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         Water Systems & Oceans Geography:     more detail
  1. Living Geography: Explore the World's Oceans, Rivers, Weather and Maps Through Exciting Activities and Experiments (Geography)

41. Natural Water System
19. Department of Fisheries and oceans. can be used to improve water quality by subsurface treatment; chemical processes; industrial applications; small systems;
http://www2.sfu.ca/cedc/students/geogclass/grnanbib.htm
Geography 449 "Greening" Related Annotated Bibliography Introduction At present, there are only a few salmon bearing streams in the City of Vancouver. In addition, much of the city's coastline is unnatural. However, this was not always the case:
    A little over 100 years ago, the site of Vancouver was a wilderness. There were forests of cedar and hemlock trees, with vine maples, ferns, mushrooms. Here lived cougars, deer, eagles, bears and myriads of other wild creatures. There were great swamps, too, that harboured ducks, geese, fish, frogs, insects. Throughout the area there were many creeks and streams. They arose in the higher regions - in swamps or marshes - and followed down into the sea. They were overhung with fallen trees, living ferns, berry brushes; they were filled with salmon and trout (Vancouver's Old Streams 1989, 2).
Unfortunately after Europeans arrived, streams and wetland marshes in the Lower Mainland fell victim to industrial development. Streams were paved over and placed in culverts under ground. While marshes were dredged, filled in, and polluted. In other words, these water bodies were not incorporated into the city's urban design. Elsewhere in the world, people have already begun restoring "lost streams" and "wetlands." Vancouver is finally following suit. As interest in restoring buried creeks and marshes in the area is growing. In fact, a few creeks have been, or are in the process of being, restored or "daylighted." Likewise, several wetland areas have been restored and created in the lower mainland.

42. SAIN Resources About Coastal And Oceans Ecosystems
catalog about coastal and oceans ecosystems management, Ecosystem structure, systems ecology, Coastal Aquatic ecosystems, Fresh water, water, Freshwater ecology
http://sain.nbii.gov/phpqueries/coasts_oceans.php
Use the 'text only' version of this web page for browsers not JavaScript enabled. Link to 'text only' contained in page footer. Use the 'text only' version of this web page for browsers not JavaScript enabled. Link to 'text only' contained in page footer. Use the 'text only' version of this web page for browsers not JavaScript enabled. Link to 'text only' contained in page footer. Use the 'text only' version of this web page for browsers not JavaScript enabled. Link to 'text only' contained in page footer. Listings of online resources about Stingers
(Cuidaria) Spiny Skinned
(Echinodermata) Mollusks
(Mollusca) Arthropods
(Arthropoda) Vertebrates
(Vertebrata) Jellyfish and similar Star Fish and similar Snails
(Gastropods)
(Bivalves)
(Cephalopods) Chitons and related
(Chitons, Scaphopods, Neopilina) Crustaceans
(Crustacea) Insects (Insecta) Arachnids (Arachnida) Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds ... Mammals Catalog of Online Resources Periodicals Federal Government State Governments Multimedia Images Sound Video Parks ... Teacher Resources Catalog of Online Resources Viruses Bacteria Protists (Mycology) Plants (Botany) Algae Mosses Ferns Herbs ... Visualization and Analysis Tools Evaluations and Methodologies Partners Infrastructure Contact Us Catalog of Online Resources Species Conservation Invasive Species Ecosystems Farmlands ... Water Quality
SAIN resources about Coastal and Oceans Ecosystems

