21. Register Of Ecological Models: SWAP and comparison of three unsaturated soil water flow models. agric. water manag. Report71, Department water Resources, Wageningen agricultural University. http://dino.wiz.uni-kassel.de/model_db/mdb/swap.html

1. General Model Information Name: Soil Water Atmosphere Plant Acronym: SWAP Main medium: terrestrial Main subject: hydrology, biogeochemistry Organization level: ecosystem Type of model: partial differential equations (finite differences,1D) Main application: research Keywords: water management, crop production, solute transport, soil water flow,bypass flow,soil shrinkage,soil cracking, crack flow,preferential flow, hydraulic functions, hysteresis, heat dynamics, solute dynamics, evaporation, irrigation scheduling, drainage Contact: Ir. J.G. Wesseling DLO Winand Staring Centre (SC-DLO) Dept. of Agrohydrology P.O.Box 125 6700 AC Wageningen THE NETHERLANDS Phone: +31.317.474313 Fax : +31.317.424812 email: j.g.wesseling@sc.dlo.nl Author(s): Van Dam, J.C., J. Huygen, J.G. Wesseling R.A. Feddes , P. Kabat, P.E.V. van Walsum, P. Groenendijk, C.A. van Diepen Abstract: General SWAP (Soil, Water, Atmosphere and Plant) simulates vertical transport of water, solutes and heat in unsaturated/saturated soils. The program is designed to simulate the transport processes at field scale level and during entire growing seasons. Atmosphere Basic, daily meteorological data are used to calculate daily, potential evaporation according to Penman-Monteith. If basic meteorological data are not available, potential evaporation or reference evaporation can be input. Precipitation may be provided either at a daily basis or at actual intensities. Short-term rainfall data allow the calculation of runoff and preferential flow.

22. WOCAT - Regional Initatives Rivera, Bureau of Soils and water management. faculties (Forestry, agric.), enterprises(watershed manag. Board (CHTDB), Soil Resources Development Institute http://www.wocat.net/reginits.asp

Regional WOCAT Initiatives Home About WOCAT Introduction WOCAT Process ... Links Regional WOCAT initiatives - Please select- Bangladesh Central Asia P.R. China - National P.R. China - Fujian Province Eastern Africa Ethiopia Hungary Kenya Kyrgyzstan Nigeria North and Central Europe Philippines South Africa Tanzania Thailand Country / Region Central Asia Name of initiative WOCAT in Central Asia Main partner institution CAMP Website www.camp.kg Activity started National co-ordinator Regional Coordinator of WOCAT, Aida Garayeva Database manager Committee members Aigul Zhanserikova, national coordinator of CAMP/WOCAT Description of activities 2 WShs Bishkek, Dushanbe Major achievements - translated Qs (into Russian); - WOCAT poster in DOM GOR, - 1 QT + 1 QA from KZ (filled), - additional support for WOCAT in CA Current acitivities Regional workshop with NCCR and other students Country / Region P.R. China - National

23. Predsedníctvo SAV agric.water manag. In Pollution and water Resources, Columbia University SeminarProceedings, (Halasi, GJ, Ed.), New York, Bratislava, 30, 1999, 169185. http://www.psav.sav.sk/index2.php3?data=7

24. Pubblicazioni 1994 agric. water manag., 26, 8191. Proceedings of International Conference on Landand water resources management in the Mediterranean region , Valenzano - BA http://www.inea.it/isa/file/1994.htm

