Senegal and Guinea Bissau. External Link: The Mandinka People Just a note: The web site above seems to have some Christian missionary content... Click the link for more information. tribe is the largest, followed by the

77. SIM People Group Profile Wolof Language The language of the wolof people is wolof Islam, combining formal religion with indigenous animist practices villagers and many urban wolof believe in http://www.sim.org/PG.asp?pgid=47&fun=2

78. Youth With A Mission Port Orchard / Discovery Bay It is our goal to see indigenous churches planted so that each Will you pray with us for the wolof? learn more Joshua People Profile Bethany Prayer Profile. http://www.ywamportorchard.com/wolof.html

YOUTH WITH A MISSION PORT ORCHARD / DISCOVERY BAY HOME MISSION VISION CONTACT US ... COMMUNITY EVENTS wolof of west Africa The Wolof People are an exciting and vivacious people who are in need the saving grace of Jesus Christ. Over the years mission efforts have focused on the Wolof, but have been unsuccessful in seeing indigenous churches planted. Many of the Wolof live in remote villages miles from churches and Christians. It has been said that the Wolof live in the most open Muslim nations, but are the most resistant to the Gospel. We believe their destiny is about to change. Jesus Christ is worthy of the Wolof's worship. As a base we have adopted and committed 20 years to reaching the Wolof. It is our goal to see indigenous churches planted so that each believer will have the opportunity to worship in their own language and culture. Over time we will be providing prayer, short-term teams and finances to accomplish this mission. We are working in conjunction with missionaries and churches in Africa. We want you to join us. Will you pray with us for the Wolof? learn more: Joshua People Profile Bethany Prayer Profile YOUTH WITH A MISSION PORT ORCHARD / DISCOVERY BAY HOME MISSION VISION CONTACT US ... COMMUNITY EVENTS

79. TDS; Passports, Visas, Travel Documents rural villages, although more and more young people come to the extended family, as well as indigenous forms of groups Mandinka 42%, Fula 18%, wolof 16%, Jola http://www.traveldocs.com/gm/people.htm

Gambia Africa PEOPLE A wide variety of ethnic groups live side by side in The Gambia with a minimum of inter-tribal friction, each preserving its own language and traditions. The Mandinka tribe is the largest, followed by the Fula, Wolof, Jola, and Serahuli groups. Approximately 2,500 non-Africans live in The Gambia, including Europeans and many families of Lebanese origin. Muslims constitute over 95% of the population. Christians of different denominations account for most of the remainder. Gambians officially observe the holidays of both religions and practice religious tolerance. More than 80% of Gambians live in rural villages, although more and more young people come to the capital in search of work, education, and broader horizons. While urban migration, development projects, and modernization are bringing more and more Gambians into contact with European habits and values, the traditional emphasis on the extended family, as well as indigenous forms of dress and celebration, remain integral parts of everyday life. Nationality: Noun and adjectiveGambian(s).

80. TDS; Passports, Visas, Travel Documents PEOPLE About 70% of Senegal s population is rural. All Senegalese speak an indigenous language, of which wolof has the largest usage. http://www.traveldocs.com/sn/people.htm

Senegal Africa PEOPLE About 70% of Senegal's population is rural. In rural areas, density varies from about 77 per square kilometer (200 per sq. mi.) in the west-central region to 2 per square kilometer (5 per sq. mi.) in the arid eastern section. About 50,000 Europeans (mostly French) and Lebanese reside in Senegal, mainly in the cities. French is the official language but is used regularly only by the literate minority. All Senegalese speak an indigenous language, of which Wolof has the largest usage. Nationality: Noun and adjectiveSenegalese (sing. and pl.). Population (est. 2002): Annual growth rate: Ethnic groups: Wolof 43%; Fulani (Peulh) and Toucouleur 23%; Serer 15%; Diola, Mandingo, and others 19%. Religions: Muslim 95%, Christian 4%, traditional 1%. Languages: French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Serer, Diola, Mandingo, Soninke. Education: Attendance—primary 58%, secondary 16%. Literacy38%.

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