43. Geography At Sussex: Atmospheric Systems
Sustainability in International River Basin systems (WERRD SST anomalies for the Pacific Ocean and other Mr Wohlleber (ministry of agriculture, water and Rural
http://www.geog.sussex.ac.uk/research/cec/as.html
Research Themes
Atmospheric Systems
Atmospheric systems research within the group is split into the following three linked areas of:
Monitoring
Process Studies Applied climatology
Central to all three is the role of precipitation and precipitation related processes.
1. Monitoring
Precipitation is one of the most fundamental of all climate variables due to its importance as a natural resource and its role in atmospheric dynamics. Building on earlier research retrieving rainfall information from microwave satellite data as part of the
Figure 1 NASA Mission to Planet Earth WetNet Project (Figure 1), the focus on monitoring has centred around the development and testing of satellite based precipitation methods. Dominic Kniveton has been a contributor to a series of international precipitation intercomparison projects conducted under the auspices of the Global Precipitation Precipitation Climatology Project  (GPCP) and the NASA WetNet Project, and was responsible for the analysis and processing on the first WetNet Precipitation Intercomparion Project, PIP-1. Currently Dominic is on the science team of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission exploring the delineation of low rain rates over land and is a co-investigator on a project to explore the utility of Meteosat Second  Generation data to monitor the hydrological cycle in southern Africa. Recent rainfall retrieval work has focused on combining different satellite data sets to provide small-scale rainfall information using such techniques as neural networks in collaboration with Tim Bellerby from the University of Hull, Martin Todd from UCL and Chris Kidd from the University of Birmingham (Figure 2).

44. Oceanography - POEMS-Practical Ocean Energy Management Systems, Inc.
their journey through the composition of the universe, our solar system, fresh and salt water and eventually of Bramwell, Martin (ed) Atlas of the oceans.
http://www.poemsinc.org/oceano/
    Oceanography index
    introduction Oceanography covers all we know about the sea, its formation, geology, mineralogy, extraction, fisheries, biology and much more. For this web site we have made a conscious selection. If you are in a hurry, read this first. (located on this page) (3 pages) oceans The world's oceans cover more than 70% of the Earth's surface. At places they are as deep as the tallest mountains. Read more about their size, surface distribution, origin, evolution, features, crust, tectonic plate movement and more. (14 pages) ocean properties The salt water has important properties for life in the seas, properties that influence the circulation of the ocean water. Read more about its temperature, seasons, density and productivity. (8 pages) waves Waves are caused by the wind blowing over the ocean's surface. They promote the exchange of gases between the ocean and the atmosphere and bring water movement to coastal habitats. They are responsible for the shape of our coasts and the formation of dunes and beaches. Waves can also destroy. Tsunamis and mega tsunamis are special waves. In this chapter you'll find all you need to know about waves. (14 pages) tides The tides are caused by the rotation of the Earth in the presence of the gravitational pull of moon and sun. Often interpreted as a water 'bulge' travelling around the globe, being balanced by an equal bulge on the other side, recent discoveries have made this simplified concept much more interesting. (5 pages)

45. Geography Connections To Workshop Concepts
Once in aquatic systems, seeds are easily spread unintentional introduction is transport via ocean vessels originating sunlight from reaching the water bottom.
http://www.iisgcp.org/EXOTICSP/workshop_geography_connections.htm

Geography Connections to Workshop Concepts
Origins (Geography Standards #1, #16) Distribution (Geography Standards #1, #8) Movement (Geography Standards #14) Consequences (Geography Standards #15, #17) ... Workshop Information Origins Students can create and use maps showing where exotic aquatics came from.
  • Sea lamprey is native to the coastal regions of both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Zebra mussels are native to the Caspian Sea region of Asia. Eurasian watermilfoil are from Europe. Purple loosestrife is a wetland plant from Europe and Asia.
(from A Field Guide to Aquatic Exotic Plants and Animals , Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, 1992) Geography Standard #1
The World in Spatial Terms
How to use maps and other geographic representations, tools, and technologies
to acquire, process, and report information from a spatial perspective.
Students can investigate which regions have the potential of being a suitable habitat for exotic aquatics.
The new availability of Alaskan oil on the world market will open the doors for more ANS introduction via ballast water from ports of northeast Asia and elsewhere in the world. Of considerable concern is the transmission of fish pathogens and parasites from foreign ports, which could have a devastating impact on Alaskan fisheries (