Per effettuare una ricerca in questo frame premi CTRL+F CASTELLI, F., BIONDANI, M. C., MARCHETTI, R., 1994. Indagine sulla presenza di tripidi nelle coltivazioni di tabacco Virginia Bright del Veronese. Inf. Fitopatologico, IX, 54-57. th International Conference ISTRO, "Soil Tillage for Crop Production and Protection of the Environment", Alborg (Denmark), 24-29 July, II, 997-1004. rd ESA Congress, Abano - PD (Italy), 18-22 September, S3, 460-461. rd ESA Congress, Abano - PD (Italy), 18-22 September, S3, 476-477. CEOTTO, E., DONATELLI, M., SPALLACCI, P., CASTELLI, F., 1994. CropSyst validation for soil content of water and nitrate at two locations of Northern Italy. Proceedings of the 3 rd ESA Congress, Abano - PD (Italy), 18-22 September , S2, 334-335. CONVERTINI, G., FERRI, D., RIZZO, V., 1994. Nitrates dynamic in a vertisol profile cropped with different crop sequences and agrotechnical practices in Southern Italy. Proceedings of the 3 rd ESA Congress, Abano - PD (Italy), 18-22 September, 674-675. th International Conference ISTRO "Soil Tillage for Crop Production and Protection of the Environment". Alborg (Denmark), 24-29 July, II, 983-990.

25. Pubblicazioni 1998 water resources in the Mediterranean region (compilation by A. Hamdy), ICARDA, Aleppo agric. water manag., 36, 45-54. http://www.inea.it/isa/file/1998.htm

Per effettuare una ricerca in questo frame premi CTRL+F BENEDETTI, A., ROSSI, G., SPALLACCI, P., MARCHETTI, R., VITTORI ANTISARI, L., 1998 - Disponibilità azotata per la coltura del mais fertilizzata con effluenti zootecnici ed urea su suolo argilloso-limoso. Atti XV Conv. Naz. SICA, Viterbo, 30 settembre-2 ottobre 1997, 33-40. BIOCCA, M., RINALDI, M., 1998. Evoluzione delle tecniche produttive nel florovivaismo. In FLO.-Ricerca, Comune di Pescia (PT), 191-253. CASTRIGNANÒ, A., 1998. L’uso della Geostatistica per una stima quantitativa della qualità del suolo. In :"Sensibilità e Vulnerabilità del Suolo", a cura di P. Sequi e G. Vianello, Franco Angeli editore, 153-164. CASTRIGNANÒ, A., 1998. Metodi Geostatistici per l’Interpretazione e la Stima della Dipendenza Spaziale nelle Scienze ambientali. Quaderno n° 8, Istituto di Ricerca per il Monitoraggio degli Agroecosistemi - CNR. CASTRIGNANÒ, A., MASTRORILLI, M., KATERJI, N., BEN NOUNA, B. 1998. CERES-Maize e regime idrico: verifica di un nuovo modello di stress idrico. Atti Conv. Naz. Irrigazione e Ricerca: Progressi nell’uso della risiorsa acqua, Bari, 1-2 Ottobre, Edagric. (Bologna), 126-133. CEOTTO, E., SPALLACCI, P., DONATELLI, M., PAPINI, R., 1998. Sistemi colturali della Bassa Pianura Padana condotti con uso integrato di liquami suini e concimi minerali. Comunicazione al XXXI Conv. SIA "Impiego in agricoltura dei reflui zootecnici e dell’industria agroalimentare", Milano, 24-26 giugno 1997.

26. PARYAVARAN ABSTRACTS, 2000 Vol. 17 No. 1-4 is, therefore, the only available and utilizable water resource that needs and removethem from the water column while J Indian Assoc Environ manag, 27(2) (1999 http://sdnp.delhi.nic.in/resources/paryaabs/v17n14/envman.html

Environmental Management Anil Kumar A, Babu B, Ramachandarn U (Regl Agricl Res Stn, Pilicode, Kasaragod, Kerala). Attitude of farmers towards agro-forestry programme in Kerala. Indian J Forestry (2) (1999), 155-159 [7 Ref]. Communication records the attitude of farmers towards agro-forestry programme in Kerala. The most important finding of the study is that many of the farmers are neutral or undecided in their attitude towards the agro-forestry programme. Present study also indicates that the important constraints perceived by farmers are, viz., the unavailability of water, unavailability of desired plant species, and smaller size of land holdings. The agro-forestry programme can be a success in Kerala if steps are taken to overcome these constraints. Chakraborty PB (Regl Res Stn, (Coastal Saline Zone) BCKV, Kakdwip 743347). Water resource of Sundarban Delta - problems and potentialities. Env Eco, (1) (2000), 175-176 [7 Ref]. Sundarban delta suffers from several agro-climatic limitations in utilizing its bountiful surface and subsurface water resources. Rainfall is, therefore, the only available and utilizable water resource that needs efficient planning and management. Rainfall yields a good amount of run-off which can be re-cycled through harvesting in well designed and maintained ponds and other structures for sustainable production. Chaphekar SB, Madav RP (Laxmi Niketan, 1st floor, Dhas Wadi, Thakurdwar, Mumbai 400002).

27. Yellow Peas, Food Resource [http://food.oregonstate.edu/], Oregon State Universi Food resource (Home). Mohri, M. and Matsushita, S. Improvement of water absorptionof soybean protein by treatment with bromelain. Nutrition and Food manag. http://food.oregonstate.edu/ref/plant/uken/uken_7.html

Uken Sukaeni Sanusi Soetrisno. Characterization of yellow pea ( Pisum sativum L. Miranda ) Proteins and the Proteinate Functional Properties. Doctor of Philosopy Thesis. Educ. Serv. Tech Serv. Market Serv. E-Commerce Serv. Be descriptive for better search results. Limit results to this site. REFERENCES to Top Aguilera, J.M. and Garcia H, D. Protein extraction from lupin seeds: a mathematical model. Int. J. Food Sci. and Tech. Aguilera, J.M. and Kosikowski, F.V. Soybean extruded product: A response surface analysis. J. Food Sci. Akinyele, I.O., Love, M.H. and Ringe, M. Nutrient composition of extruded cowpea products. Int. J. Food Sci. and Technol. Amundson, C.M. and Sebranek, J.G. A research note: Factors affecting emulsion capacity as a measure of protein functionality for nonmeat proteins. J. Food Sci. Anonymous. Calcium and Magnesium needed for healthy blood pressure. Food Processing Anonymous. Low-fat beef patties provide healthy alternative for school children. Food Engineering AOAC. Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Analytical Chemist. 14th. ed. Arlington, VA. 1984 Bahnassey, Y., Khan, K. and Harrold, R. Fortification of spaghetti with edible legumes. I. Physicochemical, antinutritional, amino acid, and mineral composition.

28. Journals A l Advanced Synthesis and Catal. 343, (2001), ? Advances in water Resources, 1,(1977), agricultural water manag. 1, (1976), ? agric. Ecosystems Env. http://tmugs.math.metro-u.ac.jp/TMU_LIBRARY/journals_A.htm

Journal Online Availability from vol, (year) Library Location Print Availability from vol, (year) n AAPS PharmScitech About Campus l Abdominal Imaging ACC Current Journal Review n Accident Emerg. Nursing Accounts of Chemical Research n Accoustics Res. Lett. Online l Accreditation and Quality ACOG Clincal Review Acta Astronautica Acta Biotechnologica ... Acta Biotheoretica Acta Chem. Scandinavia Acta Chem. Scandinavia A Acta Chem. Scandinavia B n Acta Chimica Slovenica l Acta Crystallographica l Acta Crystallographica A l Acta Crystallographica B l Acta Crystallographica C l Acta Crystallographica D l Acta Crystallographica E l Acta Diabetologica l Acta Ethologica Acta Horticulturae Acta Hydrochimica et Hydrobiologica l Acta Informatica Acta Materialia n Acta Math. Acad. Paed. Ny l Acta Math. Sinica l Acta Math. Appl. Sinica l Acta Mechanica l Acta Neurochirurgica l Acta Neuropathologica Acta Oecologica Acta Polymerica Acta Polymerica ... Acta Psychologica n Acta Physica Polonia A n Acta Physica Polonia B l Acta Polymerica Acta Radiologica Acta Tropica Actualitie Chimique (L') April