46. Oceans Of Water
industry, on Earth or in space. oceans of water Programmed by WebÞing Advanced systems Software for UNIX and Internet.
http://www.eso.org/seaspace/seaspace-water.html
Sea and Space
Oceans of Water
Recent research has shown water to be present in much larger quantities than thought before, in the outer solar system, in the atmospheres of giant stars and in the interstellar clouds of dust and gas. This part of the Sea and Space programme aims at explaining the ubiquitous nature of this molecule that is so crucial for life on Earth. It gives the opportunity to introduce various interdisciplinary aspects (physics, chemistry, mathematics, geography, biology, astronomy) and to determine where there is water and how this precious resource influences the habitability of our planet, as compared to its sister planets, Mars and Venus. Most of this activity will be web-based, with plenty of related links, selected exercises, etc. The outcome may be "an article" in the Contest "Newspaper" (see contest page ), describing different, yet important aspects of the overall theme Sea and Space . The principal investigative methods to be used by the participants will be:
  • Observation
  • Comparison of different geographic areas
  • Evaluation of satellite images
  • Detection in space of extraterrestrial water liquid and molecules
  • Investigations of the water cycle of water in organisms, in plant, in general life, in industry, on Earth or in space.
  • 47. Activities
    salinity affect ocean currents and global weather systems. to try might include water pressure tests contains handson activities focusing on ocean geography.
    http://www.kidsnet.org/seaweb/pto_cc.html
    Activities
    Part One: Precious, Threatened Oceans
    Activity: Current Clues
    Do an experiment to learn how water temperature and salinity affect ocean currents and, in turn, weather and ocean life. Academic Areas: Science Grade Levels: Grades 4–6
    Activity extension for older students included. Learning Objectives: After participating in the activity that follows, students will be able to do the following:
    • Explain how temperature and salinity affect the movement of ocean water.
    • List ways ocean currents are important.
    Science Standards Met:
    • Gains abilities necessary to do scientific inquiry
    • Learns properties and changes of properties in matter
    • Understands transfer of energy
    Materials for each team of two students: Water, salt, measuring cup, spoon, food coloring, glass or plastic jar (You'll also need a gallon jug or pitcher, water, salt, and a spoon to prepare a saltwater mixture ahead of time.) Background: To learn about the ocean, you must learn about water and its properties. Water temperature and salinity affect ocean currents and global weather systems. For example, ocean currents carry heat and cold thousands of miles. Cold-water currents begin at Earth's poles and make their way through the ocean depths toward the equator. Warm-water currents originate at the equator and flow along the ocean's surface toward the poles. Such currents are crucial to the health of the ocean and global weather patterns. Cold, saltier water sinks, taking oxygen from the surface with it to the ocean depths. Without the constant motion of rising and sinking currents, there would be no oxygen—and no life—on the ocean floor.

    48. Ontario Geography Curriculum - The Digital Field Trip Series
    to world vegetation patterns, Cold Ocean Currents, High Impact on the Desert, Desertification, water Availability. change in natural systems, Endangered Wetlands
    http://www.digitalfrog.com/resources/ont_geo_fld_11.html
    Canadian and World Studies G R A D E 1 1
    U N I V E R S I T Y / C O L L E G E P R E P A R A T I O N
    Reference Expectations The Wetlands The Rainforest The Desert
    By the end of this course, students will: Geographic Foundations: Space and Systems use field trip to Ontario Bog as example Types screens: especially Tropical vs. Temperate and Rainforests of the World Deserts of the World: North American Deserts, South American Deserts, Polar Deserts compare the major characteristics of an ecosystem in the midlatitudes with those of a polar ecosystem and an equatorial ecosystem use field trip to Ontario Bog as example Types screens: especially Tropical vs. Temperate and Rainforests of the World Deserts of the World: North American Deserts, South American Deserts, Polar Deserts Human-Environment Interactions describe the long-term local and global impacts of the destruction of major forest regions (e.g., boreal, tropical rain forest) Human Impact Methods of Geography Inquiry use geographic technologies and resources effectively (e.g., remote sensing data, geo-graphic information systems, Internet resources) to gather, process, and synthesize information related to geographic issues

    49. May 7, 2004, Hour One: State Of The Oceans: Plastic—Not So Fantastic
    land degradation, soil salinization and acidification, ocean pollution, groundwater the effects of pesticides washed into river systems on water quality in
    http://www.sciencefriday.com/kids/sfkc20040507-1.html
    Science Friday Kids' Connection tm
    May 7, 2004, Hour One: State of the Oceans: Plastic—Not So Fantastic Program Summary Guests Books/Articles Related Links and Resources ... SFKC Home Program Summary An old saying goes, “Out of sight, out of mind.” It is this mindset that has led to today’s serious threats to the health of the oceans, say Ira’s guests. After all, when we look at the ocean, we see an endless expanse of sparkling blue water, not the tons of trash that are dumped in it every year or the dead zones in which the oxygen has been depleted by chemical runoff. It’s only when bacteria close our favorite beach or a tanker spills its load of oil that we stop to think about what is happening to our greatest natural resource. Now the science world’s attention has been caught by a study that found millions of microscopic particles of plastic mixed in with beach sand and sea bed sediment in parts of the United Kingdom. Where did these particles come from? From the plastic containers in our ocean-going garbage, that’s where. The action of the wind and waves wears the plastic down into pieces that are invisible to the eye, but still present and being consumed by microscopic creatures. What does “biodegradable” really mean? What effect could the particles have on marine life? Will those plastic particles work their way up the food chain into our stomachs? Now that’s something to chew on.

    50. Pathways Of Pollution,Oceans
    to the pollution of our oceans and local water systems. community adds to the pollution of our oceans. cycle, society s influence on the water cycle, measuring
    http://cosee-central-gom.org/ovweb/ocean pollution/pollution_path1.html
    Pathways of Pollution in Our Oceans Goals 1. Students will understand how they affect the water cycle. 2. Students will realize their connection to marine pollution. 3. Students will understand the importance of the water cycle and how pollution is dispersed throughout the water cycle. 4. Students will create a map demonstrating an understanding of the water cycle. 5. Students will create a map showing how their local community affects the pollution of the oceans. Resources 1. MSI education page/ http://www.msichicago.org Water Cycle student activity. http://www.cais. com/gewex/gewex.html Global energy and water cycle experiment, research group that studies energy fluxes on the land, in the oceans, and in the atmosphere. 3. Detailed map of the United States. See Internet access at, http://www.nima.mil/ 4. Local USGS Local and regional office site. Internet address http://h20.usgs.gov/public/wrd602.html Contains information of water data base at local sites around the country. 5. Textbook, if applicable. 6. Materials

    51. DWRC - UD Water Courses And Faculty
    Geographical Information systems watershed Mapping and Data for Public Administration, water Resources Agency (CHEP mainly estuaries and oceans); bacterial and
    http://ag.udel.edu/dwrc/faculty.html
    Water Resources As of 3/12/04 Current listing of UD Water-related Courses (Type "Water" in Course Title, click "Search") Contact DWRC to: add or correct an entry volunteer to advise student researchers propose an internship / fellowship project discuss off-campus undergraduate internships Names in GREEN: Current/past DWRC Fellowships/Internships Advisors. Names in RED: View their proposed DWRC undergrad internship projects List ordered by last name within UD/DSU department Use toolbar Edit/Find to search. Participating Delaware State University (DSU) Agencies: (DSU-AG) Participating U niversity of D elaware (UD) Agencies: Human Services, Education, and Public Policy (CHEP), Marine Studies (MS), and Cooperative Extension

    52. 8(q) Surface And Subsurface Ocean Currents
    Note how this system is continuously moving water from the surface to deep within the oceans and back to the top of the ocean. Study Guide.
    http://www.geog.ouc.bc.ca/physgeog/contents/8q.html

    53. Geography And Map Of The Pacific Ocean
    clockwise, warmwater gyre (broad circular system of currents Pacific by a counterclockwise, cool-water gyre; in the Equator divides the Pacific Ocean into the
    http://geography.about.com/library/cia/blcpacific.htm
    zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Homework Help Geography Home ... Free Geography Email Newsletter zau(256,152,145,'gob','http://z.about.com/5/ad/go.htm?gs='+gs,''); Careers in Geography Country Information Cultural Geography Find Maps ... Help zau(256,138,125,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/0.htm','');w(xb+xb);
    Stay Current
    Subscribe to the About Geography newsletter. Search Geography CIA Factbook World Atlas Home Geography Home Page Pacific Ocean
    Pacific Ocean
    Introduction [Top of Page] Background: A spring 2000 decision by the International Hydrographic Organization delimited a fifth world ocean from the southern portions of the Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Pacific Ocean. The new ocean extends from the coast of Antarctica north to 60 degrees south latitude which coincides with the Antarctic Treaty Limit. The Pacific Ocean remains the largest of the world's five oceans (followed by the Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Southern Ocean, and Arctic Ocean). Geography [Top of Page] Location: body of water between the Southern Ocean, Asia, Australia, and the Western Hemisphere Geographic coordinates: 00 N, 160 00 W