29. IHRMP-Research Pubs-Range Ecology And Mgmt agric. Ecosyst. American water Resources Association Specialty Conference on Rangelandmanagement and water Resources. May 2729, 1998. J. Range manag. http://danr.ucop.edu/ihrmp/resrange.html

Purpose Personnel Oak Assistance Publications ... Publications Allen-Diaz, B. Hammerling, E. and C. Campbell. 1998. Comparison of standard water quality sampling with simpler procedures. J. Soil and Water Cons. 53(1): 27-30. Allen, B.H. 1990. Classification of oak woodlands. Freemontia 18:22-25. Allen-Diaz, B. H. and J. W. Bartolome. 1991. Survival of Quercus douglasii(Fagaceae) seedlings under the influence of fire and grazing. Madrono 39:47-53. Allen, B. H., R. R. Evett, B. A. Holzman, and A. J. Martin. 1989 Rangeland Cover Type Descriptions for California Hardwood Rangelands. A report prepared for the Forest and Rangeland Assessment Program, Dept. Forestry and Fire Protection, Contract #8CA63912. Sacramento, CA. 318 p. Allen-Diaz, B. H. and B. A. Holzman. 1991. Blue Oak communities in California. Madrono 38(2):80-95. Allen, B. H., B. A. Holzman, and R. R. Evett. 1991. A classification system for California's hardwood rangelands. Hilgardia 59(2):145. Allen-Diaz, B.H. and R.D. Jackson. 1998. Cattle grazing effects on oak woodland spring ecosystems. Abstract RN184. In: Proc. American Water Resources Association Specialty Conference on Rangeland Management and Water Resources. May 27-29, 1998. Reno, NV. P.146. Allen-Diaz, B.H.and R.D. Jackson. 1988. Grazing effects on herbaceous plant cover and composition of California's hardwood rangeland spring ecosystems. J. Range Management (submitted and in review).

30. Acarologia Acarologia Acarologia Acta Biochimica Et Biophysica J Range manag Journal of Range managment J. Range manage. NZ J agric Res New ZealandJournal of Botany NZ J. Bot water Res water Resources Bulletin water Resour http://weedeco.msu.montana.edu/Bibliographic_Resources/TermList013000.txt

31. 8.0 References Chem Waste manag. Drag Measurements in Roughness Arrays of Varying Density and Distribution. agric. water Resources Council, Washington, DC Meyer, LD 1974. http://mepas.pnl.gov/earth/formulations/source_term/8_0/8_0.html

8.0 References Bagnold, F. A. 1941. The Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes . Matheson, London. Bateman, H. 1910. "The Solution of a System of Differential Equations Occurring in the Theory of Radioactive Transformations." Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. Blaney, H. F., and W. D. Criddle. 1950. Determining Water Requirements in Irrigated Areas from Climatological and Irrigation Data . USDA(SCS)TP-96, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Bosen, J. F. 1960. "A Formula for Approximation of the Saturation Vapor Pressure over Water." Mon. Weather Rev Chepil, W. S. 1951. "Properties of Soil Which Influence Wind Erosion: I. The Governing Principle of Surface Roughness." Soil Sci Cowherd, C., G. E. Muleski, P. J. Englehart, and D. A. Gillette. 1985. Rapid Assessment of Exposure to Particulate Emissions from Surface Contamination Sites . EPA/600/8-85/002, Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Washington, D.C. Dass, P., G. R. Tamke, and C. M. Stoffel. 1977. "Leachate Production at Sanitary Landfills." J. Environ. Eng. Division., Proc. ASCE

32. Fremont National Forest - South Warner Fire Salvage EA References Environ. manag. 14711724. Texas agric. Exp. 1980. Hydrology, Chapter III. An Approachto water Resources Evaluation of Non-point Silvicultural Sources. http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/fremont/nepa/sowarner/references.html