    54. Alaska Geography - NETSTATE
    86,051 square miles of Alaska are covered by water. Alaska Panhandle bordering the Pacific Ocean and the The Pacific Mountain System includes, from the south
    http://www.netstate.com/states/geography/ak_geography.htm
    HOME
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    The Geography of Alaska
    Click here for a few definitions. Longitude / Latitude Longitude: 130° W to 173° E
    Latitude: 54° 40' N to 71° 50' N Length x Width Alaska is approximately 1,480 miles long and 810 miles wide. Geographic Center The geographic center of Alaska is located approximately 60 miles NW of Mt. McKinley Borders Most of Alaska is surrounded by water. To the north is the Arctic Ocean , (the Beaufort Sea and the Chukchi Sea). To the south is the Gulf of Alaska and Pacific Ocean . To the west is the Bering Sea . Alaska's land borders Canada to the east and south. Total Area Alaska covers 656,425 square miles, making it the largest of the 50 states and more than twice the size of Texas , the second largest state. Land Area 570,374 square miles of Alaska are land areas. Water Area 86,051 square miles of Alaska are covered by water. Highest Point The highest point in Alaska is Mt. McKinley (Denali) at 20,320 feet above sea level. In fact, Mt. McKinley

    55. DICTIONARY OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS IN GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION
    Dictionary of abbreviations and acronyms in geographic information systems, cartography, and remote sensing" Arizona Dept. of water Resources. A/E Information Technologies (laboratory, Univ .
    http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/EART/abbrev.html
    DICTIONARY OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS IN GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS, CARTOGRAPHY, AND REMOTE SENSING
    By Philip Hoehn (David Rumsey Collection) and Mary Lynette Larsgaard ( . Designed by John Creaser This dictionary decodes abbreviations and acronyms found in various publications including maps and websites. These abbreviations or acronyms, therefore, are not necessarily authoritative or standardized in format or content. A B C D ... Acknowledgements
    A
    Return to Index
    A. Acre; Auto house or private garage A IN B Auto in basement AA Automobile Assn. AAA Agricultural Adjustment Administration; American Automobile Assn. AACR Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules 2d. ed. AACCCM Anglo-American Cataloguing Committee for Cartographic Materials AAES American Assn. of Engineering Societies AAG Assn. of American Geographers AAGS American Assn. for Geodetic Surveying AAG Assn. of American Geographers AAPG American Assn. of Petroleum Geologists AARLS Arkansas Assn. of Registered Land Surveyors

    56. Blue Water Systems - Acronyms And Terms
    GEOREF, Geological Reference (system). GEOS, Geodynamics Experimental Ocean Satellite. GSS, Geographic support system. GW, Gas well (natural); Ground water.
    http://www.bluewatersystems.com/abb1g.php
    BLUE WATER SYSTEMS
    Acronyms / Definitions/ Etc.
    ACRONYMS ABBREVIATIONS P1 ABBREVIATIONS P2 FILE TYPES ... Numbers G
    Return to Index
    G Geometry Geography and Map; geography and Map Div. Ga. Georgia GA Georgia; Geographic access; Geographical Association GAC Geological Assn. of Canada; Global Area Composite GAF Gesellschaft fur Angewandte Fernerkundung GAP Gap Analysis Program (USNBS); Geographic Application Program GAT Geography Assn. of Thailand GB Gigabyte; Geologische Bundesanstalt (Austria) GBA GeoBusiness Assn.; George Butler Associates, Inc. GBf Guterbahnhof = freight depot GBF Geographic Base File GBI Green biomass index GBIS Geo-Based Information System; Global Business Intelligence Solutions (IBM) Gbo. Grabador = engraver GBS Geograpic Base System GCCS Global Command, Control System (USDMA) GCDB Geographic Coordinate Data Base (U.S.) GCDIS Global Change Data and Information System GCG Geocartographics Subdivison (Canada) GCHC Gulf Coast Hydroscience Center (U.S.)