Environmental Assessment - South Warner Fire Salvage and Restoration Lakeview Ranger District, Fremont National Forest Lake County, Oregon References Fisheries and Hydrology Benke, R.J. 1992.  Native trout of western North America.  American Fisheries Society Monogram 6. Binkley, Dan and Thomas C. Brown. 1993. Forest Practices as Nonpoint sources of Pollution in North American Water Resources. Water Resources Bulletin, American Water Resources Association. Vol 29, NO. 5. 12 pp. Bisson, P.A., R.E. Bilby, M.D. Bryant, C.A. Doloff, G.B. Grette, R.A. House, Bjornn, T.C. and D.W. Reiser. 1991. Habitat requirements of salmonids in streams. American Fisheries Society Publication 19:83-138. Interior Columbia Basin Ecosystem Management Project (ICBEMP). 1997. Evaluation of the EIS Alternatives by the Science Interaction Team: Volume II. USDA Forest Service and USDI Bureau of Land Management. Gen Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-406. Furniss, Michael J. and Sam A. Flanagan, and Bryan McFadin. 2000. Hydrologically-Connected Roads: An indicator of the influence of Roads on Chronic Sedimentation, Surface Water Hydrology, and Exposure to Toxic Chemicals. Stream Systems Technology Center. 3pp. M.L. Murphy, K.V. Koski, and R.J. Sedell. 1987.  Large woody debris in forested streams in the Pacific Northwest.  In: Salo, E.O. and T.W. Cundy (Eds), Streamside Management: Forestry and Fishery Interactions.  Proceedings of a Symposium, University of Washington Institute of Forestry Resource Contributions 57:143-190.

33. APPENDIX A - REFERENCES Envrion. manag. 14711724. 425 pp. Soil resource Inventory (SRI). 1979. Sonski,AJ 1985. Culture of redband trout at a warm-water hatchery. http://www.fs.fed.us/r6/fremont/sycan/text/APPENDIX_A.htm

APPENDIX A REFERENCES Watershed and Aquatics Adams, S. Bull trout distribution and habitat use in the Weiser River drainage, Idaho. Master’s Thesis. University of Idaho, Moscow. Adams, T. A. and K. Sullivan. The physics of forest stream heating: A simple model. Timber/Fish/Wildlife Report TFW-WQ3-90-007. Washington Department of Natural Resources. Agee, J. K. The historical role of fire in the pacific northwest forests. Natural and prescribed fire in pacific northwest forests. Edited by John D. Walstad, Steven R. Radosevich, David V. Sandberg. Anderson, H. W., M. D. Hoover, and K. G. Reinhart. Forests and water: effects of forest management on floods, sedimentation, and water supply. USDA Forest Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-18. Pacific Southwest Forest and Range Exp. Stn., Berkeley, Calif. Bach, Melva. History of the Fremont National Forest. Edited by Ward Tonsfeldt. USDA Forest Service, Fremont National Forest. 257 pp. Baker, C. O., F. E. Votapka, P.E. Fish passage through culverts. Prepared by USDA Forest Serv. Tech. and Develop. Prog. for the US Dept. of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration.

34. LTHE-Page Michel VAUCLIN Translate this page agric. water manag., Vol. 8429-437. Measurement and simulations. Agr. water. manag.,Vol. 13249-261. water Resources Research, vol. 33 (6) 1375-1382. http://www.lthe.hmg.inpg.fr/MichelVauclin.htm

Michel VAUCLIN Transferts en Hydrologie et Environnement Directeur de recherche au CNRS. Hydrodynamique des milieux poreux CURSUS UNIVERSITAIRE : CARRIERE PROFESSIONNELLE : Professeur d'Hydraulique en Tunisie, Medjez el Bab, 1972-1973 Chercheur CNRS, depuis 1975 AFFILIATIONS : Membre : de l'American Geophysical Union de la Soil Science Society of America de l'Association Internationale de la Science du Sol de l'European Geophysical Society DISCTINCTIONS : ACTIVITES DE RECHERCHE : ANIMATION SCIENTIFIQUE ET ADMINISTRATIVE DE LA RECHERCHE (extraits) : Directeur du LTHE depuis le 1/01/1992 Directeur du CEREG/Strasbourg (01/01/97-31/12/98) Membre nommé à la Commission Scientifique Sectorielle IRD "Sciences Physiques et Chimiques de l'Environnement Planétaire" (depuis 1999) Membre de Comités Scientifiques de Programmes : INRA (Télédétection, 1987-90 ; AIP "Ruissellement et Erosion", 1989-90 ; AIP "Eau" 1992-95) ; INSU/CNRS (DT II "Erosion et Hydrogéologie", 1993-95) ; PNSE (depuis 1997) ; ACI "Cat. Nat." (depuis 2000) ; CNRS/PIR.EVS-Zones Ateliers (depuis 2000) ; MRT/IFR (depuis 2002)

35. New-bibliog manag., 5, 336341. at the watershed scale incorporating hillslope hydrology, agric. indistributed hydrological modelling, Advances in water Resources, 16, 41 http://www.es.lancs.ac.uk/hfdg/TOPMODEL/new-bibliog.html

TOPMODEL Bibliography TOPMODEL BIBLIOGRAPHY The Book Beven, K J, (Ed.), 1997, Distributed Modelling in Hydrology: Applications of TOPMODEL, Wiley, Chichester. The Book Chapter Beven, K J, Lamb, R, Quinn, P F, Romanowicz, R and Freer, J, 1995, TOPMODEL, in V P Singh (Ed). Computer Models of Watershed Hydrology, Water Resources Publications, 1995, 627-668. Beven, K J and Kirkby, M J. 1976, Towards a simple physically-based variable contributing area model of catchment hydrology, Working Paper 154 , School of Geography, University of Leeds Kirkby, M J, 1978, Implications for Sediment Transport, in M J Kirkby (ed.) Hillslope Hydrology , Wiley, Chichester, Ch. 9 Beven, K J and Kirkby, M J. 1979 A physically based variable contributing area model of basin hydrology Hydrol. Sci. Bull. Beven, K J. 1984, Infiltration into a class of vertically non-uniform soils, Hydrol. Sci. J. Beven, K J and Wood, E F. 1983 Catchment Geomorphology and the Dynamics of Runoff Contributing Areas, J.Hydrol. Beven, K J, Kirkby, M J, Schoffield, N, and Tagg, A. 1984 Testing a Physically-based Flood Forecasting Model (TOPMODEL) for Three UK Catchments, J. Hydrol.

36. 650 Addresses agric., Minia University, Minia, Egypt Telephone 002086-324 385 Fax 0020-86 ofWater resource, baro-akobo river basin, Private Box 9511, Addis Ababa manag. http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/HC270799/LM/SUSLUP/ActualAddressList.html

Home Page Programme Authors/Abstracts SLM-Addresses Related Papers Argentina Sandra Caziani , Facultad de Ciencias Naturales,Uni.Nacional deSalta, Buenos Aires 177, 4400, Salta, Argentina Telephone: E-Mail: caziani@cuinsa.edu.ar Fax: Patricia Marconi , University of Salta, Argentina Fax: Juan Manuel Mendia , Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, 08300, Neuquen, Argentina Telephone: E-Mail: cevequ@uncoma.edu.ar Fax: Nakama Vicente , Soil Institute, CIRN, INIA, Casilla de correo no. 25, las cabanas y los resero, 1712, Castelar, Argentina Telephone: E-Mail: nakama@isuelos.inta.gov.ar Fax: Azerbaijan B. Azizov , Soros Foundation, Baku, Azerbeijan E-Mail: gia@lan.ab.az Fax: A. Gerayzade , Baku, Azerbeijan Fax: Bahamas Tex Turnquest , Lands and Surveys, N-592 East Bay Street, Nassau, Bahamas Telephone: Fax: Bangladesh Nizamuddin Ahmed , Geological Survey of Banglades, 153, Pioneer road, Segunbagicha, 1000, Dhaka, Bangladesh Telephone: 834800-04/ext. 466 A Asaduzzaman , Geological Survey of Bangladesh, 153 Pioneer Road, Segunbagicha, 1000, Dhaka, Bangladesh E-Mail: bayezid@bangla.net