    57. EARTH'S Oceans - Zoom Astronomy
    The oceans of Earth are unique in our Solar System. No other planet in our Solar System has liquid water (although recent finds on Mars indicate that Mars may
    http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/astronomy/planets/earth/Oceans.shtml
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    Zoom Astronomy

    THE EARTH Back to the Planets Introduction: Size, Orbit, etc. How Fast is Earth Moving? Continental Drift ...
    Zoom Astronomy
    EARTH'S OCEANS Oceans cover about 70% of the Earth's surface. The oceans contain roughly 97% of the Earth's water supply. The oceans of Earth are unique in our Solar System. No other planet in our Solar System has liquid water (although recent finds on Mars indicate that Mars may have had some liquid water in the recent past). Life on Earth originated in the seas, and the oceans continue to be home to an incredibly diverse web of life The oceans of Earth serve many functions, especially affecting the weather and temperature. They moderate the Earth's temperature by absorbing incoming solar radiation (stored as heat energy). The always-moving ocean currents distribute this heat energy around the globe. This heats the land and air during winter and cools it during summer. WHY ARE THE OCEANS SALTY?

    58. Geography Glossary - EnchantedLearning.com
    is where a river meets the sea or ocean. hot spring that occasionally sprays water and steam geographical coordinate system A geographical coordinate system is
    http://www.enchantedlearning.com/geography/glossary/
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    GEOGRAPHY
    Africa ... Rivers
    Geography Pages EnchantedLearning.com Illustrated Glossary of Geographic Terms Geography Label Me Printouts altitude
    Altitude is the height of an area, measured from sea level. Antarctic Circle analemma The analemma is a figure-8-shaped diagram that shows the declination of the sun (the angle that the sun is from the equator), for each day in the year. If you took a snapshot of the the sun at the same time each day (from the same location), the Sun would make a figure shaped like an analemma during the course of a year (this is because the Earth is tilted on its axis and because it doesn't orbit the Sun in a perfect circle). antipodes Antipodes are a pair of points that are on opposite sides of a planet (like the North Pole and the South Pole).

    59. Canadian Geographic Magazine: Maps, Travel, Photography, Geography Contests, And
    disruption of the watercirculation system, which is of cold, salty, and thus dense, water plunge to Historically, the ocean conveyor has slowed, stopped and
    http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/magazine/mj04/alacarte.asp

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    Salt of the Earth
    Will the rapidly shifting composition of the Atlantic Ocean lead to more serious climate changes?
    By Steven Fick and Jessa Sinclair Oceanographers monitoring the planet’s hydrological cycle believe the delicate equilibrium that keeps the global water system in check is shifting. Armed with 40 years of data, they have recently discovered troubling changes in salt levels in the Atlantic Ocean. The hydrological system constantly recycles water molecules, transporting them from the surface to the atmosphere and back again. Ocean water in the Atlantic evaporates into the warm air near the equator, leaving behind a salty surface. That water vapour is then blown to colder climes by rising air currents, where it falls as rain or snow, freshening polar waters. Powerful ocean currents mix it all, keeping the tropical ocean from getting too salty and the poles from getting too fresh. A recent study of salinity by Canadian, British and American scientists shows that water near the equator is becoming saltier and warmer than normal, while the sub-polar North Atlantic is becoming cooler and fresher (below). With evidence of similar changes in the Mediterranean Sea and the Pacific and Indian oceans, the findings suggest that the hydrological cycle is speeding up, moving faster than the ocean’s compensatory mixing process. The trend appears to have accelerated since 1990. Researchers suggest recent climate changes may be encouraging evaporation of low-latitude waters, which means more water vapour is moving to the poles.

    60. Resource Links And Lists
    A wonderful introduction to the systems view of the earth. Fabulous pictures of freshwater dolphins and other ocean creatures that became trapped and
    http://www.usra.edu/esse/ford/ESS301/g301reso.html

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