37. REFERENCES agric. water manag. 5 4150. Indian J. agric. Sci., 47 348-354. waterResources Res. 1 63-73. Mishra, B. and Bhattacharya, RK 1980. http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5871e/x5871e09.htm

REFERENCES Abrol, I.P. 1968. A study of the effect of added nutrients on plant growth on a sodic substrate. In: Trans. 9th Int. Congr. Soil Sci. 2: 585- 595. Abrol, I.P. 1982. Reclamation of wastelands and world food prospects. Trans. 12th Int. Congr. Soil Sci. (Panel Discussions Papers). Vol. 5: 317-337. Abrol, I.P. and Acharya, C.L. 1975. Soil water behaviour and irrigation frequencies in soils with physical constraints. In: Proc. Second World Congress. International Water Resources Association, New Delhi, India. December 1975. Vol. I: 335-342. Abrol, I.P. and Bhumbla, D.R. 1979. Crop response to differential gypsum application in a highly sodic soil and the tolerance of several crops to exchangeable sodium under field conditions. Soil Sci. 127: 79-85. Abrol, I.P., Chhabra, R. and Gupta, R.K. 1980. A fresh look at the diagnostic criteria for sodic soils. In: Int. Symp. on Salt Affected Soils. Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal. February 18-21, 1980. pp. 142-147. Abrol, I.P. and Dahiya, I.S. 1974. Flow-associated precipitation reactions in saline-sodic soils and their significance. Geoderma 11: 305-312. Abrol, I.P., Dahiya, I.S. and Bhumbla, D.R. 1975. On the method of determining gypsum requirement of soils. Soil Sci. 120: 30-36.

38. AUTHORIZATION CHECK Effect of water on morphological development in seedlings of three Emergence dateeffects on resource partitioning between diffuse knapweed J. Range manag. http://wssa.allenpress.com/wssaonline/?request=get-document&issn=0890-037X&volum

39. Entrez PubMed Abstract, Movement of simazine in runoff water and weed control from citrus orchardas affected by reduced rate of herbicide Pest manag Sci. J agric Food Chem. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Link&db=PubMed&dbFrom=PubMed&f

40. Models Have Evolved Since The Turn Of The Century J. of agric. water manag., 32 (1997)239258. (Amatya et al., 1997); Chescheir,GM, Amatya, DM, RW Skaggs. water Resources Research, Vol. 32, No11, 3419-3428. http://www3.bae.ncsu.edu/bae572/ricks/Modeling Paper.htm

INTRODUCTION Models have evolved since the turn of the century.  There are models for most any item or system that exists. Developments in mathematics have enabled the world of models to explode.  Now most everything can be modeled using some sort of mathematics.  Agriculture is field that must rely on predictions.  The Farmers Almanac is a source of information that allows one to predict upcoming events.  The data in the Almanac is used to model events, especially hydrologic events that can occur in the future.  The models that are created today are complex and involve numerous computations that only a computer can do.  These models are used in a wide variety of tasks.  Models have long been a vision to people, now they are a reality, and have been used to create systems that produce cost-efficient and effective answers to everyday problems. RESTRICTIONS ON MODELING As with life, models come with restraints.  These constraints must be weight to see the proper “give and take” ratio to ascertain a compatible model.  There are numerous restraints exist among modeling.  The obvious is the budget of the project.  The more money available, the precision of the model increases.  The use of complex mathematical relationships with multiple iterations leads to the need of vast amounts of computer time.  The trade off is the computer time and cost is marginal compared the salary of an individual that is capable to do these mathematical computations.  Educated personnel with extensive knowledge and understanding of the model are necessary to determine if the data created makes sense.  Finally a model is of no use if there is not real world data to simulate.  Simulation of this data checks the validity of the model and aids in its marketability (Johnson 1973).

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